ATIKA SCHOOL
  • Home
    • JOBS IN KENYA AND ABROAD FOR KENYANS AND BEYOND
    • How its Done
    • KNEC Portal
    • Atika School Advanced Search
    • News and Opinions
    • Academic Environment
    • KNEC KCSE PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
    • SITEMAP
    • About Us? >
      • About Us
      • Learn more about us
  • OUR PRODUCTS
    • All Categories >
      • Category
      • FREE NOVELS >
        • COURSE BOOKS
        • KCSE KISWAHILI SETBOOKS
        • Backed Up Files and Archives
        • FREE DOCUMENTS
        • PRIMARY 8-4-4 BASED RESOURCES
        • STANDARD 8 RESOURCES
        • HIGH SCHOOL RESOURCES >
          • Biology Paper 3 Exams
          • Secondary Examinations
        • PRIMARY CBC BASED RESOURCES
        • COLLEGE & VARSITY RESOURCES
    • PRIMARY RESOURCES CBC
    • PRIMARY RESOURCES 8-4-4
    • SECONDARY RESOURCES
    • NOTES & TUTORIALS
    • COLLEGE RESOURCES
    • NOVELS and OTHER BOOKS
  • EXAMINATIONS
    • PRIMARY EXAMS >
      • Primary Assignments and Random Exams
      • CBC
      • 8-4-4
      • STANDARD 8 PAST PAPERS 8-4-4 BASED
    • MOCKS AND JOINT EXAMS >
      • FORM 1 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
      • FORM 2 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
      • FORM 3 EXAMINATIONS, QUESTION PAPERS AND ANSWERS
      • MOCKS PAST EXAMS BY REGION
    • KCPE >
      • KCPE BY YEAR >
        • KCPE 2020 RESULTS, REPORTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS 2019 REPORTS, RESULTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • KCPE PAST PAPERS PER SUBJECT
      • KCPE PAST PAPERS AND ANSWERS
      • KCPE MATHEMATICS TOPICAL QUESTIONS FROM 1989 TO LAST YEAR
    • KCSE >
      • KCSE BY YEAR >
        • KNEC KCSE PAST PAPERS, MARKING SCHEMES, QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
      • KCSE BY SUBJECT >
        • KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT
        • Free KCSE Past Papers Mathematics
        • Free KCSE Biology Questions and Answers
    • QUESTIONS & ANSWERS >
      • SECONDARY >
        • LANGUAGES >
          • A DOLL'S HOUSE BY HENRIK IBSEN RESOURCES
        • TECHNICALS >
          • COMPUTER STUDIES >
            • COMPUTER STUDIES Q & A
            • kcse computer studies paper 2 AND 3 Questions & Answers
          • BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
          • KCSE AGRICULTURE TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCSE HOME SCIENCE DIRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • SCIENCES >
          • KCSE Mathematics Topical Questions
          • KCSE Biology Topical Questions and Answers
          • CHEMISTRY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCSE Physics Topical Questions
          • KCSE physics Practical Sample Quiz
        • HUMANITIES >
          • ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (IRE) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCSE History Topical Questions and Answers
          • GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • PRIMARY >
