kcse history and government notes form 1 to form 4

Emergence of selected world industrial powers

30/12/2016

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United States of America

This is the third largest nation in the world after Russia and Canada respectively
Industrialization of the USA began in the mid 19th c and she had emerged as a major industrial power by mid 20th c. USA remains the only superpower in the world after collapse of USSR in 1990.

Factors influencing the industrialization of USA.

Industrialization in Europe

Abundance of natural resources like iron ore, oil from the oilfields of Texas, copper and coal. There were also agricultural raw materials like cotton, corn, wheat and Tobacco plus forest resources which boosted industrial development.
Good transport and communication. The USA government developed transport systems in the country. For example railway (opened in 1869), roads, and water transport. Electronic communication was also developed.
Availability of both skilled and unskilled labour some of which came from the immigrant population. The American system of education gave room for acquisition of necessary skills.
There were scientific and technological advances to support the industrial process especially by the Europeans who moved to USA. The education system also promoted research which further boosted industrialization.
Foreign investments in the 19th c from countries like Britain led to industrial development.
The high American population was a source of domestic market for her industrial products. Her high quality products were also on high demand outside America.
Enterprising citizens. The Americans were ready to venture into business. Some had good managerial skills. For example John Rockfeller ventured in the petroleum sector, Andrew Carnegie and James Hill in the steel and iron industry. Henry Ford in the mass production of cars.
Long periods of political stability since her independence assured investors of security and thus paving way for industrialization.
Availability of sources of energy like coal, petroleum, gas and HEP and later Atomic energy.
The capitalism policy encouraged both local and external investors since it allowed private ownership of property.
Government support. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) provided capital to develop transport systems.
The 1st and 2nd World wars. During the war period, European nations were unable to produce goods since they were busy fighting. This enabled USA to expand her market as she initially kept away from the war.

Germany.

The unification of Germany took place in 1871 after which she began to emerge as an industrial power. Emergence of Germany as an industrial power was aided as by the following factors.

Establishment of the customs union, Zollverein. This linked the german states and removed trade barriers hence leading to free trade and economic growth in Germany. Transportation of goods and communication was eased by the customs union.
Germany was rich in coal which was an important source of energy for the industries. HEP and Atomic energy was also produced o boost industrialization.
Abundance of natural resources like water and minerals like iron ore from Alsace and Lorraine, coal, oil and copper which were vital industrial raw materials.
The large Germany population was a source of both skilled and unskilled labour. The system of education also ensured availability of skilled labourers.
There was also a large domestic market from the large population. Her products were also on high demand from the rest of Europe. For example, her vehicles (Volkswagen, BMW and Mercedes Benz)
Existence of good transport and communication networks of roads, railway and waterways. This ensured easy transportation of raw materials to factories and finished goods from industries to the market.
Existence of long periods of political instability in Germany after unification in 1871 under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck which ensured investor security.
The availability of finance for industrial growth from the rich german citizens and from loans granted by USA in 1924. The Marshal Plan after 1945 was another source of finance.
The existence of a hard working and enterprising people in Germany. For example, Krupp Meyer Thyssen who promoted the development of industries in steel. Egells and Harkoft Borsig made great contributions in the field of machinery.
German’s industrialization was however interrupted during the two world war periods. At the end of world war Germany was able to recover and progress in industrial development.

Factors which enabled Germany to recover after world war two.

West Germany still had a high population which was an important resource in terms of labour. There were also a high number of immigrants from European countries like Turkey and Italy.
The USA marshal Plan ensured that the required finance was available to assist her industries.
Germany industries were not totally destroyed by the two wars.
Industrial \unrests was not very common in Germany, and therefore, industrialization was not interrupted.
Good leadership accelerated the industrialization process. Between 1949 and 1955, Germany chancellor Konrad Adenaur proved to be an able leader who encouraged industrial growth.

Japan.

Japan is a nation that has achieved a great deal in industrialization. In the 18th c, Japan was faced with civil wars. Later she made contacts with the west, through which her leaders realized that industrialization could strengthen Japan as a nation. Great strides towards industrialization were made during the reign of Emperor Meiji from 1896.

Factors that enabled Japan to emerge as an industrial power.

She had enterprising citizens who were hard working and determined. They are always ready to undertake risks in business. The national motto ‘just in time’ confirms their efficiency.
The Long period of political stability especially after World War II has promoted industrialization.
The role played by America in financing the industrialization process in Japan as a means of preventing her from falling under the influence of communists after world war II. This enabled Japan to build many industries in the post war period.
Japan is a country whose industrial growth has never been slowed down by industrial disputes. The Japanese work for life. When one is employed in Japan, they put the interest of the employer first. This therefore reduces industrial disputes.
The Japanese goods are always of high quality and affordable. For example the vehicles, thus ensuring a steady market both local and international.
The Japanese education system is technically oriented ensuring production of skilled. Unskilled manpower has been made availability thanks to the abolition of the policy of feudalism that enabled labourers to move from the farms to the industries.
Japan has a well developed transport and communication network of railway, roads, water transport, large airports and electric trains. This has enabled improved transportation of raw materials to factories and manufactured goods to markets
Existence of an industrial base. Before World War II, Japan had already attained a certain level of industrial development. Many industries were not completely destroyed during the war period. The industries were repaired after the war.
Japan has a highly developed renewable hydro-electric power given the existence of large and fast flowing rivers.
The government invited expatriates and deployed them to local industries. In 1870, a group of 100 Japanese were sent out to western European factories to learn.
Geographical factors. The country’s terrain did not favour agriculture thus making industrialization the best option to improve her economy.
The open investment policy encouraged the west to invest in her industrialization. The government encouraged foreign industrialists to plough back their capital and resources into the Japanese economy.

Industrialization in the third world countries.

The term ‘Third world’ refers to developing nations of Africa, Asia and South America. Most of them are former colonies of European powers and there resources were used to develop the mother countries during the colonial period.

Reasons why many developing countries have lagged behind in industrialization.

