KCSE History and Government Notes All Form s

CHAPTER 8: NATIONAL INTEGRATION

17/12/2016

What is National Integration?

Integration means unification into a whole. - The act of combining or bring together various parts in a way that makes them one. National integration refers to the process by which various components of a nation are brought together into a whole leading to national unity

Importance of National Integration

Why is National Integration a priority in Kenya?

(a) National integration Helps in social and economic development through enhanced national unity.
(b) It develops a sense of national direction, facilitating unified goals and co-operation.
(c) It enhances political stability and security by eliminating suspicion.
(d) Promotes peaceful c-existence of different tribes and races hence leading to peace and harmony.
(e) Promotes collective responsibility due to easier, more efficient and accurate communication.
(f) It enables a country to develop a sense of direction as national goals are communicated to the people in the spirit of national integration.
(g) It leads to achievement of easier, more accurate communication as the nation increases efforts of national integration.

Warning: Vicious Pictures

In the absense of integration and lack of goodwill, this is what happens

How do proponents of violence look like?

Factors that promote national unity in Kenya

a) The constitution. This is a set of rules agreed upon by a group of people who have chosen to live together. It provides for equality of all Kenyans before the law. It Guarantees equal opportunities to all Kenyans. It Provides protection to individuals against any form of discrimination/bill of rights. It Provides for a unitary government
b) Education. The curriculum aims at ensuring that pupils and students focus on issues that unite them. The integrated education system encourages the children to accept one another as Kenyans. Teaching of history in schools encourages unity. Religious studies taught in schools promote respect for the Supreme Being and fellow human beings. Music and drama festivals in schools promote unity among students.
c) One government. Our one government, with the three arms is recognized by each Kenyan as a body that runs the affairs of the nation.
d) The presidency. Kenya has one president despite the diversity in parties and tribes. The presidency unites Kenyans.
e) National language. The use of Kiswahili as the official language enables Kenyans to interact freely. Kiswahili became a national language in 1975. It helps overcome communication barriers and gives Kenyans a sense of belonging and identity
f) Economic growth. The government attempts to provide social amenities to Kenyans without bias. It has tried to achieve equitable distribution of economic resources. Urbanization promotes socialization and co-existence among Kenyans. There also the use of a common currency giving Kenyans a sense of nationhood. The policy of offering equal employment opportunities to all Kenyans has enabled Kenyans to work in various parts of the country where they interact freely.
g) National activities. National holidays remind Kenyans of their history. Agricultural shows enables different economic sectors display and advertize their goods. Games and sports promote unity as they bring together people of different communities for a common cause.
h) Mass media. The mass media in Kenya is instrumental in ensuring that information is disseminated to all at the same time. It enables Kenyans from all pats to contribute to national debates.
i) Symbols of National unity. National anthem promotes a sense of belonging among Kenyans and gives them an identity. Existence of the national flag symbolizes national unity.
j) The government encourages social, economic interaction among Kenyans e.g. through marriages, worship etc.

Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya

Impunity creates undisputed war mongers

a) Tribalism – this is the practice of favouring people who are from one’s own ethnic group in employment, admission to schools and allocation of resources. Others end up being discriminated against thus leading to hatred and enmity.
b) Nepotism –this is the practice of people favouring their relatives. This vice is similar to tribalism
c) The unequal distribution of resources causes animosity between those who are favoured and those who are not.
d) Political wrangles / Ethnic conflicts / clashes discourage co-operation among the citizens.
e) Corruption – asking for and offering of bribes to obtain and give services violates people’s rights to equal treatment. Corruption creates suspicion and hatred among people since those who cannot afford to bribe feel cheated and frustrated.
f) Discrimination on the basis of gender denies people the right to participate equally in national development.
g) Racism. This is discrimination on the basis of colour/ race. This creates hatred and suspicious among people. This was a common cause of disunity during the colonial days.
h) Religious conflicts. In Kenya, conflicts between the Muslims and Catholics in 2000 led to destruction of a catholic church in Nairobi. Intolerance of other people’s religions creates disunity.
i) Party membership. Multipartisma in Kenya has to some extend become a cause of disunity. The country regularly becomes polarized on party lines especially when we near general elections. Sometimes members of parties such as TNA, ODM, UDF, URP etc don’t see eye to eye during campaigns. There has also been discrimination on the basis of party membership.
j) Poverty. When people lack basic needs such as food, education, health, shelter and clothing, anti-social behaviour arise. For example stealing and violence. Criminal activities create fear and suspicion and therefore discourage national unity.
k) Ignorance. Lack of knowledge creates intolerance of other people’s views and lack of appreciation of the development taking place around. This may create unnecessary division.