        • Standard 4-8 Mathematics Topical Questions from Mocks and KCPE
        • Std 6 Mathematics Notes
  • TUTORIALS
    • SECONDARY >
      • SCIENCES >
        • FOCUS MATHEMATICS TUTORIALS AND EXAMS FREE
        • KCSE BIOLOGY NOTES
        • FREE KCSE CHEMISTRY NOTES
        • KCSE PHYSICS NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS AND MORE
      • LANGUAGES >
        • ENGLISH >
          • English KCSE Set Books
          • ENGLISH POETRY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS FOR K.C.S.E CANDIDATES
          • ENGLISH GRAMMAR #KCSE
        • CHOZI LA HERI - MWONGOZO
        • KIGOGO - MWONGOZO
        • USHAIRI MASWALI NA MAJIBU
        • MASWALI NA MAJIBU YA TUMBO LISILOSHIBA
        • KCSE Kiswahili Fasihi
      • TECHNICALS >
        • HOME SCIENCE NOTES
        • KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
        • COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES LATEST
        • kcse Computer Studies Notes
        • KCSE AGRICULTURE NOTES, SYLLABUS, QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, SCHEMES OF WORK AND OTHERS
      • HUMANITIES >
        • KCSE History Notes Form 1 to 4
        • FREE KCSE CRE NOTES
        • KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES
        • IRE NOTES, AUDIOVISUAL, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
    • PRIMARY >
      • NOTES >
        • KISWAHILI
        • SOCIAL STUDIES >
          • STANDARD 4: SOCIAL STUDIES
        • SCIENCE
        • ENGLISH >
          • KCPE and Primary Level Compositions
        • MATHEMATICS >
          • KCPE Mathematics Notes
      • EXAMINATIONS >
        • DecaTurbo Online Series Examinations
        • CBC Kiswahili
        • FOCUS A365 SERIES K.C.P.E EXAMINATIONS FOR PRIMARY
        • Standard 8 (std) English Topical Questions
    • Other Supportive Documents >
      • Free Schemes of Work
      • SYLLABUS >
        • Primary 8-4-4 based Syllabus, Objectives and Lessons
        • Primary Mathematics Syllabus
      • MASOMO VIDEOS
  • CURRICULUM
    • NEW CURRICULUM DESIGNS >
      • PRIMARY >
        • PRE PRIMARY ONE CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
        • PRE PRIMARY TWO CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
      • SECONDARY >
        • KNEC KCSE SYLLABUS AND COURSE OUTLINES
      • COLLEGE >
        • Regulations for the TIVET Craft and Diploma Business Examinations
  • HIGH INSTITUTIONS
    • EXAMINATIONS >
      • College and Varsity Past Papers online
    • TUTORIALS >
      • COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY NOTES AND TUTORIALS
  • CUSTOMER CARE
    • PRICING
    • Contact
    • Help & Support
    • DONATE
    • MPESA FORM
  • BLOGS
    • ENGLISH - EKEGUSII DICTIONARY
  • MEMBERSHIP RESOURCES
    • Assignments and Random Exams
    • TERM 3 2021 PRIMARY PAST REVISION PAPERS
    • SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS
    • Search Free Documents (PDF)
  • Archived Pages
    • C.R.E (CRE) QUESTION AND ANSWERS
    • TOP SECONDARY EXAMS ALL SUBJECTS