Long periods of colonization relegated them to the role of suppliers of raw materials and as markets for industrial goods from developed nations at the expense of their own industries.
Poor transport and communication systems has undermined industrialization since raw materials and manufactured goods cannot be transported to their various destinations.
Inadequate capital. Most of the third world countries have poor agricultural-based economies which cannot support meaningful industrialization.
Poor technology. The use of appropriate technology in third world countries is lagging behind and this hampers exploitation of natural resources and manufacturing of goods.
Many developing countries face stiff completion from the industrialized nations that produce high quality products and have an advanced marketing system for their goods.
High levels of illiteracy among majority of the population in developing countries leads to lack of technical and scientific skills necessary for industrial take –off.
The protectionist policies adopted by developing countries have discouraged private enterprises and foreign investment. Policies like nationalization and imposition of import duties discourage investors in many countries.
High levels of poverty in third world countries mean low domestic market. Governments also spent most of their resources to provide for the basic needs of their citizens at the expense of industrialization.
Many third world countries have been faced with political instability problem. This has hampered industrialization. There are numerous civil wars or cross-border conflicts in many countries.
Third world countries often poor disaster management strategies. The devastating effects of natural disasters affect industrialization.
Lack of skilled personnel. Many well trained people migrate to the developed nations in search of well paying jobs.

Since independence however, some have made tremendous effort to industrialize. For example South Africa, Brazil and India.

Brazil.

The fifth largest nation in the world after Russia, Canada, USA and China, she was colonized by Portugal and attained her independence in 1882. In the last 25 years, she has been able to expand and diversify production of manufactured goods. Her industrialization has been in four main sectors namely;

Petroleum and petrochemical industries. She has petrochemical complexes based in the states of Balica, Rio Grande, Dosul and Sao Paulo.
Motor vehicle industry. The country has earned a lot of forex through the massive manufacture and sale of motor vehicles since 1997.
Aircraft and aerospace industry. The Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) and the National Institute of Space Research (NPE) have been involved in the Brazilian space programme which comprises the construction of satellites and launching of space craft.
Electricity generation industry. The main source of Brazilian electric energy is water. In 1996, 92 % of all her electricity power generation was HEP.

Factors that have facilitated industrialization in Brazil.

Availability of Cheap and both skilled and unskilled labour from the country’s large population especially after the abolition of slave trade.
Plentiful natural resources. For example mineral supplies like gold, coal, iron ore, uranium, manganese etc, agricultural raw materials like coffee, sugarcane, cocoa and maize and forest resources are a great boost to industrialization
Availability of hydro-electricity as early as 1905 to boost industrialization. Coal is also available.
Foreign capital. There was heavy influx of foreign capital from countries such as the USA, Canada, Britain, Portugal and France which led to establishment of industries in the country.
Improved transport and communication. Railway lines were constructed in most parts of Brazil thus opening the interior areas for the exploitation of natural resources and transportation of manufactured goods.
Good economic policies adopted by President Getulio Vargas (1930-1945) have contributed to industrialization in Brazil. He encouraged the development of transport and communication. He encouraged the harnessing of HEP. He Provided loans and subsidies to certain industries. Adopted protectionist policies of imposing heavy duties on imports. He encouraged exploitation of oil.
Development of banking in major Brazilian cities such as Manaus, Salvador, Brasilia and Sao Paulo facilitated provision of loans to individuals who wanted to venture in business.
Large Internal and external markets. Increased Trade between Brazil and other countries has led to growth of external market to supplement the available market locally.
The World War II which made it hard for her to import goods from Europe thus compelling her to manufacture her own goods.

Obstacles to industrialization in Brazil.

High levels of poverty (more than 40% of the population is poor) meaning low purchasing power. Governments also spent most of their resources to subsidize the basic needs of their citizens at the expense of industrialization.
Inability to fully exploit her natural resources especially those found in low population zones like the south where labour for exploitation is lacking.
Huge foreign debt. A lot of money is being used to service these debts at the expense of industrialization.
Poor technology. The use of appropriate technology for exploitation of natural resources and manufacturing of goods is still lagging behind in Brazil.
Stiff completion from the industrialized nations like USA and Western Europe that produce high quality products and have an advanced marketing system for their goods.
The resources of Brazil are monopolized by the multinational companies that are based there. The government therefore has no freedom to exploit them for use in industries.

SOUTH AFRICA.

She attained majority rule in 1994 after a long struggle against the apartheid regime. The country has achieved great strides in industrialization with many industries including iron and steel industries, engineering, locomotive, chemical, textile, cement, light industries and tourism

Factors influencing industrialization in South Africa.

The country is endowed with mineral resources such as gold, diamonds. Iron etc.
Availability of Cheap and both skilled and unskilled labour from the country’s large population.
Availability of natural resources. For example mineral supplies like gold, lead, iron ore, uranium, manganese, Zinc, Bauxite, Tin, Chromium, Tungsten, Phosphate etc. some of these resources are in plenty and are exported to earn forex.
Development of hydro-electricity has boosted industrialization. Coal is also available from the Witwatersrand.
Development of transport and communication. Railway lines, water and road network have been improved thus opening the resources for the exploitation and for transportation of manufactured goods. Air transport is also well developed thus enhancing business operations.
Availability of capital from her trade in other materials.
Government support. The government has adopted sound economic policies that promote industrialization. For example imposing heavy tariffs on the imported commodities as a means of protecting local industries, encouraging foreign entrepreneurs to invest in the country and encouraging local investors.
South Africa is endowed with a variety of tourist attractions like wildlife which boost the tourism industry.
Large Internal and external markets. Increased Trade between South Africa and other countries especially after end of the apartheid rule has led to growth of external market to supplement the available market locally.

Challenges facing industrialization in South Africa.

Long periods of apartheid rule was accompanied with sometimes violent resistance and struggle for majority rule which created an atmosphere not conducive for investment
The country suffered long periods of economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations between 1948 and 1994 which affected her manufactured goods that could not access external markets.
There were rampant industrial strikes in the country, during the apartheid regime which affected industrialization.
The HIV and AIDS scourge has ravaged the country’s labour force thus seriously undermining the industrial efforts.
There is stiff completion from the industrialized nations in Western Europe that produce high quality products and have an advanced marketing system for their goods.
High levels of insecurity which, at times, discourages would-be foreign investors.
High levels of poverty in South Africa mean low purchasing power. Manufactured goods perform poorly locally.

India.

Since India’s independence from Britain in 1947, the country has continued to experience extensive industrialization

Factors that facilitated India’s industrialization.

