Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.)

311/2

History & Government

Paper 2

2 ½ Hours

SECTION A (25 MARKS)

Answer all the questions in this section in the answer booklet provided

1. State two forms of government    (2mks)
2. Name the apelike creature whose skill and limbs were discovered in Rusinga Islands    (1mk)
3. Name the early form of writing that was discovered in Mesopotamia  (1mk)
4. Give two types of trade       (1mk)
5. State two shortcomings of cellphones     (2mks)
6. Name the scientific invention associated with Jethro Tull      (1mk)
7. Identify the main factor that led to the development of Johanneberg as a town      (1mk)
8. State two political factors that led to the scramble and partition of Africa       (2mks)
9. Name the Buganda Prime minister (Katikiro) who sighned the Buganda Agreement of 1900(1mk)
10. State two reasons why the Ndembele were defeated by the British in 1893      (2mks)
11. Give two reasons why the British decided to use indirect rule in Northern Nigeria     (2mks)
12. Name the political party that led Ghana to independence in 1957      (1mk)
13. Name two south African nationalists who were jailed in Robben Islands    (2mks)
14. State two reasons why USA was reluctant to join world war I up to 1917     (2mks)
15. Name the main organ of the United Nations organization(UN)       (1mk)
16. Name the military alliance that was formed by USA and her allies in 1947      (1mk)
17. Who is the 44th president of the United States of America?      (1mk)

SECTION B (45 MARKS)

Answer any three questions from this section

• 18.     (a) State five reasons why early man decided to domesticate plants and animals   (5mks)

                    (b) Explain the impact of development of early agriculture to mans life   (10mks)

• 19.     (a) Give five reasons why animal transport was not a reliable form of transport in ancient times       (5mks)

                    (b) Explain five disadvantages  of air transport to modern man   (10mks)

• 20.     (a) Identify five factors that led  to rise  and development of trans-saharan trade    (5mks)

                    (b) Discuss five challenges  that traders faced during the trans-saharan trade   (10mks)

• 21.     (a) State five grievances that Africans in Mozambique had against the Portugese   (5mks)

                    (b) Explain five problems that FRELIMO faced in its struggle to liberate Mozambique from Portugese rule   (10mks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS)

Answer any two questions from this section

• 22.     (a) Give five causes of world war I        (5mks)

                    (b)  Give five factors that made the allied powers  to defeat the Axis  during world war II(10mks)

• 23.     (a) Identify five factors that caused the collapse of East African community in 1977    (5mks)

                    (b) Discuss five achievements of COMESA since its inception        (10mks)

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MARKING SCHEME

1.    Forms of government                                         (2mks)

1. Democrat
2. Monarchical
3. Aristocratic
4. Dictational

2.    Name the apelike creature whose skill and limbs were discovered in Rusinga Islands     (1mk)

• Dryopithecus Africanus (proconsul)

3.    Name the early form of writing that was discovered in Mesopotamia             (1mk)

• Cunei form

4.    Give two types of trade

1. Local trade
2. Regional trade
3. International trade

5.    State the shortcomings of Cellphones                                 (2mks)

1. Some of them have poor reception
2. They always need electricity for recharging their batteries
3. Their external antenna easily break thus damaging their efficiency
4. Their internal antennas also interfere with other phone’s components such as the calculator, clock etc
5. Their continuous use cause side effects to the body e.g. hearing problems
6. The handsets are easily stolen due to their small sizes
7. They are expensive to buy and maintain

6.    Name the scientific invention associated with Jethro tull (1mk)

• He invented the seed drill

7.    Identify the main factor that led to the development of Johannesburg as a town (1mk)

• The discovery of Gold in Witwatersrand in1886

8.    State two political factors that led to the scramble and partition of Africa (2mks)

• The imbalance of power in Europe caused by the unification of Germany and Italy
• The rise of nationalism in Europe
• The increase of militarism in Europe
• The public opinion in Europe favoured colonialism

9.    Name the Buganda  prime minister (katikiro) who signed the Buganda agreement of 1900 ( 1mk)

• Sir Appollo Kagwa

10.    State two reasons why the Ndebele were defeated by the British in 1893

• Part of the Ndebele army was out of action fighting the outbreak of small pox in the kingdom
• The Ndebele did not adopt the modern tactic of warfare
• The British used superior weapons such as guns and machine guns
• Disunity among the Africans e.g. the Shona supported the British
• The subject people and those belonging to lower castes supported the British.