History Paper 1 and 2 KCSE Past revision Papers

Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence

a) The government has developed national symbols like the flag, anthem, and the court of arms. These symbols have helped to identify us as one nation.
b) Immediately after independence the then only major opposition party, KADU was disbanded to have a single party system. However this did not work for long as multipartisma was inevitably reintroduced.
c) The government also set up a national curriculum in our educational institutions. This creates a sense of oneness despite the diversity.
d) Declaring Kiswahili a national language. In 1975, Kiswahili was made a national language of communication as a step towards curbing rampant tribalism. This has greatly assisted as Kenyans of different diversity can communicate.
e) Promotion and fostering Harambee spirit. This has led to Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups which have promoted national unity.
f) During the reign of president Moi the Nyayo philosophy of peace love and unity was introduced. It stressed the concept of being mindful of other people’s welfare. It is closely related to the principal of mutual social responsibility as embodied in African socialism.
g) A new constitution in Kenya was promulgated in august 2010. This constitution promises a lot of hope in terms of unity as it may be an important tool of fighting all vices that have discouraged unity. It also stresses equal rights for all.
h) The government has tried to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor through the creation of an equalization fund under the new constitution. Through this fund, development easily trickles down to reach the disadvantaged.
i) Abolition of racial schools hence enrolling students of different backgrounds in the same schools. /Ethnic balance in public institutions.
j) The teaching of history in schools has helped to create a sense of oneness as Kenyans realize that they share a common history.
k) Promotion of games, sports, drama and cultural activities. National games at school and college level have been a source of interaction. This is a way of developing a common culture in the country
l) The government has made use of media to propagate unity.
m) Abolition of ethnic organizations and groupings.
n) Promotion of national public service i.e. civil servants can serve anywhere in the country..

KCSE History Topical Questions

Conflict resolution

Presidency is supposed to unite Kenyans not dividing

Conflict refers to a situation in which people or groups are involved in serious disagreements, or disputes
Conflict resolution refers to the process of settling a dispute when it occurs

Levels of conflicts found in Kenya

a) Individual versus individual. This is where two people disagree for political, economic or social reasons.
b) Group versus group. This type of conflict involves one group against another also due to political, social and economic reasons.
c) Individual versus state. Such a conflict of an individual against the state may be political especially one feels his/her rights are being violated by the state.
d) State versus state. This is a case where a state is in disagreement with another state maybe over boundary like was the case between kenya and Uganda during the reign if Idi Amin dada
e) Group versus state. This may be caused by for example a trade union demanding the improvement of the terms and conditions of service of its members. For example the stand-off between KNUT and KUPPET on one hand and the government over harmonization of the salaries of teachers with those of civil servants in 2012 leading to a countrywide strike in September 2012.

The factors that cause conflict

Difference in views arising from background beliefs, social and political standing and values.
Economic differences. E.g. when consumers feel exploited by businessmen, when employees feel exploited by employers. Etc.
Political differences based on ideological orientation i.e. capitalism versus socialism.
Social differences, for example tribal clashes, religious conflicts, racial discrimination, age/sex differences.
Limited land/economic resources-unfair distribution of land, mineral resources, water resources, etc.

