Network TopologiesThe term network Topology refers to the way in which computers, cables, and other devices have been arranged in the network. It can also refer to how data is passed from one computer to another in the network. Logical and physical topologiesNetwork topology can be viewed in 2 ways; Logical or Physical. Logical (Signal) topologyLogical topology deals with the way data passes from one device to the next on the network. Examples of logical topologies are:
Ethernet topologyIn Ethernet topology, all computers listen to the network media, and a particular computer can only send data when none of the others is sending. Token ring topology In Token ring topology, a special package for data called a token goes around the network. The computer whose address is on the data held in the token picks it up, reads the data, and then releases the token. The token can then be captured by another computer which needs to transmit data.
Physical topologyPhysical topology refers to the physical arrangement of components on the network. Examples of physical topologies are:
The choice of the topology to adopt depends on factors such as Reliability, Expandability, and Performance. Star topologyStar topology consists of computers and other devices, each connected to a common central server called the Hub. However, to connect to the central machine, each computer uses a separate cable. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data signals through the hub, i.e., any two computers (workstations) in the network communicate through the central machine. When the hub receives data from a transmitting computer, it broadcasts the message to all the other nodes on the network. Advantages of Star topology.
Disadvantages of Star topology.
Bus topology (Daisy-chain topology)In Bus topology, all the devices in the network are connected directly, through appropriate interfacing hardware, to a single transmission cable called the Bus (or Backbone) on which information is broadcast.
Bus topology uses Coaxial cable as transmission medium. The cable can carry only one message at a time and each workstation on the network must be able to know when it can and cannot transmit using this cable.
A Terminator is attached to each end of the cable to avoid signals from bouncing back and forth on the cable causing signal distortion. For communication to take place, data is addressed to a particular computer & put in the cable in the form of electronic signal. As the data passes along the cable, each workstation checks whether the data is addressed to it. If the address in the data matches that of the machine, it picks up the data and processes it. Bus topology doesn’t need any special equipment such as switches or repeaters to amplify the signal. Advantages of Bus topology.
Disadvantages of Bus topology.
Ring topologyIn a ring topology, the computers are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop using a single cable.
Data flows from one computer to another in one direction, and each computer actively participates in data transfer from one station to the other. In other words, each workstation acts as a booster by regenerating and retransmitting the signals around the network to its neighbour.
A token is used to exchange data from one station to another. A token can be viewed as an envelope or a bag where data is placed for transmission and carried around the network. Advantages of Ring topology.
Disadvantages of Ring topology.
Mesh topologyMesh topology uses separate cables to connect each device to every other device on the network providing a straight communication path. It is mostly used in Wide Area Networks where there are many paths between different locations.
Advantages of Mesh topology.
Disadvantages of Mesh topology
Tree (Hierarchical) topologyThis is a hybrid topology where groups of star-configured networks are connected to a linear bus (backbone).
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