11.    Give two reasons why the British decided to use indirect rule in Northen Nigeria

• The British lacked enough manpower to govern Northern Nigeria
• It was cheaper to use since it needed only a few European personnel
• It helped to reduce African resistance
• The territory was vast and with poor means of transport and communication
• The British had already used the system successfully in Uganda and India
• There was an already existing elaborate system of administration on the ground based on sharia law

12.    Name the political party that led Ghana to independence in 1957

• The convention people’s party (CPP)

13.    Name the South African nationalists who were jailed in the Robben Islands

• Nelson Mandela
• Govan Mbeki
• Walter Sisulu
• Andrew Mlangeni
• Ahmed Kathrada
• Elias Motsoaledi
• Mhlaba

14.    State two reasons why U.S.A was reluctant to join world war I up to 1917

• The Monroe doctrine of 1823 prohibited her from interfering with European affairs
• Some of her citizens were of German origin and therefore she did not want to offend them.
• The war had not interfered with her interest in Europe upto 1917
• She was trading with both sides of the conflict e.g. selling their weapons

15.    Name the main organ of united nations organization UNO

• The General Assembly

16.    Name the military alliance that was formed by USA and her allies in 1947             (1mk)

• North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO)

17.    Who is the 44th president of United  States of American?

• Barrack Obama

SECTION B (45 MARKS)

Answer three questions

18.    a. State five reasons why early man decided to domesticate plants and animals         (5mks)

• To obtain reliable food supply
• Population increase which required more food
• Invention of agricultural tools which encouraged cultivation
• Due to settled life, man wanted food case to his homestead
• Climatic changes that made animals to migrate away from their previous locations
• Hunting and gathering became unreliable as the population of animals decreased
• Over hunting depleted some animals that man depended on
• Some animals were friendly to man
• Some animals were domesticated for transport and cloth making purposes.

b. Explain the impact of development of early agriculture to man’s life            (10mks)

• It led to specialization on other activities such as pottery and weaving
• It led to division of labour
• It led to introduction of better farming tools
• It led to increase in food production
• It led to emergence of a class of wealthy merchants
• It led to development of urban centers
• It led to the rise of trade
• It led to the development of cottage industries
• It led to increase in population

19.    Give five reasons why anima transport was not a reliable form of transport

• It was slow and tedious
• Pack animals could be attacked by wild animals disease causing insects and diseases
• Animals could only travel during day time not at night
• They could only carry small amounts of good
• Some pack animals such as donkeys are very stubborn when tired and heavily loaded
• They could easily get feigned

b. Explain five disadvantages of Air transport to modern man

• Aeroplanes pollute the environment due to waste discharged by burning fuel
• It is prone to international terrorism where aeroplanes are often hijacked
• It is a very expensive mode of transport
• Its accidents are very fatal and many times there are minimal survivors
• It is often affected by weather changes
• Operating them require highly skilled personnel

20.    Identify five factors that led to the rise and development of trans-Sahara trade

• Availability of capital that was provided by the barbers Tuaregs   
• Existence of local trade that existed in western Sudan
• Existence of various trade commodities e.g. gold mines
• Demand for goods both to the people of west Africa and North Africa
• There existed a lot of cooperation between the trade merchants and the Tuaregs
• There was security provided by the Tuaregs across the desert 
• the discovery of pack animals such as camels and horses
• The emergence of powerful kings in West Africa such as Mansa Musa of mali Asika Mohammed of Songhai
• Existence of well-established trade routes

b. Discuss five challenges that traders faced during the trans-Saharan trade  

• The journey was often long and stressful
• The journey across the desert was hazardous .They were often attacked by hostile communities
• The desert temperatures were unbearably hot
• Many traders lost their way in the desert and could not trace their way back home
• There was scarcity of food and water across desert
• Many died due to frequent sandstorms
• Frequent attacks by wild animals