Existence of good industrial base from the textile and leather industries. The British governor Lord Dalhousie also laid a good foundation for industrialization by promoting road construction and cotton growing.
Also cottage industries like smithing and textiles existed in India long before colonialism. This formed the basis for modern industries
Availability of Cheap and both skilled and unskilled labour from the country’s large population which is almost at a billion mark
Existence of raw materials. For example mineral supplies like iron ore, manganese and coal allowed development of heavy industries. Cotton was also available as a textile industry raw material
Development of energy sources like coal and hydro-electricity has boosted industrialization. Other sources of energy include oil, natural gas and nuclear energy..
Development of transport and communication. The great trunk road from Calcutta to Punjab and sea transport development has led to resource exploitation and transportation of manufactured goods. Communication services have also been greatly improved.
Good technical and scientific education available in India has produced experts who are in great demand in industry and agriculture.
Availability of capital from her trading contacts with European countries like Portugal, Britain, France and Holland.
Good national development plans. In the first five-year development plan of 1951, the government adopted sound economic policies that prioritized agriculture especially modern farming. The second phase emphasized industrialization, especially decentralization if industries to high population areas where labour and market existed.
The government has imposed protective tariffs on the imported commodities as a means of protecting local industries.
Political stability. India has enjoyed a long period of political stability since her independence thus giving investors’ confidence.
Development of banking in India has enabled farmers and industrialists to access credit facilities.

Challenges facing industrialization in India.

Competition from goods manufactured in the developed countries; the developed nations produce goods of high quality than those manufactured by the Indian industries.
High population in India requires that the government spare enough capital to feed the people. The government spends a lot of revenue in developing agriculture to feed her people.
High poverty levels i.e. majority of the Indian population is poor and do not have adequate purchasing power for her manufactured goods/ the local market is therefore limited.
Lack of efficient communication and transportation infrastructure hence poor movement of goods and labour.
Natural calamities e.g. drought and floods that destroy raw materials for industries.
Political conflicts e.g. with neighboring Pakistan, and the civil unrest hinders industrial development.

History Paper 1 - KCSE Past Papers

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The scientific Revolution.

27/12/2016

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Science is the systematic study of the nature and behaviour of the material and physical universe based on observation. The scientific revolution refers to the history of science in the early modern period, where sudden development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

Scientific Revolution

Causes of scientific revolution.

Discovery of the New World. Exploration/conquest leading to discovery of new plant/animal life. Traditional link between navigation and astronomy + great advances made my Portuguese navigators fueled an interest in learning more about the stars
Invention of the Printing Press. Allowed for rapid dissemination of scientific knowledge. Numerous books and newsletters were in circulation keeping people informed of science
Rivalry among Nation-States. Constant warfare among nation-states pushed for scientific development by placing an importance on technology, or applied science. Powerful leaders of nation-states funded scientific development.
Renaissance / birth of knowledge. During this period, Human interest in the classical world increased. Renaissance time made people to develop interest in research/ learning.
The need to solve their daily life problems like shortages, disease etc. necessity is the mother of all inventions.
Financial support for governments and individuals. Governments and individuals financed scientific research.
Religion failed to answer all questions. This sometimes betrayed man’s belief in supernatural power thus emphasizing research.

Scientific inventions.

Scientific inventions have roots in the ancient civilization in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, China and India. Early inventions were witnessed in the field of medicine, astronomy, agriculture, medicine and mathematics as follows;

The Egyptians discovered geometry which they used on farms. They discovered dead body preservation method (mummification). Build pyramids for their pharaohs using knowledge in mathematics.
Greeks like Pythagoras contributed to mathematics, especially the right angled triangle as early as 200BC, Euclid did some work in geometry. Archimedes discovered how the lever works. Ptolemy is remembered for geographical work especially production of the Atlas.
The Chinese made cloth from silk and developed acupuncture skills. They invented paper making in 70 AD. They made gunpowder and the calendar.
The Indians invented the decimal system in mathematics.
The Muslim Arabs developed the art of architecture as evidenced by the construction of unique mosques.

Impact of scientific inventions

Impact of scientific inventions on agriculture
Food production has been increased thanks to the use of farm machinery, fertilizers, pest
and control methods and scientific breeding. Hybrid seeds have been developed together with new animal breeds.
Scientific inventions have stimulated scientific research in the field of agriculture. This is done in schools, agricultural institutes and colleges.
Farming of perishable foods has been made possible due to invention of preservation methods for foods like canning and refrigeration.
Increased food production has led to increase in population. There is increased food security. There is also increased trade.
Biotechnology has contributed to diversification of agriculture leading to greater crop and animal production.
Farming has been revolutionized from small-scale subsistence farming to large –scale economic activity due to mechanization on farm

Negative impacts of scientific inventions on agriculture

The consumption of chemically –treated and stored food has raised concern for food related disease such as cancer and heart diseases
Use of pesticides and fertilizers sometimes poses the challenges of cost. Some pesticides are toxic and therefore harmful to humans and animals.
Consistence use of fertilizers impoverishes the soil fertility. The more the fertilizer is used the more the soil becomes infertile.
Traditional crops are being threatened by biotechnology and development of hybrids.

Impact of scientific inventions on industry.

Large quantities of goods can be produced due to scientific inventions. This has led to enjoyment of economies of scale.
Efficient sources of energy necessary for industrial production have been developed. New forms of energy such as nuclear, solar and electricity have been invented.
Improvements in transport and communication have stimulated industrial development. Movement of labour, raw materials and manufactured goods is efficient.
There has been increased exploitation of resources like factories, fisheries, minerals etc as factories yearn for raw materials due to increased production.
The large scale manufacture of goods has led to growth of trade. This in turn has created wealth for industrialized nations.
Space exploration has been enhanced through science. Satellites are used in photographing of the earth’s surface and in weather research.
Science has revolutionized military technology. Dangerous weapons have been manufactured.
There is faster dissemination and spread of ideas or knowledge and skills due to development of printing press, and internet development.
Industries have created job opportunities. Exploitation of mineral deposits has created employment.

Negative impact of scientific inventions on industry.

Scientific inventions in industry have led to industrial wastes and pollutants that contribute to environmental pollution. Smoke pollutes the air, machines cause noise pollution etc.
Human life has suffered unnecessarily due to development of war weapons and accidents on roads and aeroplanes.
Many people have been rendered unemployed due to development of machines.

Impact of scientific inventions on medicine

Discovery of various medicines to treat both animals and human diseases has boosted both curative and preventive measures in promoting health.
Improved nutrition has reduced the number of disease that kills man. Population has there increased as a result of reduced death rate.
Proper diagnosis of disease is now possible with the use of x-rays and other modern scientific methods. With accurate diagnosis, proper treatment can be given.
The manufacture of various drugs has been facilitated by scientific discoveries. Many companies produce drugs that prevent and cure diseases.

Factors undermining scientific revolution in third world countries.

Lack of enough funds for scientific research.
High level of ignorance and illiteracy.
The educational systems do not allow for development of inquisitive mind and development of interest in science. The system is not science oriented.
The brain –drain; the few specialized scientists have migrated to areas with greener pastures like Europe and America.
There is too much dependence on developed countries for nearly everything manufactured or scientifically produced.
Lack of adequate support from the government. This is clear in the type of budgetary allocations to scientific research.