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Peaceful methods of conflict resolution

a) Diplomacy/negotiation. This is a dialogue between two warring parties in order to reach an agreement over a dispute. The following steps are followed in negotiation;

Fact finding- negotiation starts with finding out all the facts about the conflict that is to be solved. At this stage, the laws or guidelines to be followed are also looked at.
Discussion. During this stage, a friendly environment is cultivated to enable discussion of workable solutions. This is usually a give and take situation.
Reaching an agreement. The points of agreement reached should be fair to both parties with both feeling they have benefited. Each party should be willing to comprise for negotiation to succeed.

b) Arbitration –this is like an informal court where a neutral person (arbitrator) is chosen to resolve the dispute by listening to both sides and help them reach an acceptable decision.
Arbitration procedure;

a. Both sides involved in conflict presents their case as they know it to the arbitrator.
b. After listening to the complainant’s story, the arbitrator makes questions to clarify some aspects of the story. The other group may also seek clarification.
c. The second group then responds to the story by the first group by a representative. The arbitrator again asks questions for clarification.
d. On grounds of applicable rules, the arbitrator should consider the facts and then make a decision.
c) Mediation – a person who is not involved in the conflict tries to help the warring parties reach an amicable agreement. The parties involved must be willing to listen and come up with good ideas that can help them solve the disagreement.

Steps followed in mediation;

Step 1. The mediator explains the rules as a means of helping the two parties reach an agreement and not imposing a decision on them.
Step 2. Giving the two parties involved in the conflict chance to explain in their own words what the problem is. The Complainant explains first and then the defendant.
Step 3. The mediator, after listening, summarizes the stories from each party and also identifies the facts.
Step 4. The Mediator suggests the solutions and invites the two parties to give their opinions of the solutions proposed.
Step 5. Depending on the two parties’ reaction, the solution is looked at afresh and then an acceptable solution identified.
Step 6. The acceptable agreement reached is then written down and each party has to be committed to it.

d) Litigation. This is where one party takes the other to court and the court makes judgments that are bidding on both sides.
e) Legislation – where the parliament passes laws to control conflict.
f) Workshops – this is where conflicting parties talk in the presence of facilitators and tries to work out a resolution to the problem.
g) Arms inspection – the government in order to build confidence and prevent misunderstanding between warring parties carries it out.

Negative methods of conflict resolution

a. Subjugation (use of war)
b. Avoiding responsibility and refusing to accept defeat
c. Appeasement/compromise.

Under what circumstances violent method may be used in resolving conflict?

a. When law and order is broken and the alternative is the use of force
b. In case of serious social unrest
c. Striking students or workers, street mobs and bandits

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CHAPTER 7: CITIZENSHIP

16/12/2016

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What is citizenship?

This refers to the legal right of a person to belong to a particular country. A Kenyan citizen is a person who has the legal right to belong, live and do freely all that has to do with their life in Kenya.

Becoming a Kenyan Citizen

Ways in which Kenyan citizenship can be acquired.

By birth.
By registration

1. Citizenship by birth
The following are the Ways through which citizenship by birth is acquired in Kenya.

a) A person is a citizen by birth if on the day of the person’s birth, whether or not the person is born in Kenya, either the mother or father of the person is a citizen.
b) A child found in Kenya who is, or appears to be, less than eight years of age, and whose nationality and parents are not known, is presumed to be a citizen by birth.
c) A person who is a Kenyan citizen by birth and who has ceased to be a Kenyan citizen because the person acquired citizenship of another country, is entitled on application to regain Kenyan citizenship.

2. Citizenship by registration
Conditions for qualification to apply for Citizenship by registration are as follows:

a) If a person has been married to a Kenyan citizen for a period of at least seven years.
b) If A person who has been lawfully resident in Kenya for a continuous period of at least seven years applies to be registered.
c) If a child who is not a citizen, is adopted by a citizen and applies to be registered.
d) Citizenship may be granted to individuals who are citizens of other countries that allow Kenyans citizenship in their countries.