21.    a. State five grievances that Africans in Mozambique had against the Portuguese

• African leaders were arbitrarily replaced
• Africans were pushed out of their land by the settlers
• Africans did like heavy taxes imposed on them
• The Portuguese did not respect the African cultures
• The Portuguese forced Africans to work in their farms
• There was a lot of racial discrimination
• Africans were denied access to the media
• The colonial administration was very cruel to the Africans

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   b. Explain five problems that FRELIMO faced in its struggle to liberate Mozambique from the Portuguese rule (10mks)

• They lacked basic needs such as food ,clothes ,medicine in the areas they controlled
• The church in Mozambique labeled them as a terrorist organization
• Assassination of their leaders such as Eduardo Mondlane
• Internal wrangles that arose due to ideological differences
• Competition from rival rebel groups such COREMO
• The Portuguese applied brutal methods of dealing with rebels e.g. mass killings
• The Portuguese got assistance from apartheid regime in South Africa and Ian Smith in Southern Rhodesia.
• Lack of enough funds to finance their operations  

SECTION C (30MKS)

Answer any two questions

22.    a. Give five causes of world wars(5mks)

• Economic rivalries
• Colonial rivalries
• The first Moroccan crisis
• The 2nd Moroccan crisis
• The italo-thricish colonial dispute over Libya
• The arms race
• The system of alliances
• Need for revenge
• Nationalism
• The Balkan wars
• Associational frank Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

b.Explain five factors that made the allied power to defeat the Axis during world war II (10mks)

• They had many countries supporting them compared to the Axis
• Germany’s failure to effectively control her expensive territories in Europe
• When USSR recovered from her initial losses she rearmed and attacked Germany
• The USA’s entry into the war on the side of the Allies gave them advantages
• They had superior weapons such as atomic bomb
• The Axis powers suffered from lack of raw materials such as rubber ,cotton, nickel and oil
• They received support from the British overseas colonies  and dominions
• The Axis made serious tactical mistakes

23.    a. Identify five factors that caused the collapse of the East African community in 1977 (5mks)

• perception that Kenya was gaining more than Uganda and Tanzania
• personality differences among their leaders
• ideological differences among the countries
• political instability in Uganda
• national interests and pride
• inadequate  compensation and corrects measure
• boundary closures between the countries

b. Discuss five achievements of COMESA since its conception

• It has liberalized trade among its members
• It has removed trade barriers such computerized customs network
• It has improved transport and communication network to ease movement of good services and people
• It has created in enabling environments  for investment by  incorporating private sector
• The harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies throughout the region has been accomplished
• Harmonized monetary ,banking and financial policies have been established in the region
• It offers members and partners a wide range of benefits ,which include a wider, harmonized and more competitive market
• Creates room for greater industrial productivity and competitiveness due to its large market
• There is increased agricultural production and food security in the region
• Provides members with rational way of exploiting their natural resources for their welfare since each country produces what suits them most.
• She has encouraged her members to practice good governance ,accountability and respect for human rights
• Has created employment opportunities in the region.

24.    a. State three roles of the house of commons in Britain (3mks)

• Legislation or making laws
• It controls the powers of the executive
• Controls  how the government spends its revenue
• Protection of the citizens by isolating abuses by the government
• It is a training ground for future leaders

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b.    Explain the roles of the British Monarch (12mks)

• Signing bills into law
• Appointment and removal of government officers
• Management of the country’s foreign policy ,including the enactment of treaties
• Surrounding ,proroguing or dissolving parliament
• Appointment of judges
• Pardoning and giving reprieve to people who have been accused of various crimes
• Appoints the Bishops and Archbishops of the church of England
• Invites the leader of the party with majority seats in parliament to form government
• Commander in-chief of the armed forces
• Nominated MPs sitting in the house of Lords
• Is a symbol of national unity in Britain