Measures that can be undertaken to promote scientific research in third world countries.

Putting emphasis on the teaching of sciences in schools.
Making available financial resources for scientific research.
Emphasizing on competitions and congresses in schools and colleges.
The government of Kenya has set up research institutions and centres of science and technology.
Scientists have been trained locally and abroad on new knowledge in science and technology.
International cooperation conferences in science, which bring scientists together, are organized and attended by Kenyan scientists.

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Industrialization in Britain

26/12/2016

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This change, which occurred between 1750 and 1830, happened because conditions were perfect in Britain for the Industrial Revolution. The transformation was facilitated by the following factors;

Availability of coal and iron ore which served as a basis for heavy industries. Coal was a source of energy for use in the industries. Iron was used in the manufacture of machinery.
The agrarian revolution ensured that important raw materials were available for the industries and also made food more available for the many factory centres
Existence of a large population which provided steady internal market for the manufactured goods/domestic local markets. There was also Availability of external markets in her colonies for the industrial produce.
Existence of cottage industries which acted as a base for industrial take-off in Britain. It was easier to turn to mass production of goods on the basis of the small scale production in cottage industries.
Due to the enclosure act, many peasants became available to offer unskilled labour especially following their displacement from the rural areas.
Political stability and strong leadership that existed at the time created a contusive environment for investments when compared to other European countries.
Well developed transport and communication network e.g railway, canals, bridges, harbours and roads which promoted industrialization.
Existence of good banking and insurance systems which gave financial help and security to the industries.
Britain had a strong navy that guarded her trade routes thus protecting her merchants from foreign competition.
Policy of free trade encouraged industrialization/ existence of the merchant and middle class who formed pressure groups that forced the government to adopt measures favoring their industries.britain had no internal customs barrier to hurt her industrial growth.
Availability of wealth/capital that stimulated industrial revolution. Britain had accumulated a lot of wealth from her trade with other countries and her colonies in America and africa.e.g. The steam engine was made in Britain by a wealth Briton.
Availability of industrial raw materials in her vast colonies.

Industrialization in Britain

Industrialization in Continental Europe

The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain.
Reasons why other European countries delayed in the industrialization process.

a) The political upheavals in France, Germany and Italy were responsible for the delay in the take- off of industrialization.
b) The existence of a feudal economy in which the peasant farmers could not afford to buy industrial goods nor raise capital to invest in industry.
c) The system of farming implied that inadequate raw materials came from the farms thus making it difficult for industrial development.
d) Their system of transport was not developed.
e) Unlike Britain, these countries did not have an enterprising class of people and scientists ready to take up the task of industrial investment and invention.

Factors that led to industrial development in continental Europe

Political stability and strong leadership that followed the unification of Italy and Germany and end of Napoleonic rule in France created a condusive environment for investments when compared to other European countries. Feudalism was also abolished.
The agrarian revolution that had taken place in continental Europe ensured that the countries had raw materials for their industries. Other strategic raw materials like coal and iron were readily available.
There was adequate capital from the rich traders who willingly invested in industry. Britain also gave loans to the European countries to industrialize.
Existence of good banking and insurance systems which gave financial help and security to the industries.
Existence of a large population which provided both skilled and unskilled labour required by the industries.
The European governments supported the industrial ventures that were aimed at enhancing economic development. French and Germany governments gave tax concessions and subsidies to encourage industrialization.
Existence of a steady internal and external market for the manufactured goods/there was a high European population that consumed most goods locally.
Well developed transport and communication network e.g better roads, railway and water transport which meant that industrial workers, raw materials and finished goods could be transported easily.
Countries in continental Europe had vast sources of energy such as coal, steam power and electricity which enhanced industrial development.
The development of new skills in science and technology facilitated industrial growth. Some European countries like France and Germany sent their people to Britain to acquire skills and ideas in science and also invited English technicians to their countries.

Effects of the industrial revolution in Europe.

Creation of employment opportunities. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories.
Emergence of Factories and urbanization. Industrialization led to the creation of the factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories.
Improved Standards of living. Living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century. The famines that troubled rural areas did not happen in industrial areas.
Population increase. As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Europe’s population doubled every 50 years. Infant mortality reduced.
Local and international trade developed. Manufactured goods were sold locally while others were exported to America. The industries also created market for raw materials from Africa and Asia.
European economies became diversified as a result of industrial growth. This led to specialization e.g. traders, bankers, mechanics and agriculturalists.
Development and use of machinery in agriculture led to increased production
Improvement in Transportation and technology. The expansion of business and factories expanded Canals, highways and railways were expanded.
Large scale production of a wide range of goods. new methods of farming , such as the use of fertilizers and new crop breeds were developed
The industrial revolution promoted development of science and technology. There was increased utilization of knowledge in production of goods as well as scientific inventions such as invention of electricity.
The emergence of trade union movement. The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organization of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people.
Eventually effective political organization for working people was achieved through the trades unions who began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party.
It led to Political corruption - the amount of money generated by the Industrial Revolution created a class of super rich who could buy any politician or process.
Environmental damage - there were few if any rules regarding how resources could be removed and used. The air was horribly polluted from factories, as was the soil and rivers.
There was increased exploitation of natural resources in Europe during the revolution. Iron, coal and steel production increased.
Industrial revolution was accompanied with economic Exploitation of people. While jobs were created, sometimes the jobs were dangerous and people died. Harsh working conditions, Child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were prevalent.
Rise of unemployment. The rapid industrialization cost many craft workers their jobs. Many weavers found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines to produce cloth.
The industrial revolution was responsible for the scramble and partition of Africa. The colonies produced raw materials for industries in Europe and also acted as markets for goods processed in Europe. For this reason, many European nations sought to have as many colonies as possible.

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

23/12/2016

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The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, Northern America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. The industrial revolution in Europe occurred in two phases; The old phase was from 175-1850 and began in Britain and spread to other European countries like France (1825), Germany (1840), Belgium (1870) and Russia (1890). In USA, it began after the American civil war of 1861 to 1865. In Japan it began in 1900. In Kenya, it is hoped to be done by 2030.
Characteristics of industrial revolution in Europe.