One can become a citizen of Kenya by birth or by Registration

Revocation of citizenship

The revocation of citizenship by registration may happen under the following circumstances.

a) If a person acquired citizenship by fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact.
b) If the person has, during any war in which Kenya was engaged, unlawfully traded or communicated with an enemy or been engaged in or associated with any business that was knowingly carried on in such a manner as to assist an enemy in that war.
c) If the person has, within five years after registration, been convicted of an offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of three years or longer.
d) If a person has, at any time after registration, been convicted of treason, or of an offence for which a penalty of at least seven years imprisonment may be imposed

Citizenship by birth may be revoked under the following circumstance

a) If the citizenship was acquired by fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact by any person.
b) If the nationality or parentage of the person becomes known, and reveals that the person was a citizen of another country.
c) If the age of the person becomes known, and reveals that the person was older than eight years when found in Kenya.

History kcse past revision papers online and marking scheme

The concept of “Dual citizenship”.

A citizen by birth does not lose citizenship by acquiring the citizenship of another country.

Rights and responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen.

Human rights
Human rights refers to the accepted principles of fairness and justice- or the universal moral rights that belong equally to all people in their capacity as human beings.
Components of human rights.
Every human right must fulfill these three fundamental conditions;

a) Condition of life, which is necessary for development of human personality
b) A Social character (since it presupposes existence of other members of the society)
c) It must be enjoyed equally by all members of the society.

The constitution of Kenya contains the rights of the individuals and special groups such as children, the youth and people with disabilities. It gives the state the responsibility of guaranteeing these rights. The rights are contained in chapter 4 of the current constitution under the bill of rights. This chapter is not merely an integral part of the constitution of Kenya; it is the fundamental basis for the establishment of the state.
Human rights and fundamental freedoms are recognized and protected in the constitution because they preserve the dignity of individuals and communities, and promote social justice
The rights and freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights.
1. Right to life.

Life begins at conception and no child should be deprived of life deliberately. Abortion is not therefore permitted unless occasioned by the need for emergency treatment or life of the mother is in danger.
People who attempt to commit suicide are also punishable on the strength of their right

Limitations of the right to life

A court of law can sentence one to death if found guilty of an offence punishable by death

Instances when the right to life may be taken away;

When one is defending one’s life or country as is the case during war.
When defending one’s property against violent attack.
When a law enforcement officer’s life is endangered, for example when apprehending armed criminals.

2. Equality and freedom from discrimination

Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. This means that both men and women are equal before the law. Any form of discrimination is illegal and is prohibited in the constitution.

3. Human dignity

Every person’s dignity should be respected and protected. One must not ridicule or embarrass other members of society.

4. Freedom and security of a person.

This right protects a person from being detained without a good reason and without trial. No person will be subjected to physical or psychological torture, corporal punishment or cruel and inhuman treatment.
Each citizen must also protect the freedom and security of others. It is unlawful for one to subject his or her spouse to either psychological or physical abuse.

5. Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labour.

No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour. Every employer should treat his or her employees with dignity and not to force them to work.

6. Right to privacy.

Every person has a right NOT to have him or herself, his or her property searched, or his or her possessions seized. Not revealing a person’s family or private affairs unnecessarily or private communications interfered with.

Exceptions to this right;

The law allows police officers, tax inspectors and other government agents to search private homes or business premises for purpose of health inspection, tax collection or any other officially sanctioned reason.

7. Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition.

Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities

Responsibility;

Those demonstrating must not interfere with peace of others for example through harassment of motorists and property destruction.

8. Political rights

Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the activities of, a political party.
Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free` expression of the will of the electors for any elective public body or office
Every adult citizen has the right, without unreasonable restrictions, to be registered as a voter; to vote by secret ballot in any election or referendum and to be a candidate for public office, or office within a political party and, if elected, to hold office.

History Paper 2 kcse past papers online and marking schemes

Responsibility

It is illegal to prevent other people from participating in elections, buy votes etc.

9. Freedom of movement and residence

Citizens have a right to free movement and ownership of property in any part of the country.

Responsibility;

Citizens should not obstruct efforts of any citizen to move freely and reside and own property in any part of the country.

10. Economic and social rights

Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care.
Every person has the right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation.
Every person has the right to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality.
Every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. Every person has the right to social security
Every person has the right to education.
A person shall not be denied emergency medical treatment.
The State must provide appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants.