NYATIKE SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS MOD24032022002

HISTORY 311/1

2014

Identify the main economic activities that promoted interaction during the African communities during the pre-colonial period

• Trade

Identify one negative impact the Indian ocean trade had on the people of East Africa

1. It led to increased death and suffering among Africans
2. It led to the decline of some Africans industries
3. It led to interference of African culture
4. It led to foreigners settling along the East African coast/displacement
5. Destruction of wild life
6. Introduction of new system of government based on Sharia law
7. Over exploited of East African resources e.g gold

State two circumstances that can make a Kenyan citizens to be denied the right to life

1. In the event of war
2. In self defense/defence of property
3. To effect lawful arrest
4. Effecting court sentence

What constitutional amendment made Kenya to return to a multiparty state (1mk)

• Repeal of section 2A of the Kenyan constitution in 1991

State any two features of the new constitution of Kenya from its inception in2010

1. Sovereignty of the people and supremacy of the constitution
2. Republic –Kenya is a sovereign republic  
3. Citizenship-Every citizen is entitles to privileges and benefits of citizenship
4. Land and environment –Land belongs to  the people of Kenya collectively as a nation, communities and as individuals
5. Leadership and integrity
6. Representation of the people
7. Legislation-National Assembly and senate
8. Executive
9. Judiciary
10. Devolved government
11. Public finance
12. Public service
13. National security
14. Commissions and independent offices
15. Amendment of the constitution
16. Transitional and consequential provisions
17. General provisions

Identify two benefits of democracy (2mks)

1. Promotes equality among all people
2. Balances liberty of individual with side power
3. Helps individual to develop patriotism to the state
4. Reduces chances of revolution
5. Promotes peace in the country \ensures that leaders do not ignore
6. Citizens who give them power to rule  
7. Develops initiative of the people and their sense of responsibilities

Identify two circumstances under which a state of emergency may be declared in a country

1. If the state is threatened by invasion
2. When there is disorder
3. When there is general/insurrection
4. When the state is tautened by war ‘when there is natural disaster

Give one method East that European powers used to occupy East Africa during the 19th century

1. Trickery/treachery
2. Treaty making
3. Military conquest
4. Use of divide and rule method
5. Mixture of diplomacy and force

Give any one role Kenya African union (KAU) played in promoting nationalism in Kenya between 1944-1954

1. Increase of Africans in the legco
2. KAU called for self government for Africans
3. Some KAU leaders were active MAUMAU liberation  fishers
4. Laid down foundation for growth of KANU
5. Provided guidance and political support to Eliud Mathu
6. KAU members gave moral and material support to MAUMAU freedom fighters.

State any two contributions made by trade union movements in the struggle for independence in Kenya (2mks)

1. Kept the spirit of African nationalism alive when political parties were banned after 1952
2. Secured international support for course of African nationalism
3. Educated Africans on their rights
4. Negotiated for an increase in women’s wages
5. Introduced the concept of collective bargaining
6. Promoted regional cooperation
7. It prepared some Africans nationalists for leadership roles for struggle for independence
8. Promoted cooperation between employers and employers through consultation

State two roles played by T.J Mboya as one of Kenyans great nationalist who championed for Kenyans independence (2mk)

1. 1953-He was elected secretary General of the Kenya local government .Workers union
2. Lead trade unionists in Kenya
3. Participated in making of independence constitution of Kenya
4. Attended Lanchaster house conference in London of 1960 and 1962
5. He protested against colonial government decision to separate Agikuyu ,Aembu and Ameru from other communities in Nairobi
6. He became KAU treasurer in 1954
7. 1957 he formed Nairobi people’s convention party
8. He was a member of AEMO where he pressurized colonial government to give political concessions to Kenya .
9. 1959 –He boycotted Logco together with other African members and called for constitution conference

Identify two qualifications for  election as a member of county Assembly (2mks)

1.  Registered voters
2. Satisfies educational, moral on a ethical requirements as stated in the constitution or an Act of parliament.
3. Nominated by a political party
4. An independent candidate supported by at least five hundred registered voted in the word concerned .