The use of machines to replace human and animal labour.
The use of steam power as a new source of energy to replace water, wind and animal power.
Increased exploitation and use of coal, iron and steel.
The rise of the factory system in owns instead of the cottage industries in homes.
The development of better forms of transport including the use of railways, roads and water.
Improved living standards and an increase in the human population who required more manufactured goods.
The production of goods on large scale. Machines worked faster than human labour.
The development of science and the application of scientific knowledge in production.
There was development of trade as manufactured goods were sold locally and abroad.
The rise of modern capitalism that provided enough wealth which was then invested back into industry.
The growth of trade Union Movements to carter for the rights of industrial workers.

Land Rover

Uses of Various Sources of Energy.

Coal.
This is a compact black or dark brown, carbonaceous rock which is a fuel and source of coke, coal gas and coal tar. Abraham Darby invented the process by which coal was turned into coke in 1709 thus discovered that coal produced immense heat. Coke was used to smelt iron.
Uses of coal.

To heat water to high temperatures so as to produce steam.
To provide lighting.
To drive steam engines in factories. Some generators depended on coal heat to produce steam.
To drive locomotives. This promoted transport.
It was a raw material in the manufacturing of dye and pharmaceutical products.

Disadvantages of Coal.

It is bulky and transporting it is difficult.
It produced too much smoke when used in locomotives. Also gases released during the burning of coal e.g sulphur dioxide polluted the air and caused acid rain.
Coal was expensive to mine and to transport to the required destination.
Coal mining was risky to miners who often lost their lives when mines collapsed and buried them.

Academic Environment

Petroleum.(often referred to as oil)

Before 1850, oil was known to American farmers as a substance that affected food production in farms. It was an American Don, Bissel who carried out an analysis of oil samples at a university lab and established that oil was both a fuel and lubricant.
The use of oil became widespread with the invention of the internal combustion engine by Gotlieb Daimler.

Uses of oil.

To power vehicles, aeroplanes and ships
To generate electricity used in lighting and cooking.
To run engines in industries
Tar (Bitumen), a by-product of petroleum is used to tarmac roads.
Greasing of metals in industries was also done by petroleum by-products such as grease.
Certain petroleum chemicals are used in making of drugs, fertilizers, synthetic fibre and plastics.

Disadvantages of oil

For countries importing oil, it is expensive to transport.
Prospecting for oil is quite expensive.
Oil may also affect the environment, since extracting large quantities of petroleum may cause land to sink.

Steam.

Steam is boiling water turned into gas. It was used for first time around 100 AD in a steam-powered engine developed by a Greek scientist called Hero.
In the 16th century, Thomas Savery, a Briton, built a steam engine which could pump water out of a coal mine.
In 1712, Thomas Newcomen improved Savery’s design, though he design was still ineffective. In 1764, James Watt improved on Newcomen’s engine to make it more effective and by 1800, 320 of Watt’s engines were in use in Britain.
In 1801, Richard Trevithick installed one of Watt’s engines in a road vehicle. Three years later, he produced a steam-driven locomotive that ran on rails.
In 1830, George Stephenson improved on Trevithick’s work and invented the first steam locomotive, the rocket.
In all these engines, coal was used to produce steam.

Uses of steam.

It was used to drive heavy machinery in factories and to turn turbines that generated power for industrial use, e.g driving, spinning and weaving machines.
It was used for pumping water out of coal mines.
It was used in steam –powered locomotives and ships.
The massive temple doors in Egypt were only opened using steam.

Electricity.

Electricity was discovered by an English Scientist called Michael Faraday (1791-1861) in 1831 when he invented the electric Dynamo.
His principal of electromagnetic induction was the beginning of both the dynamo and the electric Motor. The energy used energy from coal, oil, steam or water to produce electricity The use of electricity became widespread from 1900.
Uses of electricity.
Lighting.
Heating and cooking.
Powering machines in factories.
Communication. Electric signals are used in communication gadgets.
Powering transport vehicles such as electric trains and electric cars.

Disadvantages of electricity.

It can be dangerous if not properly installed or used.
The generation and distribution of electricity is very expensive thus making its use limited to fewer people in developing countries.

Other sources of energy.
Atomic energy.

In 1896, A French physicist, Antoine Henri Beckquerel (1852-1903), discovered that uranium produces radiation or energy in waves. (Radioactivity). This was the birth of the development of Atomic energy.
In 1938, Hahn and Stressman discovered the process of Atomic fusion which leads to production of Atomic energy.
In 1942, a group of scientists led by Enrico-Fermi at the university of Chicago, USA, built the first Nuclear research Station which resulted in the invention of the nuclear reactor and later the discovery of an Atomic Bomb like one which was used Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
In Belgium and France, 60% of the electricity is produced from atomic power
However, atomic energy when used in war can be very fatal Radioactivity also endangers both animal and plant life.
Polluted air, where radioactivity has taken place causes fever, diarrhea and death. For example the radioaction accident in 1985 at Three Mile Island in the USA and at Chernobyl near Kiev in Ukraine in 1986 had fatal consequences.

Solar Energy.

It is obtained directly from the sun and is used to dry firewood, clothes and to cook food. In 1714, Antoine Lavoisier made a solar furnace which could melt metals.
An engine using solar power was used to run a printing press in Paris in 1880. The use of solar water heaters was widespread in USA by 1900.
In 1954, the first solar cell which turned sunlight into electricity was made. The energy was then used to heat water and generate electricity.

Uses of Solar energy.

Drying agricultural products.
Distilling of salty water to get salt crystals.
Heating water in homes and industry
Heating and lighting buildings
Cooking using solar cookers
Irrigating using solar water pumps,
Powering satellites in space.

Advantages of solar energy.

It is clean and is available in places where sunlight is readily available.
It is natural and therefore free, non-pollutant and inexhaustible source of energy.

Iron and steel
Iron was not really a source of energy but the industrial revolution was dependant on the availability of iron
Uses of iron.

Production of machines for textile industry. Water pipes and ploughs were made of iron.
Production of steam engines.
Building of trains, railway lines ships, wheels, bridges and coach frames.

In an attempt to overcome the disadvantages of iron (it was too heavy and could rust easily), in 1856, an Englishman, Henry Bessemer produced steel out of Iron and Carbon. (Steel is an alloy of iron and Carbon and is lighter, flexible, stronger and harder than iron)
Stainless steel, commonly used in cutlery is an alloy of Steel and Chromium.
Uses of steel.

The construction of rail lines, bridges, cars and ships.
The manufacturing of machinery especially in the agricultural and industrial sector.
Reinforcement of concrete in buildings and roofing houses.
Making of containers and utensils.

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Chapter 11: Development of Industry

23/12/2016

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Industry is defined as the skill of making other products from raw materials. It involves extraction and processing into finished products of raw materials

Early Sources of Energy.