NB-it is on the strength of this right that the government is providing free primary education.
Responsibility.

Every citizen must pay tax.

11. Consumer rights

Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality.
Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services.
Consumers have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests. Consumers have the right to compensation for loss or injury arising from defects in goods or services.

Responsibility.

It is one’s responsibility to question the quality of goods and services being offered, to enable one get value for money.
The traders and other service providers have a responsibility to provide quality goods and services to fellow citizens.
They should give truthful information when advertising their products.

12. Right to fair labour practices.

Every worker has a right to fair labour practices like fair remuneration, reasonable working conditions, the right to join or practice in trade union activities and the right to go on strike. Every employer has a right to join an employers’ association and participate in its programmes and activities

Responsibility.

One must respect the right to fair labour practices of one’s employees
Employees on the other hand must conduct themselves responsibly, even during strikes, to avoid causing physical injury to innocent people, or destroying property.

13. Right to clean and healthy environment.
Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment. It is our duty to ensure that the environment is protected for the benefit of present and future generations. The following are the obligations set by the government in order to achieve a clean and healthy environment.

a) Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment
b) Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten percent of the land area of Kenya.
c) Encourage public participation in management, protection and conservation of the environment.
d) Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment.
e) Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment.
f) Utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
g) Protect and enhance intellectual property and indigenous knowledge of biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities.
Responsibility.

Every person has a responsibility to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development, and use of natural resources.
14. Freedom of conscience, religion, belief and opinion.

Every person, whether individually or as a group, has freedom to manifest any religion or belief through worship, practice, teaching or observance, including observance of day of worship. One cannot be denied employment or educational opportunity because of belonging to a particular religion or because of one’s belief or religion. A person cannot be forced to engage in any act that goes against his or her belief or religion.

Responsibility.

Every citizen must be careful not to infringe upon this freedom

15. Freedom of expression.

This guarantees all Kenyans the freedom to seek, receive or impart ideas or information. It also guarantees freedom of artistic creativity, academic freedom, and freedom to conduct scientific research

Responsibility.

In the exercise of this freedom, everyone is called upon to respect the rights and reputation of others. He/she should not spread propaganda with the intention t provoke others to war or to violence.
It is unlawful to engage in hate speech.

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16. Freedom of media.

The freedom and independence of the media is guaranteed. The state should not interfere with the media.

Responsibility.

The media industry should report impartially and avoid inciting members of the public. The media should provide fair opportunity for the presentation of divergent views and dissenting opinions

17. Access to information.

Every person has a right to access information held by the state, or by others, which may be required for the protection of any right or fundamental freedom. The state is expected to make public any important information affecting the nation.
Every person has a right to the correction or deletion of untrue or misleading information that affects the person.

Responsibility.

A person should not misrepresent the information accessed, or misuse it for selfish gain. It is also illegal to sell public information for monetary gain.

18. Freedom of association.

Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing.

19. Protection of the right to property.

Every person is entitled to own property either individually or as a group, in any part of the country. However the property has to be legally acquired.
This right provides all Kenyans a fair opportunity to invest in property and thus, prosper.

Responsibility.

All citizens must respect this right. It is unlawful for one to deprive a person of his or her property without good reason.
The state, in acquiring privately owned property must ensure adequate compensation granted promptly and in full
The state has an obligation to respect the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya.

20. Right to language and culture.

Every person has the right to use a language, and embrace the culture of the person’s choice.
Every person has the right to form or join cultural groups.
Every person is also protected from being forced to join any such group.
Each linguistic group is free to use their language, practice their culture, and form associations and other organs of the civil society.
It is unacceptable to force another person to perform, observe or undergo any cultural practice or rite.

Responsibility.

This right should not be used to undermine national unity.
Other citizens should be allowed the freedom to enjoy diverse culture, including members of one’s own family.

21. Right to family.

An adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free consent of the parties. Parties to such a union enjoy equal rights. Both parties have a responsibility to respect the rights of their spouses during marriage and even in the event of its dissolution.
It is wrong to deny one’s spouse access to marital property after separation or divorce.
The constitution also recognizes marriages conducted under traditional, religious, personal or family law. Marrying of underage persons and forced marriages are outlawed in the constitution.

