KNEC KCSE HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 1996 Q & A

paper 2

1. Identify two sources of information which historians use to write the History of Africa (2 mks)

1. Archaeology
2. Oral traditions
3. Anthropology
4. Botany/Zoology /biology/Genetics
5. Written records
6. Geology
7. Local paintings/sculpture                                           

(2mks)

2. List two economic activities of early man during the stone Age period (2 mks)

1. Hunting wild animals
2. Gathering wild fruits, roots and vegetables
3. Fishing
4. Crop farming
5. Administration
6. Trading
7. Making stone implements
8. Pottery                                                                             

(2mks)

3. Give two factors which led to the early urbanization in Africa   (2 mks)

1. Trade
2. Mining
3. Religion
4. Agriculture
5. Administration
6. Trading
7. Security
8. Education centres e.g. Alexandria
9. Availability of water                                                  

(2 mks)

4. Identify one use of bronze in Ancient Benin. (1 mks)

1. Making royal regalia
2. Making status of rulers, noble men and warriors
3. Making ornaments/decorations
4. Making religious Figurines e.g. gods
5. Making weapons                                                  

(1mk)

5. List two forms of communication used to send messages to distant places in the shortest possible time. (2 mks)

1. Telephone
2. Telegram
3. Telex
4. Fax
5. E-mail
6. Television
7. Radio
8. Courier letter

2 mks

6. Name two main cash crops that were grown in North America during the Agrarian Revolution.  (2 mks)

1. Tobacco
2. Cotton
3. Corn/Maize
4. Wheat                                                                         

(2 mks)

​7. (a) What is barter trade? (1mk)

Barter trade is the exchange of goods for other goods/trade in kind.

(b) Identify one limitation of using barter as a method of trade.  (1mk)

1. Some commodities are bulky/ heavy and are difficultly to transport
2. It may not be easy to establish the exchange rate of commodities
3. Perishable goods are likely to go to waste if negotiations are not done in time  
4. It requires double coincidence of demands
5. Indivisibility of some commodities

8. Give two functions of the Buganda traditional parliament  (2 mks)

1. It made laws for the kingdom
2. It checked on the activities of the government
3. It represented the interests of the people/countries
4. It advised the Kabaka 

9. Name the Empire that was rule by Samori Toure during the European invasion of Africa

​The Mandinka Empire

​10. Give two ways through which Islam had spread in Africa by the nineteenth century

1. Jihad/Holy wars
2. Missionary activities of Muslims scholars
3. Commercial interactions /Interactions/Intermarriage
4. Influence of already converted African rulers
5. Intermarriage
6. Migration of Muslims /Arabs.
7. Fear of being enslaved

11. Name two systems of colonial administration which were used by the British to administer their colonies In Africa.

1. Indirect rule
2. Direct rule

​12. What is constitution?

• ​A body of fundamental principles on which the government of a state is based
•  A system of laws and principles on which the government of a state is based.

13. In which two ways did the organization of Africa Unity (OAU) contribute to the liberation of the southern African countries? 

1. The AOU provided material support to freedom fighters e.g. arms
2. It gave financial support to freedom fighters
3. It provided military training camps and other facilities to freedom fighter
4. It presented the problem of the nationalists in international form.
5. It provides the nationalist with a forum to air their grievances
6. Provision of refugee camps for the displaced nationalists
7. Provided education to the members of the liberation movement
8. It campaigned for sanctions against the oppressive southern African regimes in international form 

14. Name two agencies of the United Nations Organization (UNO) which deal with the problem of health.

1. World Health Organization (WHO)
2. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

​SECTION B

1a. In what ways did the development of the steam engine contribute to the growth of industries in Europe during the nineteenth century?

1. The development of steam engines facilitated faster transportation of raw materials and finished industrial product.
2. Provided a source of energy in the factories e.g. the spinning factory
3. It was used to pump water out of the mines to facilitate mining e.g. the coal mines
4. Facilitated faster transportation of industrial workers.

1b. Explain six factors which led to the emergence of Japan as an industrial power after the second world war.

1. Provision of Education which emphasized on technical training
2. Japanese work ethics which discouraged idleness and encouraged hardworking
3. Government policy which granted subsidies to industrial entrepreneurs led to industrial growth.
4. Availability of raw materials from within Japan e.g. silk and from other Asian countries which they colonized e.g. cotton from China.
5. A well-established industrial base. By 1954 Japan had well developed industrial base upon which other industries were built.
6. Availability of local and internal markets stimulated industrial growth
7. Existence of a labour force with industrial know – how
8. Availability of capital from local and foreign investors, especially the USA financial aid which was provided after the 2nd World War (the Marshal plan) stimulated industrial growth of Japan
9. Availability of energy e.g. H.E.P stimulated industrial growth.

2a. What factors led to the development of trade between North Africa and West Africa during the pre-colonial period?

1. Existence of enterprising North Africa merchants.
2. Availability of trading items e.g. gold from West Africa and salt mines of the Sahara desert.
3. Availability of capital provided by the Berber merchants of North Africa
4. Demand for scarce goods in North Africa and West Africa
5. Presence of Tuaregs who guided the traders through the Sahara desert
6. Presence of capable rulers who offered protection of traders.
7. Presence of Oasis
8. Use of camels and horse.

2b. Describe the effects of the Trans – Saharan trade of West African societies? 