Energy is the ability to do work. The following are the early sources of energy that can be identified.
Wood.
Wood was developed as a source of energy after the discovery of fire. It was used as follows;

a) Making fire which provides heat to warm people during cold seasons lighting, to cook roots and roast meat, for hunting(bushfires), tool-making to harden tips, means of communication, food preservation
b) Charcoal made from wood fuel provided heat that was used for steaming water to provide steam power for steam engines during the industrial revolution. This is a form of energy still in use today since it is cheaper and easily available.

Wind.

Wind was used to drive sailing ships during the trade between East African Coast and the Far East
Windmills were used in China to grind grain and process foods They were also used to pump water from polders in Netherlands Windmills are also used to generate electricity
Windmills are mainly used in areas with fewer trees like in Isiolo, Garissa, Wajir and Mandera However the use of wind as a source of energy is disadvantaged by its being irregular and inconsistent in direction and strength.

Water.

Water has been harnessed to produce HEP
Water was used to turn wooden propellers (water wheels) which in turn turned grindstones to grind grains into flour.
In England, it was used in the Textile and paper industry to turn spinning machines
In Italy water-powered machines were used to make copper pots, weapons of war, to spin silk and to sharpen various tools
Water also is not reliable as a source of energy since the levels may be too low during dry weather for HEP production.

A piece of Iron

Uses of metals in Africa

The age of metals in Africa is divided into the Bronze and Iron Age. Man moved from the Stone Age to the age of metals because metals had the following advantages;

a) Metallic tools were more durable. They could not break easily.
b) Cutting edges of metals could be sharpened.
c) Malleable Metals could be heated and reworked into deferent usable designs when need arose
d) Metals are not prone to waste. Broken pieces can be smelted and reworked into useful items. For example a broken spear into an arrow.

The following are examples of metals that were used in Africa.

Gold.

This was the first metal to be used by humankind. It was used in Meroe, Egypt, Wangara in Ghana and in Central Africa. Gold is malleable and therefore it could be easily moulded into the desired shape without smelting it. Its softness however implied that tools made from gold could bend easily. It was also heavy and could not be found everywhere.
Uses of Gold.

a)It was used to make ornaments and decorations. In Egypt, it was used to make jewellery like rings, bangles and bracelets.
b) It was used to make utensils, such as plates, vases and drinking vessels.
c) It was used to make swords and flint knife handles among the rich in Egypt.
d) It was used to make coins in Egypt.
e) It was used as a trade item in East, central and west Africa
f) It was used to make weapons such as sword and knife blades.
g) Gold was also a measure of wealth in Egypt.

Copper.

Though quite soft, copper as harder than Gold and could make better tools. The Egyptians were the earliest people to use copper by 3000 BC. The metal could further be hardened by mixing it with other metals to form alloys during smelting.
Uses of copper.

a) Making utensils and containers such as pots and pans.
b) The Egyptians used copper to make axes, tools, Chisels, Pins and fish hooks.
c) It was used to make ornamental bangles, rings, helmets, needles, wire chains and statues.
d) It was used as a medium of exchange in the form of copper bars.
e) It was used to make daggers (weapons).
f) It was used as a trade commodity. Those with copper exchanged it with other goods that they did not have.
g) It was used to make alloys like Bronze and Brass.

Bronze.

Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin which makes it harder than copper. It was used during the Bronze Age. In Africa Bronze was used among the Yoruba, Dahomey and Asante in Nigeria and in Benin. And also in Egypt. Benin was the centre of Bronze.
Uses of Bronze.

a) Making stronger weapons such as shields, spears, arrowheads, swords and daggers.
b) Making sculptures and decorations. For example, in Benin it was used to make objects for religious ceremonies, masks and decorating the king’s palace. It decorated temples, palaces and pyramids in Egypt.
c) Making knives, containers, pans and vases.
d) It was a store of wealth.
e) It was used to make tools, shields and chariots.

Disadvantages of Bronze.

a) The tools lost their sharpness and became blunt quickly since the metal was relatively soft. They required constant sharpening.
b) Bronze was not cheap. The mixture of copper and yin had to be acquired through trade thus making bronze expensive.
c) It was difficult to get an appropriate proportion of each of the two metals.

Iron.

Two theories that explain the origin and spread of iron working in Africa are;

It was first introduced in North Africa from the Middle East by the Phoenicians and the Assyrians, and then spread to west, East Central and South Africa.
The art of iron working probably developed independently in Africa as evidenced by the Archaeological evidence in Buhaya(the oldest iron age site that existed between 5th and 6th C AD ) , North –West of Tanzania. The Buhaya iron is associated with the pottery style known as Urewe-ware

The Hittites were the first people to smelt and use iron in around 1500BC. The skill then spread to the Assyrians. The idea then spread to Africa between 400 and 500 BC and became widespread in the Nile Valley. By 5th c it had spread upto Meroe (the Birmingham of Africa) then to Ethiopia. From Carthage and Tunisia, it spread to West Africa, at Taruga in Nigeria’s Jos plateau at around 580BC, then to Lake Chad by 500 AD

Ways in which the iron culture spread in Africa.

Through wars of conquest e.g. Egypt versus Assyrians where the Assyrians forced the Egyptians to learn to use iron from Meroe to make strong weapons.
Trade e.g. the Mesopotamians traded with Africans. The North African then traded with the West Africans, thus spreading the iron smelting technology across the Sahara.
Intermarriages e.g. Arabs and Africans intermarried and hence a new iron culture and technology developed.
Through learning and acquiring the technology from neighbors.
Increased demand for iron tools for agriculture, weapons and iron products increased trade in iron.
Migrations. E.g in east Africa where the Bantus and nilotes arrived from West African region with the iron culture which they introduced to east Africa.
Travelers and messengers who gave out and received the gifts of iron

Uses of Iron

It was used as medium of exchange. Iron bars were used as currency.
To make agricultural tools such as hoes and pangas this increased food production.
Weapons such as spears and arrows were made of iron, which strengthened some communities while others who lacked the same were easily defeated.
Iron was used as a trade item where those who did not have it acquired it through barter trade.
It was used for storing wealth. Smithers used iron bars as a measure of value.

Effects of iron working.