22. Fair administrative action.

Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices.

Responsibility.

The officers of the state have a responsibility to accord every person fair administrative action The right requires that a person be given written reasons for any administrative action that will adversely affect a right or freedom of the person.

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23. Access to justice.

Everybody should access justice and a reasonable fee will be charged to enhance this, if required. If this is not free, many people will not access justice which will continue to be a preserve of the rich people.

Responsibility.

Everybody has a responsibility to facilitate fair play and access to justice for all. Any action aimed at blocking justice is unlawful and invites punishment. For example, shielding criminals or attempting to bribe law enforcement officers to prevent them from arresting a criminal. Aiding a criminal to evade arrest, concealing criminal acts; and lying to help culprits evade punishment.

24. Right of arrested persons.
An arrested person has;

a) The right to be informed promptly in a language that the person understands of the reason for arrest, the right to remain silent and he consequences of not remaining silent.
b) The right to remain silent. – The right of a person to choose to talk or to remain silent.
c) The right to communicate with an advocate and other persons whose assistance is necessary (freedom of speech with all those who will assist him or her in the case.)
d) The right of not being compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against the person.
e) The right t be held separately from persons serving a sentence ( should not be held in prisons alongside those already convicted)
f) To be brought to court as soon as reasonably possible, as but not later than twenty four hours after being arrested.
g) To be charged or be informed of the reason for the extension of detention or release, at the first court appearance.
h) To be released on bond or bail, on reasonable conditions, pending a charge or trial, unless there are compelling reasons as to why one cannot be released.

25. Fair hearing.
Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights;

a) To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise.
b) To be informed of the charges.
c) To have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence.
d) To a public trial before a court.
e) To have the trial begin and be concluded with few delays.
f) To be present when being tried.
g) To be represented by an advocate and be informed of this right immediately. Depending on the circumstances, the accused may be assigned an advocate by the state and at the state’s expense.
h) To remain silent and not testify during the proceedings.
i) To be informed in advance, of the evidence the prosecution intends to present, and to have reasonable access to that evidence.
j) To challenge the evidence.
k) To refuse to give self-incriminating evidence.
l) To have the assistance of an interpreter if the accused person cannot understand the language used in the trial.
m) If convicted, to appeal, or apply for review by a higher court.

Responsibility.

a. The accused person has the responsibility of obeying instructions of the court.
b. They must behave well in court and outside the court
c. They should respect the rights of the accusers as well as their advocates.
d. Accused persons should behave as the law spells out while awaiting the verdict of the court. Whatever the verdict, they should abide by the law.

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26. Rights of persons detained, held in custody or imprisoned.

A person, who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned under the law, retains all rights and fundamental freedoms in the bill of rights. Except those that are impractical and inapplicable under the circumstances.
A person who is detained or held in custody is entitled for an order Habeas Corpus- This is a law that states that a person who has been arrested should not be kept in prison longer than a particular period of time unless a judge in a court has decided that it is right. It is the right of the person who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned to be treated in a humane manner.

Responsibility.

All citizens have a responsibility to ensure that the rights of those detained, held in custody or imprisoned are respected. For example the judicial staff, prison staff and the police should respect the constitutional rights of all persons without discrimination.

Fundamental rights that might not be limited;

a. Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
b. Freedom from slavery or servitude.
c. The right to a fair trial.
d. The right to an order of habeas corpus

Rights enjoyed by Children in Kenya

a) Every child has the right to a name and nationality from birth
b) Every child has the right to free and compulsory basic education.
c) Every child has the right to basic nutrition, shelter and health care.
d) Every child has the right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour.
e) Every child has the right to parental care and protection, which includes equal responsibility of the mother and father to provide for the child, whether they are married to each other or not.
f) Every child has the right not to be detained, except as a measure of last resort, and when detained, to be held for the shortest appropriate period of time.
g) Every child has the right to separate from adults and in conditions that take account of the child’s sex and age.
h) Every child has the right to a child’s best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child.