State two merits of parliamentary supremacy In Kenya (2mks)

1. Increases harmony since Legco and executive work together
2. In emergency situation people may have the right to choose a leader to handle the crisis
3. Legco is both responsible and responsive
4. Systems allows ordinary citizen to take part in governing process by electing their representative to present their views
5. Legco is effective for cabinet secretary sit and answer questions in the house during parliamentary sessions
6. Allows Kenyans ability or experience to prove their worth in parliamentary debates
7. Provide elections on regular basis
8. Give citizens a chance to take part in various political leadership
9. It legitimize the action taken by government
10. Allow for the constructive criticism from the opposition party
11. Ensures good governance

State one of the problems of harambeeism as a tool for national development (1mk)

1. Misappropriation of funds
2. Forced contribution by some government officials that made the public  towards Harambee
3. Poverty among Kenyans
4. It offers  stage show between the lakes and have nots
5. Abuse of harambee spirits i.e even the rich call for it.
6. Some have conned Kenyans money in the name of harambee

State one reason why constituency development fund was introduced by the government (1mk)

1. Speed up development at constituency
2. Uplift people’s living standard in their constituency

Give the main role of opposition parties in Kenya (1mk)

1. To offer checks and balance to the ruling party
2. Acts a watch dog to the government

Identify one of the challenges facing the educational factors in Kenya since the introduction of free and compulsory primarily and secondary education in Kenya (1mk)

1. There is over enrolment in schools
2. Inadequate teachers
3. Shortage of classrooms
4. Inadequate learning materials e.g textbooks ,exercise  books

SECTION B-45 MKS

Three examples of western Bantus

1. Abaluhyia
2. Abagusii
3. Abakuria
4. Abasuba

Effects of migration and settlement of river lake Nilotes in Kenya upto 19th

1. Intermarriage with neighbors
2. Assimilation between them and the Luhyia,Nandi,Kisii and Abasuba
3. Increase in the population in the region where they settled
4. Trading activities increased between them and their neighbours
5. Adoption of agriculture alongside pastroralism
6. They displaced the western banks and the maasi and the Nandi
7. Wars/conflicts between the Luos and their neighbours leading deaths and destruction of property

Five items exported from east Africa during the Indian ocean trade upto 19th

1. ivory         Gold             Tortoise shells        Iron
2. slaves                 Rhino horns         copal             cinnamon
3. skins of leopard and other animals
4. frankincense
5. copper
6. mangrove poles
7. palm oil

Five reasons why seyyid said moved his capital from Oman to the coast of East Africa

1. In order to control his East African dominions more effectively
2. Zanzibar was centrally located for the purpose of trade.
3. Zanzibar had sufficient rainfall, fertile soil and favorable climate which was good for agriculture especially the growing of cloves
4. Zanzibar had good harbors with deep waters which could handle large ships for trade
5. Zanzibar had fresh clean water
6. He wanted to bring the mazrui Arabs rule in Mombasa under his control
7. Zanzibar as an Island was more easy to safeguard from enemy invasion

Five terms of Devonshire while paper of 1923

1.  there was to be no racial segregation in all residential areas
2.  restriction on immigration was to be lifted
3. a missionary ,Dr Arthur ,was to be nominated to represent African interests
4. the highlands were resolved for Europeans settlement only
5. Indians to elect five members to Legco and to have representative in municipal councils
6. European settlers demand for self government was rejected
7. Interests of the Africans were to be given priority as =Kenya was an African county
8. The colonial office was to exercise close control of the colony