Follow us now to receive the latest updates @schoolatika

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS

9/6/2021

2 Comments

 

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS

​The main growth and development phase in plants begins with the germination of the mature seed. Seeds are of two kinds depending on the number of cotyledons or embryo leaves.
Practical Activity:
Requirements
  1. Bean seeds and maize grains which have been soaked overnight.
  2. Scalpel or razor blades,
  3. iodine solution,
  4. Petri-dish and
  5. hand lens.
Procedure
  1. Using a scalpel or razor blade make longitudinal sections (LS) of both the bean seed and the maize grain.
  2. Observe the LS of the specimens using a hand lens.
  3. Note any structural difference between the specimens.
  4. Draw the LS of each specimen and label.
  5. Put a drop of iodine solution on the cut  surfaces of both specimens.
  6. Note any  differences in colouration with iodine on the surfaces of the two specimens.
  7. On  your  diagrams  indicate  the distribution of the stain.
  8. Account   for   the   difference   in distribution of the colouration with iodine in the two specimens.

​STRUCTURE OF THE SEED

  • A typical seed consists of a seed coat enclosing an embryo.
  • The seed coat is the outer covering which, in most seeds, is made up of the two layers, an outer testa and inner one, the tegmen.
Picture
Structure of dicotyledon seed (bean grain)
Structure of dicotyledon seed (bean grain)
  • The testa is thick; the tegmen is a transparent membrane tissue.
  • The two layers protect the seed bacteria, fungi and other organisms which may damage it.
  • There is a scar called hilum on one part of the seed.
  • This is point where the seed had been attached the seed stalk or funicle.
  • Near one end of hilum is a tiny pore, the micropyle.
  • This allows water and air into the embryo, embryo is made up of cotyledons, a plumule (embryonic (and a radicle (the embryonic root).
  • In some seeds the cotyledons swollen as they contain stored food for growing plumule and radicle. Such seeds, called non-endospermic seeds.
  • In other cases, the seeds have their food stored in endosperm.  
  • Such   seeds   are   called endospermic seeds. Seeds with one cotyledon are referred to as monocotyledonous while those   with   two   are   referred   to dicotyledonous.
  • This is the major basis in differentiation between the two large categories of plants, the monocotyledonae and dicotyledonae.

Dormancy in Seeds

  • ​The embryo of a dry, fully developed seed usually passes through a period of rest after ripening period.
  • During this time the seed performs all its life (physiological) processes very slowly and uses up little food. This is a period of dormancy.
  • Even if all the favorable environmental conditions for germination are provided to the seed during this period of dormancy, the seed will not germinate.
  • This is due to the fact that the seed embryo may need to undergo further development before germination.
  • Some seeds can germinate immediately after being shed from the parent plant (e.g. most tropical plants) while others must pass through dormancy period, lasting for weeks, months or even years before the seed can germinate.
  • Dormancy provides the seeds with enough time for dispersal so that they can germinate in a suitable environment.
  • It also enables seeds to survive during adverse environmental conditions without depleting their food reserves.
  • The embryo has time to develop until favorable conditions are available e.g. availability of water

Factors that Cause Dormancy

  • Embryo   may   not   yet   be   fully developed.
  • Presence of chemical inhibitors that inhibit germination in seeds e.g. Abscisic acid.
  • Very low concentrations of hormones e.g. gibberellins and enzymes reduces the ability of seeds to germinate.
  • Hard and impermeable seed coats prevent entry of air and water in some seeds e.g. wattle.
  • In some seeds the absence of certain wavelengths of light make them remain dormant e.g. in some lettuce plants.
  • Freezing of seeds during winter lowers  their enzymatic activities rendering them dormant.

Ways of Breaking Dormancy

  • When the seed embryos are mature then the seed embryos can break dormancy and germinate.
  • Increase in concentration of hormones e.g. cytokinins and gibberellins stimulate germination.
  • Favourable environmental factors such as   water,   oxygen   and   suitable temperature.
  • Some wavelengths of light trigger the production    of    hormones    like gibberellins leading to breaking of dormancy.
  • Scarification i.e. weakening of the testa is needed before seeds with hard impermeable seed coats can germinate.
  • This   is   achieved   naturally   by saprophytic bacteria and fungi or by passing through the gut of animals.
  • In agriculture the seeds of some plants are weakened by boiling, roasting and cracking e.g. wattle.

​Seed Germination

  • The process by which the seed develops into a seedling is known as germination.
  • It refers to all the changes that take place when a seed becomes a seedling.
  • At the beginning of germination water is absorbed into the seed through the micropyle in a process known as imbibition and causes the seed to swell.
  • The cells of the cotyledons become turgid and active.
  • They begin to make use of the water to dissolve and break down the food substances stored in the cotyledons.
  • The soluble food is transported to the growing plumule and radicle.
  • The plumule grows into a shoot while the radicle grows into a root.
  • The radical emerges from the seed through micropyle, bursting the seed coat as it does so.