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Rights enjoyed by Persons with disabilities in Kenya

(a) A person with any disability is entitled to be treated with dignity and respect and to be addressed and referred to in a manner that is not demeaning. A person with any disability is entitled
(b) A person with any disability is entitled to access educational institutions and facilities for persons with disabilities that are integrated into society to the extent compatible with the interests of the person.
(c) A person with any disability is entitled to reasonable access to all places, public transport and information.
(d) A person with any disability is entitled to use Sign language, Braille or other appropriate means of communication.
(e) A person with any disability is entitled to access materials and devices to overcome constraints arising from the person’s disability.

Rights of the Youth in Kenya

(a) Right to access relevant education and training.
(b) Right to have opportunities to associate, be represented and participate in political, social, economic and other spheres of life.
(c) Right to access employment.
(d) Youths are protected from harmful cultural practices and exploitation.

Rights of Minorities and marginalized groups in Kenya

a) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to participate and are represented in governance and other spheres of life.
b) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to be provided special opportunities in educational and economic fields.
c) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to be provided special opportunities for access to employment.
d) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to develop their cultural values, languages and practices.
e) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to reasonable access to water, health services and infrastructure.

Rights of older members of society in Kenya

a) Right to fully participate in the affairs of society.
b) Right to pursue their personal development.
c) Right to live in dignity and respect and be free from abuse.
d) Right to receive reasonable care and assistance from their family and the State.

Circumstances, which may force the Kenya government to limit the freedoms and rights of an individual

a) Conviction of murder by a court of law limits the right to life
b) When planning for a criminal activity one loses the freedom of movement/liberty
c) When government develops a place one loses the freedom to own property
d) Freedom of worship is denied if one uses it to undermine the government /create disunity
e) Freedom of assembly can be limited if internal security is threatened
f) Personal liberty can be denied if one has an infectious disease e.g. rift valley fever

Other responsibilities of a citizen

a) Every person has a responsibility to contribute to positive development in the country by working hard and honestly, irrespective of the type of work or profession one is in.
b) Every citizen is expected to participate in the democratic process. One has the moral responsibility to vote and even present him/herself to be voted for provided he/she fulfils all the requirements of the position.
c) A responsible citizen should actively contribute views on matters affecting the community. This includes taking Part in national debates.
d) A responsible citizen must be mindful of other peoples’ welfare. For example guiding visitors, assisting the disabled, the aged, children, as well as the less fortunate members of the society in ways in which they need the assistance.
e) A good citizen should report law breakers, and even those suspected of having intentions to break the law to the relevant authorities.
f) A responsible citizen should ensure proper utilization of public and private facilities including toilets, water points, post offices, public telephone Booths etc.
g) A responsible citizen must maintain high moral and ethical standards. One must refrain from telling lies.

chapter-4-agrarian-revolution.html

Values of good citizenship -
Values and principles of governance in Kenya.

a) Patriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people.
b) Human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-discrimination and protection of the marginalized.
c) Good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability.
d) Sustainable development.

Values of good citizenship

a) A good citizen has a duty to be patriotic to the country. He/she should be ready to place the interests of the country above one’s own selfish interests. One should volunteer for a national cause, for example engaging in freedom from hunger walk, helping victims of disasters, volunteering to help the country in times of war and using talents such a sports and music achieve personal goals and to promote the country.
b) A good citizen must take part in activities that foster national unity including economic activities such as agriculture and trade which boost the economy.
c) A good citizen participates in democratic process either by volunteering themselves to be elected, or by taking part in electing of leaders at national or county levels.
d) A good citizen maintains and protects human dignity. He/she has an obligation to dissuade people from engaging in acts that deprive others of their human dignity such as mob justice.
e) A good citizen observes equity by respecting the interests of every citizen, regardless of race, ethnicity or age.
f) A good citizen respects social justice. A person who protests against the grabbing of public land and destruction of the environment such as Wangari Maathai demonstrates good citizenship.
g) A good citizen respects inclusiveness in society. He/she does not ignore any member of society in making of decisions on matters affecting all citizens
h) A good citizen respects equality of all citizens
i) A good citizen respects human rights. he/she not only respects his /her right but also the rights of others in society
j) A good citizen is expected to ensure that there is no discrimination against any member or section of the population to ensure the protection of the marginalized in the society.
k) Good citizenship entails support for good governance. He/she has a duty to pay taxes to the government so that it can generate the revenue required to finance activities for the benefit of all.
l) A good citizen has an obligation to maintain a high level of integrity in society. H/she should desist from corrupt practices and even report such acts to relevant authorities.
m) A good citizen has a duty to maintain transparency and accountability. Public servants should be accountable for their actions and maintain high level of transparency.
n) A good citizen supports government by taking part in projects that ensure sustainable development in the country- through participation in environment friendly projects.