It promoted empire building. Many kingdoms and empires relied on strong iron, weapons s to fight expansionist wars e.g. Egypt, Benin and Mwene Mutapa empires.
It led to migrations especially of the Bantus who war able to protect themselves during the journeys using iron weapons.
It promoted agriculture since large tracts of land could now be used to produce more food using stronger tools.
Adequate food resulted in population increase and later migration to areas with sparse population.
It resulted in specialization and division of labour as some people became iron smelters while others engaged in other activities like trade.
It stimulated construction and building works using stronger metals like iron. Better houses, temples and bridges were built.
Metal technology also had an impact on religion in that metals began to be used when performing religious rites and in royal palaces e.g. the golden stool among the Asante.
Trading and industrial towns developed within and around the major mining centres like Meroe Axum, in Ghana, in Zimbabwe and in Benin.
Trade was promoted in that sometimes iron was used as currency and others became important items of long distance and regional trade.

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Chapter 10: Transport

18/12/2016

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Definition of Transport

Transport is the movement of people and from one place to another.
Transportation is usually classified by the medium in which the movement occurs. For example, land, air and water transport.

Transport can be categorized into traditional and modern means

a) Traditional means of transport

The means of transport at this category were land and water evolved.

Land transport

People move on land either by walking or by using other human powered transport.
People also use domestic animals as a means of transportation

Human transport

Human powered transportation included carrying goods on their backs, heads and shoulders. Africans were used as porters during the slave trade. Human porterage still goes on in the modern society.

Limitation of human porterage

Human porterage was cumbersome, slow and tiresome.
Humans Carry limited amount of goods at particular time.
It is not convenient over long distances

Road Transport

Animal transport

Early human beings used the domesticated animals to carry loads on their backs or pull carts. Such animals are referred to as pack animals.
In 500 AD a paddled collar was devised that rested on the animals’ shoulders. In 200 AD saddles were introduced in Egypt. Horse shoes were introduced in 700 AD

Donkey\Ass.

The first animals to be used as pack animals; they were used in Egypt as early as 3400bc to carry weight upto 80kg. They were commonly used in the trade between Nubia and South Sudan. In Ukambani today, donkeys are used to fetch water.

Oxen.

Referred to as draught animals used for ploughing and pulling carts and also transportation of goods and people.

Horses.

They were first rode but were later trained to pull wagons, chariots and passenger coaches.. in the Roman empire, they carried soldiers during war. (Soldiers on horseback are referred to as cavalry.

Disadvantages of horses.

a) It is highly susceptible to diseases.
b) It cannot survive in tsetse fly infected areas.
c) The weight limit of the load it can carry is 120kg
d) They are not suitable in arid and semi-arid areas because they need a lot of water.

NB; - horses are mainly reared by the rich as a symbol of high social status.
Mules.

A crossbreed of a horse and a donkey, they are sterile and carry loads upto 110kg.they are mostly used in mountainous areas in central and southern Europe and in Mexico.

Camels.
Also referred to as the ship of the desert. What makes a camel ideal in desert transport?

a) It has a unique ability to survive for long without food and water.
b) They have an incredible water storage capacity, they do not sweat lose much moisture.
c) They have broad padded, two toed feet ideal for walking on desert sand.
d) The nostrils have flaps which keep away sand during sandstorms.
e) Its fur is thick enough to protect it from the sweltering desert heat by day and extreme cold conditions at night.
f) The hump contains a lot of fat which the camel uses when it goes without eating Camels were commonly used during the trans-Saharan trade. They are in use in Kenya today among the Galla and Somali carrying weight upto 200kg.

Llamas and alpaca.

Members of the camel family found in central and south America. They carry load upto 40 kg.

Elephants.

They are used in Asia to carry people and heavy loads upto 250kg. In India, they were used to transport people and goods during war in 2500BC.
In Africa they were used in warfare in 270BC.

Water Buffalo.

A member of the cattle family and the only type of buffalo that has been domesticated. The cape buffalo of Africa and the Pygmy buffalo of Philippines have not been domesticated. It is used to pull ploughs and do other heavy work in India and south East Asia.

Reindeer.

A long-horned deer family breed used in the cold parts of Canada, Sweden and Norway for riding and transportation. It also provides milk, meat, hides and horns.

Dogs.

Dog types like Bouriers were used to pull small carts and sledges, especially in the Arctic thus making transportation of gods and people easy. Dogs are also used in guiding blind people in sports and as pets at home.

Air Transport

Advantages of animal transport.

a) Pack animals can be used in largely inaccessible areas. The Llama, for example is used in the mountainous areas with narrow and meandering paths and steep cliffs. The camel is well adapted for deserts.
b) Animals are cheap to maintain. They attract very little maintenance costs, since only feeding costs are incurred.
c) Pack animals are safe as accidents are rare probably because they do not speed..
d) Animals help to maintain the ecological balance since they do not interfere with the environment.
e) Pack animals are capable of sensing danger. For example, horses and dogs can sniff out an enemy from a distance. This enhances security as dangerous confrontations with an enemy can easily be avoided.

Disadvantages of animal transport.

Animal transport is slow and tedious. The animals need to feed and drink along the way.
Pack animals may be attacked by wild animals, disease- causing insects such as tsetse-flies and disease.
Their movement is limited to the day only and cannot travel at night.
They can only carry small loads as compared to vehicles.
Some pack animals such as donkey are stubborn when tired and heavily loaded. The camel is only suited for the desert.
Pack animals use is limited to short distances as they fatigue when they travel for long.

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The wheel

The wheel was invented in sumeria at about 3000bc. By 2500BC, they had invented the spoked wheel used on horse drawn chariots. The chariot was used in Mesopotamia at around 2000BC and later spread to Egypt, Persia, Rome, china, Africa and Europe.
The cart or wagon pulled by humans or animals was the first wheeled vehicle. The wheeled wagons and carts created the need for roads
Today many types of wheels are in use. For example, the steering wheel for cars, turbines for jet engines and gyroscopes used in the automobile pilot technology.

Ways in which invention of the wheel impacted on road transport

a) More roads were constructed to use wheel vehicles for transport
b) Road transport became faster and efficient
c) Bigger loads could be carried hence was cost effective – profitable
d) It made the use of motor engine driven vehicles possible
e) It enabled man to move over long distance to disseminated ideas and interact.

Water transport.

Water transport has progressed from early rafts and canoes to the modern large passenger and freight ships.

Rafts.

A raft is a simple floating structure, usually made by tying together floating material like animal skin, papyrus stalks or logs
The earliest people to make rafts were the Australians. They made rafts called catamaran by tying logs together. Long poles were then used to drive the raft.
Rafts however sank easily and required a lot of manpower upstream.

Canoes.

A canoe was a narrow boat that was propelled by one or more paddles. The oldest canoe was made by stripping the bark from trees (bark canoes). Later a new canoe was made from a hollow on a log (dug-out canoe)
In Kenya, canoes are used for transporting people and goods and for fishing in inland lakes and rivers.