​Conditions Necessary for Germination

  • Seeds can easily be destroyed by unfavourable conditions such as excessive heat, cold or animals.
  • Seeds need certain conditions to germinate and grow.
  • Some of these conditions are external, for example water, oxygen and suitable temperature while others are internal such as enzymes, hormones and viability of the seeds themselves.
​1. Water
  • A non-germinating seed contains very little water.
  • Without water a seed cannot germinate.
  • Water activates the enzymes and provides the medium for enzymes to act and break down the stored food into soluble form.
  • Water hydrolyses and dissolves the food materials and is also the medium of transport of dissolved food substances through the various cells to the growing region of the radical and plumule.
  • Besides, water softens the seed coat which can subsequently burst and facilitate the emergence of the radicle.
2. Oxygen
  • Germinating seeds require energy for cell division and growth.
  • This energy is obtained from the oxidation of food substances stored in the seed through respiration thus making oxygen an important factor in seed germination.
  • Seed in water logged soil or seed buried deep into the soil will not germinate due to lack of oxygen.
3. Hormones
  • Several hormones play a vital role in germination since they act as growth stimulators.
  • These include gibberellins and cytokinins.
  • These hormones also counteract the effect of germination inhibitors.
4. Viability
  • Only seeds whose embryos are alive and healthy will be able to germinate and grow.
  • Seeds stored for long periods usually lose their viability due to depletion of their food reserves and destruction of their embryo by pests and diseases.
​5. Temperature
  • Most seeds require suitable temperature before they can germinate.
  • Seeds will not germinate below 0°C or above 47° C.
  • The optimum temperature for seeds to germinate is 30°C.
  • At higher temperature the protoplasm is killed and the enzymes in the seed are denatured.
  • At very low temperatures the enzymes become inactive.
  • Therefore, the protoplasm and the enzymes work best within the optimum temperature range.
  • The rate of germination increases with temperature until it reaches an optimum.
  • This varies from plant to plant.
6. Enzymes
  • Enzymes play a vital role during germination in the breakdown and subsequent oxidation of food.
  • Food is stored in seeds in form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins which are in insoluble form.
  • The insoluble food is converted into a soluble form by the enzymes.
  • Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose by the diastase enzyme, fats into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase, and proteins into amino acids by protease.
  • Enzymes are also necessary for the conversion of hydrolysed products to new plant tissues.
To download complete set of this notes, questions and revision kit, See pricing ...
download
2 Comments
Print Friendly and PDF
Muhammad link
1/8/2021 20:32:36

Explain why the ability of pea seeds to germinate declined with time of exposure to heat

Reply
Moses otieno
9/8/2021 16:42:28

The notes you people providing is nice and short to understand

Reply



Leave a Reply.

    Archives

    September 2021
    June 2021
    May 2021
    November 2020

    Categories

    All
    CELL PHYSIOLOGY
    Classification 1
    CLASSIFICATION II
    ECOLOGY
    EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS
    FORM 1
    FORM 2
    FORM 3
    Gaseous Exchange In Animals
    GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
    GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
    INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
    Lipids
    MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
    NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
    NUTRITION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
    PDF NOTES
    PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES
    REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
    RESPIRATION
    THE CELL
    Transport In Animals
    TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