Importance of being a good citizen

a) Being a good citizen promotes peace and stability hence development.
b) A good citizen promotes law and order hence enjoyment of rights and freedoms.
c) Good citizenship promotes cordial relationship and social peace.
d) It reduces government expenditure on security organs necessary for maintaining law and order.
e) It promotes the good name of a country hence encourages tourism which is important for our development.
f) It curbs against social vises like corruption, nepotism or tribalism since a good citizen can not indulge in such activities.
g) It promotes good relationship with neighbors.

KCSE History Topical Questions

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CHAPTER 8: NATIONAL INTEGRATION

What is National Integration?

Importance of National Integration

Factors that promote national unity in Kenya

Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya

Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence

Conflict resolution

Levels of conflicts found in Kenya

The factors that cause conflict

Peaceful methods of conflict resolution

Steps followed in mediation;

Negative methods of conflict resolution

Under what circumstances violent method may be used in resolving conflict?

CHAPTER 7: CITIZENSHIP

What is citizenship?

Becoming a Kenyan Citizen

Revocation of citizenship

The concept of “Dual citizenship”.

Rights and responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen.

Limitations of the right to life

Fundamental rights that might not be limited;

Rights enjoyed by Children in Kenya

Rights enjoyed by Persons with disabilities in Kenya

Rights of the Youth in Kenya

Rights of Minorities and marginalized groups in Kenya

Rights of older members of society in Kenya

Circumstances, which may force the Kenya government to limit the freedoms and rights of an individual

Other responsibilities of a citizen

Values of good citizenship -
Values and principles of governance in Kenya.

Values of good citizenship

Importance of being a good citizen

Archives

Categories

HIGH SCHOOL RESOURCES

SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS

KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT 1989 - LAST YEAR

FREE NOVELS

CHAPTER 8: NATIONAL INTEGRATION

What is National Integration?

​Importance of National Integration

Factors that promote national unity in Kenya

Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya

Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence

Conflict resolution

Levels of conflicts found in Kenya

The factors that cause conflict

Peaceful methods of conflict resolution

Steps followed in mediation;

Negative methods of conflict resolution

Under what circumstances violent method may be used in resolving conflict?

CHAPTER 7: CITIZENSHIP

​What is citizenship?

​Becoming a Kenyan Citizen

​Revocation of citizenship

The concept of “Dual citizenship”.

Rights and responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen.

​Limitations of the right to life

Fundamental rights that might not be limited;

Rights enjoyed by Children in Kenya

Rights enjoyed by Persons with disabilities in Kenya

Rights of the Youth in Kenya

Rights of Minorities and marginalized groups in Kenya

Rights of older members of society in Kenya

Circumstances, which may force the Kenya government to limit the freedoms and rights of an individual

Other responsibilities of a citizen

Values of good citizenship - Values and principles of governance in Kenya.

Values of good citizenship

Importance of being a good citizen

Archives

Categories

HIGH SCHOOL RESOURCES

SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS

KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT 1989 - LAST YEAR

FREE NOVELS

Importance of National Integration

What is citizenship?

Becoming a Kenyan Citizen

Revocation of citizenship

Limitations of the right to life

Values of good citizenship -
Values and principles of governance in Kenya.