a) List down two differences between closed and open circulatory systems (2mks)Open system
Closed system
b) Name two ways in which heart muscles are special (2mks)
a) Distinguish between homologous structures and analogous structures (2mks)
b) State a major shortcoming in Jean Baptiste de Lamarck’s theory of evolution (1mk)
That a phenotypically acquired characteristics can be transmitted to the offspring by their parents;
(a) Name the process shown by the equation above (1mk)
Deamination;
(b) List down a carbohydrate that is;-(i) Stored in the mammalian liver (1mk)
Glycogen;
(ii) Found in abundance in mammalian blood (1mk)
Glucose;
 (a) What type of response was being investigated above? (1mk)Tropism/tropic response; (b) Which of the set up above would act as a control experiment? (1mk)(c) Explain what happened in set up B after 24 hours (2mks)The side brushed with IAA increased concentration of this hormone (IA; This lead to increased cell elongation/growth hence a growth harvature away from the brushed side;
The scheme below illustrates the blood clotting process;
(a) Identify the following; (2mks)(i) Protein X
Thromboplastin / thrombokinase;
(ii) Enzyme Y
Thrombin;
(b) State down the role of ions Z in the scheme above (1mk)
Activates conversion ofinactive prothrombin to active thrombin;
(iii) Name a trait in humans determined by multiple alleles (1mk)
Blood groups;
Set-u A
(a) What is meant by the following terms; (2mks)(i) Ecosystem
A natural unit composed of abiotic and biotic factors whose instruction lead to a self sustaining system;
(ii) Carrying capacity
(b) Give two ways on how hydrophytes are adapted to the process of gaseous exchange (2mks)
Study the diagram below and answer the following questions.
(a) (i) Identify the part labelled X (1mk)
Root cap;
(iii) State the function of part X above (1mk)
Protects the root tip from mechanical damage/abrasive effects of the soil particles as it grows
(b) List down two characteristics of cells in the region labelled Z (2mks)
(a) Define the term allele (1mk)
Alternative forms of a gene controlling a particular characteristic
(b) Differentiate between a dominant gene and a recessive gene (2mks)
A dominant gene expresses itself in both its homozygous and heterozygous states; while a recessive gene can only express itself in homozygous state.
(a) Why is osmosis regarded as a special case of diffusion (1mk)
Involves the movement of water molecules from a region where they are highly concentrated to a region where they are lowly concentrated through a semi-permeable membrane.
(b) List down two importance of active transport in animals (2mks)
Identify the use of the following apparatus (3mks)(i) Bait trap
For attracting and trapping small animals including rats
(ii) Specimen bottle
For keeping collected specimen;
(iii) Pitfall trap
For catching crawling animals;
State the functions of the following parts in a cell: Nucleolus, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum30/10/2021 a) State the functions of the following parts in a cell (2mks)(i) Nucleolus
Manufacture/synthesis of ribosomes;
(ii) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Transport of lipido
(b) Name an organelle that would be found in large numbers in cells of secretory glands (1mk)
Golgi bodies/Golgi apparatus;
List down the processes responsible for; (2mks)(i) The formation of glomerular filtrateultra filtration (ii) Absence of glucose and amino acids in urine.Reabsorption;
Name two functions of sodium in human body (2mks)
State the role of light in photosynthesis (1mk)Photolysis/provides energy required for splitting water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas;
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