    RSS Feed

Print Friendly and PDF

Primary Resources
  • K.C.P.E Past Papers
  • ​Pri - Primary 1 Level
  • Pri  - Primary 2 Level
  • Grade 1
  • Grade 2
  • Grade 3
  • Grade 4
  • Standard 5
  • Standard 6
  • Standard 7
  • Standard 8
  • English
  • Kiswahili
  • Social Studies
  • Science
  • Mathematics
  • Kenya Sign Language
  • I.R.E
  • ​H.R.E
  • Notes
  • Termly Questions
  • Mocks
  • K.C.P.E Past Papers
College Resources
  • E.C.D.E
  • P.T.E
  • D.T.E
  • Technical Diploma
  • Technical Certificate
  • Business Diploma
  • Business Certificate
  • Higher Diploma
  • K.A.S.N.E.B Resources
  • K.M.T.C Resources
  • Varsity Resources
Secondary Resources
  • K.C.S.E Past Papers
  • Form 1
  • Form 2
  • Form 3
  • Form 4
  • Term 1
  • Term 2
  • Term 3
  • English
  • Geography
  • History
  • C.R.E
  • I.R.E
  • ​H.R.E
  • Home Science
  • Computer Studies
  • Business Studies
  • Agriculture
  • Chemistry
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Mathematics ALT A
  • Mathematics ALT B
  • Kiswahili
  • French
  • Germany
  • Arabic
  • Aviation
  • Art & Design
  • Drawing & Design
  • Building & Construction
  • Metal Works
  • Wood Work
  • Music
  • Kenya Sign Language
  • Electricity
Other Useful Links
  • Academic Environment
  • How its Done
  • News and Opinions
  • Manyam Franchise Support
  • About
  • SITEMAP
  • FOCUS A365 SERIES
  • Membership Details (KCPE/KCSE)
  • Secondary Mocks
  • SYLLABUS
Contact Us
Manyam Franchise
P.O Box 1189 - 40200 Kisii
Tel: 0728 450 424
Tel: 0738 619 279
Tel: 0763 450 425
E-mail - sales@manyamfranchise.com
Photos used under Creative Commons from Paul J. Morris, Ninara, IBM Research, Per Harald Olsen, soilse, Wildcat Dunny
  • Home
    • JOBS IN KENYA AND ABROAD FOR KENYANS AND BEYOND
    • How its Done
    • KNEC Portal
    • Atika School Advanced Search
    • News and Opinions
    • Academic Environment
    • KNEC KCSE PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
    • SITEMAP
    • About Us? >
      • About Us
      • Learn more about us
  • OUR PRODUCTS
    • All Categories >
      • Category
      • FREE NOVELS >
        • COURSE BOOKS
        • KCSE KISWAHILI SETBOOKS
        • Backed Up Files and Archives
        • FREE DOCUMENTS
        • PRIMARY 8-4-4 BASED RESOURCES
        • STANDARD 8 RESOURCES
        • HIGH SCHOOL RESOURCES >
          • Biology Paper 3 Exams
          • Secondary Examinations
        • PRIMARY CBC BASED RESOURCES
        • COLLEGE & VARSITY RESOURCES
    • PRIMARY RESOURCES CBC
    • PRIMARY RESOURCES 8-4-4
    • SECONDARY RESOURCES
    • NOTES & TUTORIALS
    • COLLEGE RESOURCES
    • NOVELS and OTHER BOOKS
  • EXAMINATIONS
    • PRIMARY EXAMS >
      • Primary Assignments and Random Exams
      • CBC
      • 8-4-4
      • STANDARD 8 PAST PAPERS 8-4-4 BASED
    • MOCKS AND JOINT EXAMS >
      • FORM 1 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
      • FORM 2 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
      • FORM 3 EXAMINATIONS, QUESTION PAPERS AND ANSWERS
      • MOCKS PAST EXAMS BY REGION
    • KCPE >
      • KCPE BY YEAR >
        • KCPE 2020 RESULTS, REPORTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS 2019 REPORTS, RESULTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • KCPE PAST PAPERS PER SUBJECT
      • KCPE PAST PAPERS AND ANSWERS
      • KCPE MATHEMATICS TOPICAL QUESTIONS FROM 1989 TO LAST YEAR
    • KCSE >
      • KCSE BY YEAR >
        • KNEC KCSE PAST PAPERS, MARKING SCHEMES, QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
      • KCSE BY SUBJECT >
        • KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT
        • Free KCSE Past Papers Mathematics
        • Free KCSE Biology Questions and Answers
    • QUESTIONS & ANSWERS >
      • SECONDARY >
        • LANGUAGES >
          • A DOLL'S HOUSE BY HENRIK IBSEN RESOURCES
        • TECHNICALS >
          • COMPUTER STUDIES >