Reasons why colonial government encouraged settlers farming in Kenya

1. The colonial government wanted to make Kenya a Whiteman’s country by encouraging the white settlers to form the backbone of the economy
2. To finance administrative costs without involving the British tax payers
3. To pay for the construction costs of the Uganda Railway and to maintain it
4. To produce raw materials for British industries
5. Kenya lacked any other resources to be exploited
6. Africans lacked funds and knowledge of large scale farming
7. To check Indian/Asian migration and influence by settling more whites

The composition of a county executive committee

1. Governor
2. Deputy governor
3. Committees members appointed by government with approval from the members of county assembly (MCA S)

Sources of the Kenya national government revenues

1. Direct taxes like income tax e.g PAYE
2. Indirect taxes like VAT, customs duty and exercise dully
3. Profits made by parastatals
4. Land rates
5. Rent n government buildings
6. Licenses and fees such as road licenses, fuel levy and mining fees
7. Court fines and forfeitures
8. Domestics loans through sale of government bonds, treasury bills, post office bonds and borrowing from parastatals
9. Tourism fees such as entrance fees to national government
10. Charges for services rendered by the national government
11. Interests o loans given to various institutions
12. Foreign loans and grants

SECTION C (30MKS)

Five factors limiting national unity (5mks)

1. Racism
2. Tribalism
3. Nepotism
4. Corruption
5. Religions conflicts
6. Uneven economic development
7. Party membership
8. Poverty
9. Cultural/diversity
10. Ignorance
11. Greed

Five peaceful methods of resolving conflicts

1. Arbitration – Though neutral person/third party
2. Mechanism – a person not involved in the disputes involvedness and assists the parties in conflict to massive at a negotiated agreement
3. Negotiation/diplomacy –Dialogue between the conflict parties through fact finding discussion and reaching of an a miracle solution
4. Litigation –Disputing parties can take one another to court
5. Legislation –Parliament can enact laws that control conflicts
6. Use of peace –keeping missions
7. These are sent to foreign countries in war from areas to ensure and effect a causative or time
8. Problem –Solving workshops
9. The two conflicting parties participate in working out a solution
10. Compromise. It is based on bargaining by the parties involved in order to arrive at acceptable solutions
11. International agreement
12. It is used to settle disputes between countries
13. Policing- Maintenance of law and order to arrive at acceptable solutions
14. Religious action-Religious leaders are called upon to resolve disputed of religious, social or of political nature
15. Council of Elders –Use of wise elders in conflict resolution

Five categories of members of the senate

1. 47 elected senators each in charge of a county
2. 16 women nominated by political parties
3. 2 members, a man and a woman representing the youth
4. 2 members ,a man and a woman  representing the disabled
5. The speaker

Explain five functions of national Assembly

1. Representing the people of the constituency  and special /interests
2. Deliberately on and resolving issues that concern the people
3. Enacting national legislation
4. Approving nominees for various public offices
5. Determining allocation of national revenue between the two levels of government
6. Approving government expenditure as well as the expenditure of other state  organs
7. Overseeing national revenue and its expenditure
8. Reviewing the conduct of the president ,deputy president and other state officers and initiating the process of removing them from office
9. Exercising oversight over state organs
10. Approving declaration of war and extensions of state of emergency

Five functions of correctional services

1. Confine convicted criminals
2. Rehabilitates prisoners through counseling to enable them to change from their criminals activities
3. Train prisoners on various skills e.g carpentry, tailoring etc.
4. Initiate income-generating projects e.g furniture making and crop farming
5. Executes courts orders
6. Provides for the welfare of inmates e.g spiritual ,medical alterations
7. Confine dissidents who may be a threat to state security
8. Keeping watch ever suspected criminals whose cases still  open in the law courts

Explain five five roles of cabinet secretaries on government policy

1. Advising the president on government policy
2. Collectively determining government policy
3. Initiating new  government bills and amendments to existing laws
4. Ensuring the implementation of government policy by the civil savants
5. Collectively depending government policy, both inside and outside parliament
6. Representing the president at national and international functions
7. Discussing matters of national and international importance
8. Cabinet secretaries are chief spokes persons on matters pertaining to their ministries and answer questions raised in parliament

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