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REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS - K.C.S.E BIOLOGY NOTES

8/6/2021

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Reproduction in Animals

  • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes.
  • In animals two individuals are involved, a male and a female.
  • Special organs known as gonads produce gametes.
  • In males testes produce sperms while in females ovaries produce ova.
  • The fusion of male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote is called fertilisation.
There are two types of fertilisation. External and internal. 
External fertilization
  • Example in amphibians takes place in water.
  • The male mounts the female and shed sperms on the eggs as they are laid.
  • Eggs are covered by slippery jelly-like substance which provides protection.
  • Many eggs are released to increase the chances of survival.
Internal fertilisation
  • This occurs in reptiles, birds and mammals.
  • Fertilisation occurs within the body of the female.
  • Fewer eggs are produced because there are higher chances of fertilisation since sperms are released into the female body.

Reproduction in Humans

Structure of female reproduction system,  
​The female reproduction system consist of the following: Ovaries
  • Are two oval cream coloured structures found in lower abdomen below the kidneys.
Oviducts.
  • They produce the ova.
  • Are tubes which conduct the ova produced by the ovaries to the uterus.
  • Fertilisation occurs in the upper part of the oviduct.
Uterus
  • The uterus is a hollow muscular organ found in the lower abdomen.
  • The embryo develops inside the uterus.
  • The inner lining endometrium supplies nutrients to embryo.
  • The embryo is implanted into the inner uterine wall- the endometrium which nourishes the embryo.
  • The thick muscles of the uterus assist in parturition.
Cervix
  • Has a ring of muscles that separates the uterus from the vagina.
  • It forms the opening to the uterus
Vagina
  • Is a tube that opens to the outside and it acts as the copulatory and birth canal through the vulva.
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS - K.C.S.E BIOLOGY NOTES
Structure of male reproductive system
The male reproductive system consists of the following: 
Testis:
  • Each testis is a mass of numerous coiled tubes called semniferous tubules.
  • Each is enclosed within a scrotal sac that suspends them between the thighs.
  • This ensures that sperms are maintained at a temperature lower than that of the main body.
Seminiferous tubules
  • The lining of seminiferous tubules consists of actively dividing cells which give rise to sperms.
  • Between the seminiferous tubules are interstitial cells which produce the male hormones called androgens e.g. testosterone.
  • The seminiferous tubules unite to form the epididymis, which is a coiled tube where sperms are stored temporarily .
  • Vas deferens (sperm duct) is the tube through which sperms are carried from testis to urethra.
  • Seminal vesicle produces an alkaline secretion which nourishes the spermatozoa.  
Prostate gland
  • Produces an alkaline secretion to neutralise vaginal fluids.
Cowpers' gland
  • Secretes an alkaline fluid.
  • All these fluids together with spermatozoa form semen.
Urethra
  • Is a long tube through which the semen is conducted during copulation.
  • It also removes urine from the bladder.
Penis
  • Is an intro-mittent organ which is inserted into the vagina during copulation.
Fertilisation in Animals
  • Fertilisation is preceded by copulation in which the erect penis is inserted into the vagina.
  • This leads to ejaculation of semen.
  •  The sperms swim through the female's genital tract to the upper part of the oviduct.
  •  The  head of the sperm penetrates the egg after the  acrosome_ releases lytic enzymes t dissolve the egg membrane.
  • The tail is left  behind.
  •  Sperm nucleus fuses with that of the ovum and a zygote is formed.
  • A fertilisation membrane forms around the zygote which prevents other sperms from penetrating the zygote.
Implantation:
  • After fertilisation the zygote begins to divide mitoticaly as it moves towards the uterus.
  •  It becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus a process called implantation.
  • By this time the zygote is a hollow ball of cells called blastocyst or embryo.
  • In the uterus the embryo develops villi which project into uterus for nourishment later the villi and endometrium develop into placenta.
Embryonic membranes
  • Embryonic membranes develop around the embryo.
  • The outermost membrane is the chorion which forms the finger-like projections (chorionic villi) which supply nutrients to the embryo.
  • The amnion surrounds the embryo forming a fluid filled cavity within which the embryo lies.
  • Amniotic cavity is filled with amniotic fluid.
  • This fluid acts as a shock absorber and  protects the foetus against mechanical injury.
  • It also regutates  temperature.
  • The chorionic villi, allantois together with the endometrium from the placenta.
  • The embryo is attached to the placenta by a tube called umbilical cord which has umbilical vein and artery.
  • The maternal blood in the placenta flows in the spaces lacuna and surrounds capillaries from umbilical vein and artery.
  • The umbilical cord increase in length as the embryo develops.
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