            • COMPUTER STUDIES Q & A
            • kcse computer studies paper 2 AND 3 Questions & Answers
          • BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
          • KCSE AGRICULTURE TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCSE HOME SCIENCE DIRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • SCIENCES >
          • KCSE Mathematics Topical Questions
          • KCSE Biology Topical Questions and Answers
          • CHEMISTRY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCSE Physics Topical Questions
          • KCSE physics Practical Sample Quiz
        • HUMANITIES >
          • ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (IRE) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCSE History Topical Questions and Answers
          • GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • PRIMARY >
        • Standard 4-8 Mathematics Topical Questions from Mocks and KCPE
        • Std 6 Mathematics Notes
  • TUTORIALS
    • SECONDARY >
      • SCIENCES >
        • FOCUS MATHEMATICS TUTORIALS AND EXAMS FREE
        • KCSE BIOLOGY NOTES
        • FREE KCSE CHEMISTRY NOTES
        • KCSE PHYSICS NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS AND MORE
      • LANGUAGES >
        • ENGLISH >
          • English KCSE Set Books
          • ENGLISH POETRY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS FOR K.C.S.E CANDIDATES
          • ENGLISH GRAMMAR #KCSE
        • CHOZI LA HERI - MWONGOZO
        • KIGOGO - MWONGOZO
        • USHAIRI MASWALI NA MAJIBU
        • MASWALI NA MAJIBU YA TUMBO LISILOSHIBA
        • KCSE Kiswahili Fasihi
      • TECHNICALS >
        • HOME SCIENCE NOTES
        • KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
        • COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES LATEST
        • kcse Computer Studies Notes
        • KCSE AGRICULTURE NOTES, SYLLABUS, QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, SCHEMES OF WORK AND OTHERS
      • HUMANITIES >
        • KCSE History Notes Form 1 to 4
        • FREE KCSE CRE NOTES
        • KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES
        • IRE NOTES, AUDIOVISUAL, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
    • PRIMARY >
      • NOTES >
        • KISWAHILI
        • SOCIAL STUDIES >
          • STANDARD 4: SOCIAL STUDIES
        • SCIENCE
        • ENGLISH >
          • KCPE and Primary Level Compositions
        • MATHEMATICS >
          • KCPE Mathematics Notes
      • EXAMINATIONS >
        • DecaTurbo Online Series Examinations
        • CBC Kiswahili
        • FOCUS A365 SERIES K.C.P.E EXAMINATIONS FOR PRIMARY
        • Standard 8 (std) English Topical Questions
    • Other Supportive Documents >
      • Free Schemes of Work
      • SYLLABUS >
        • Primary 8-4-4 based Syllabus, Objectives and Lessons
        • Primary Mathematics Syllabus
      • MASOMO VIDEOS
  • CURRICULUM
    • NEW CURRICULUM DESIGNS >
      • PRIMARY >
        • PRE PRIMARY ONE CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
        • PRE PRIMARY TWO CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
      • SECONDARY >
        • KNEC KCSE SYLLABUS AND COURSE OUTLINES
      • COLLEGE >
        • Regulations for the TIVET Craft and Diploma Business Examinations
  • HIGH INSTITUTIONS
    • EXAMINATIONS >
      • College and Varsity Past Papers online
    • TUTORIALS >
      • COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY NOTES AND TUTORIALS
  • CUSTOMER CARE
    • PRICING
    • Contact
    • Help & Support
    • DONATE
    • MPESA FORM
  • BLOGS
    • ENGLISH - EKEGUSII DICTIONARY
  • MEMBERSHIP RESOURCES
    • Assignments and Random Exams
    • TERM 3 2021 PRIMARY PAST REVISION PAPERS
    • SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS
    • Search Free Documents (PDF)
  • Archived Pages
    • C.R.E (CRE) QUESTION AND ANSWERS
    • TOP SECONDARY EXAMS ALL SUBJECTS