1. The trade led to the development of towns in West Africa e.g. Gao Timbuku
2. It led to the spread of Islam and Islamic learning in West Africa
3. The trade led to the emergence of a class of wealthy people the merchants who participated in the trade.
4. The trade promoted intermarriage between North African and West African.
5. Growth in Agricultural production
6. Increase warfare
7. The trade introduced new cultural values in West Africa e.g. people adopted new styles of dressing and eating habits.
8. Trade led to the introduction of Arab architectural designs in West Africa.
9. Trade led to the introduction of Empires e.g. Mali Soghai and Ghana.
10. It led to the depopulation of West Africa through slave trade.
11. West Africa was known to the outside world.

3a. Explain three ways in which Macadamized roads are an improvement to road transport. 

1. They are all weather roads.
2. They are durable
3. Water drain off easily
4. They provide a good motoring surface

3b. What were the results of the development of railway transport in Europe up the end of the Nineteenth century? 

1. Railway transport led to expansion of trade in Europe as goods were quickly transported from one point to another.
2. Facilitated the movement of people from one place to another thus promoted greater interaction among people.
3. Railway transport promoted agricultural growth as it assured farmers of means of transporting their goods.
4. The railway transport provided employment opportunities
5. The development of railway transported led to growth of expansion of urban centres.
6. It facilitated the development of industries in Europe by providing quick means of transporting raw material, finished materials and industrial workers.
7. It led to environmental pollution through emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide/ smoke into the atmospheres.

4a. Why were African independent churches established? 

4b. Explain six factors which promoted Christian missionary activities in Africa during the nineteenth century. 

1. Existence of already established trade routes/ which connected the African coastal raiding posts with the interior facilitated the movement of the missionaries.
2. Use of guides and porters made the movement of the missionaries and the transportation of their luggage easy
3. The learning of local languages by the missionaries facilitated their activities among different communities.
4. Training African catechists and other religious leaders helped in spreading Christianity in Africa.
5. The discovery of cure of some tropical diseases e.g. quinine for treating malaria fever, reduced the number of death cases among the missionaries
6. Support and protection given to missionaries by some African rulers e.g. Lewanika of Bulonzi promoted missionary activities.
7. Support from the church organization in Europe enabled the missionaries to carry out their activities
8. Support from the colonial government (e.g. protection against some hostile communities) enabled the missionaries to carry out their activities.
9. The establishment of mission stations which were used as bases from which were used as bases from which they operated the stations also provided other social services e.g. health care.
10. Translocation of the Bible and other Christian literature made Christianity accessible to many African communities

​SECTION C

5a. What methods did the European powers use to acquire colonies in Africa?  (3mks)

1. They signed treaties with the local ruler
2. They used military force to subdue communities which resisted
3. They signed treaties among themselves to partition Africa e.g. the 1890 Angola-German agreement which German gave Witu to Britain and Britain gave Heligoland to German.
4. Use of treaty / tricks/ deception

5b. ​Explain six factors which influenced Lewanika of the Balozi to collaborate with the British.

1. In order to protect his Kingdom  against the Germans and Portuguese
2. Lewanika desire western education and civilization and wanted the British to introduce it in his country
3. Lewanika wanted the British to protect him against his internal enemies e.g. in 1884 Lewanika forced an internal rebellion.
4. Lewanika was encouraged to collaborate with the British by King Khama of Botswana who has already sought British to protect his Kingdom from attacks by other African communities such as the Nebela and Shona.
5. Lewanika wanted the British to protect his kingdom from attacks by other African communities such as the Ndebela and Shona.
6. Desire to promote trade between his people and British
7. Lewanika was influenced by the European missionaries who had visited earlier, to collaborate.

6a. Describe the factors which facilitated the application of the French policy of assimilation in the four communes in Senegal.

1. A high percentage of the Mullatoes in the population of the communes who appreciated the European culture, made it easy for the French to apply their policy of assimilation.
2. The people in the four communes had long interaction with the French trades, administrators and missionaries and this enabled them to appreciate European culture.
3. A high percentage of the inhabitants of the four communes had been converted to Christianity and this made it possible for the French to apply their policy.

6b. Discuss the effects of the French policy of assimilation in Senegal. 

1. The application of the assimilation policy lead to the promotion of French culture in Senegal
2. The policy of assimilation undermined African culture as many adopted French culture.
3. It undermined the authority of the traditional rulers as they were replaced by the assimilated Africans
4. Senegal was incorporated into French Republic and regarded as an overseas province of France.
5. Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in the political affairs of France. Some of them became Deputies and Ministers in the French government.
6. It undermined the spread of Islam in the four communes where many Africans had adopted French Christianity
7. It created division among Africans; in Senegal some became citizens while other became French people.
8. It created a class of western/ French education in the four communes
9. It led to the development of Western/French education in the four communes.
10. Class of African elite spearheaded nationalism.

7a. What is the role of the prime minister in Britain? 

1. The prime Minister is the leader of the House of Commons
2. Is the head of the British government
3. Chairs cabinet meetings
4. Appoints and dismisses ministers
5. Initiates both domestic and foreign policies
6. Represents Britain.

7b. Explain six functions of the Federal Government of the United States of America. (USA). 

1. The federal government of USA formulates and directs foreign policy
2. It regulates internal and external trade.
3. It declares war and makes peace with other nations of the world
4. It gives currency to the members states of the federation and regulates its supply
5. It formulates and enforces policy guidelines on taxation for the member states of the Federation and regulates its supply.
6. It gives grants to member states of the federation and monitor their use
7. It formulates policies governing internal security of the entire Federal Republic
8. It medicates in inter-state disputes within the federation and monitor their use
9. Established a federal aimed force
10. Passes laws needed to carry out Us power
11. Admits new states
12. Establish federal court
13. Establishes postal systems

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