Oar-driven boats.

Boats are small vessels for travelling on water and are powered by oars, sails or motor. The Egyptians pioneered in the building of boats that used oars (a short wooden pole with a flat end) instead of paddles in 3000BC. The Phoenicians, Greeks and the Romans developed oar-driven trading vessels and warships.

Sailing ships.

Humankind learned that the wind could move a boat more easily than human beings if the ship had a piece of cloth fixed on poles (sail). The Egyptians used the sailing ships by 3000BC on the Mediterranean and Red seas. The Greeks made sailing ships known as galleys which were used for trade and war. They used war galley known as triremes to defeat the Persians and Phoenicians.
Sailing ships were depending on monsoon winds discovered by Hippalus. The Arabs and Persians relied on the monsoon winds to reach the east African coast.
The Portuguese invented a three-masted ship called a caravel as the one used by Christopher Columbus and other explorers to sail to America and the Far East. The Carrack used by Vasco da Gama was five-masted to sail to east Africa. Ferdinand Magellan became the first person to sail around the world using a Sailing ship
Fast sailing ships called clippers were made in 1840s in America. It was a long and narrow ship with sharp bows and almost straight sides.
However, sailing ships could not sail on windy days and seasons. Some communities however still use sailing ships upto today for sports, fishing and leisure.
By the 12th c AD, the magnetic compass was being used in navigation aid

Factors that led to the development of various forms of transport

a) Technological development during the scientific age which enabled man to invent machines which could be used to manufacture various parts of cars , rails, airplanes, ships and motor boats.
b) Expansion of geographical knowledge encouraged the development of transport so as to enable man to search new places faster and more safely.
c) Introduction of specialization as a means of production which necessitated exchange o goods and services which could only be made possible through development of transport and communication.
d) Population increase hence demands for more food and goods hence the need for essential transport system.
e) In order to satisfy the desires of man there was need to develop a system of transport that would enable man to get the goods and services he needed so much.
Modern means of transport.

Road transport.

The invention of the wheel stimulated the construction of roads. The Roman soldiers built hard and straight roads all over Europe and North Africa by around 300 BC. The roads were built by digging a trench, 1.5metres deep which then would be packed with heavy stones or rocks.
Rough and fine concrete was added to the foundation, then layers of gravel, chalk and cement. The road surface was slightly convex with deep trenches on the sides. Roman roads declined with the fall of the Roman Empire.
Attempts to built better roads in Europe in the 18th c were made by George Wade (1673- 1748) built 400km of roads and John Metcalfe (17171-1810) built 290km of roads.
However modern road construction is attributed to John McAdam (1756-1836). McAdam laid three layers of small broken stones packed tightly together. He then placed a layer of gravel which was bound together by the weight of a vehicle. These roads were called the flexible road or macadamized road. These roads were straight and had a smooth surface. They were widely used all over the world. They have curved surfaces and had a Good drainage system. They are cheap and durable.
The roads were later improved by adding tar to produce a water proof surface called tarmac. By 1820, Britain had built 200,000km of road.

Advantages of macadamized roads.

a) They were durable with three layers of small broken stores
b) They were cheap to construct using stones as the basic material for construction
c) They had a smooth motoring surface since the gravel layer was bound together by the weight of vehicles
d) They were straight hence reduced occurrence of accidents
e) They were easily drained due to their smooth surface and being raised.

The bicycle.

In 1790, a Frenchman, de Divrac made the first bicycle which was pushed with the feet thus called a walkalong.
A german named Baron Karl Drais invented a walkalong called draisine which had a steering bar connected to the front wheel
In 1860, Ernes Michaux, a French locksmith, invented a bicycle with two wheels and pedals attached to the front wheel.
In 1866, Piere Allement a Frenchman, was given the first patent on a bicycle, boneshaker. It had iron wheels fixed to wooden spokes.
In 1873, a bicycle named a high-wheeler was introduced in England. The firs bicycle in England was made by Kirk Patrick Macmillan of Scotland.
James Starley is referred to as the father of the cycle industry. In 1870, he invented the tension spoked wheel in which the rim and the hub were connected by wire spokes.
John Dunlop invented the tyre filled with compressed air in 1888 which replaced the iron tyres and solid rubber tyres.
In 1893, a bicycle with a diamond shaped frame with a roller-chain-drive and a compressed air wheel was invented.
The bicycle is today used all over the world not only for transport, but also for sporting and leisure activities. The advantage of a bicycle is that it easily used on narrow paths and on a fairly level surface. It is also cheap and convenient.

Motor vehicles.

These are self-propelled power-driven land transportation devices used to transport people or goods, especially on land. The device converts fuel into energy to provide the power for the vehicle to move.
The first attempt to power drive devices was the suggestion by a Swiss clergyman J.H Genevois in 1760 that wind springs be used to move wheels on roads.
However the making of an engine that could drive a vehicle is attributed to a French engineer, Nicholas Joseph Cugnot (1725- 1804). He built a three wheeled steam-driven vehicle in 1769, though he abandoned his experiment prematurely.
In 1883, a German, Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) produced a high speed petrol engine which he fitted on a wooden cycle in 1885. Karl Benz (1844-1929) fitted the same engine on a w tricycle in the same year.
In 1886, Daimler made the first petrol driven car with four wheels. Benz built the first four wheeled Benz car in 1893. In the same year, an American, Charles Duryea (1862-1938) built the first gasoline powered automobile. The tyres made by Dunlop were fitted on these cars to make them more comfortable.
The first car in the motor industry, Panhard-Hevassor, was made by a French company which had bought the rights to use Daimler’s engine.
In 1903 in USA Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in Detroit leading to mass production of cars in the world. For example the model TFord was developed in 1909.

Impact of road transport.

a) Roads have promoted trade within and between countries since goods are transported by road to various markets. This case is true in east Africa.
b) Road transport has stimulated industrial development as raw materials to factories and manufactured goods to the market are easily transported.
c)Development of towns and urban centres along roads has been as a result of improved road transport.
d) Many countries earn a lot of foreign exchange from the sale of motor vehicles. For example Japan, Germany and USA.
e) Employment opportunities are created as many people work in the motor vehicle industry while others are employed to construct and maintain roads.

Advantages of road transport.

a) Since it is the commonest mode of transport, it reduces the cost of movement of goods and people as well as promoting social interaction.
b) It is cheaper compared to other forms of transport. Roads are easier to construct and maintain when compared to railway transport.
c) It is faster when compared to water and railway transport unless in the case of electric trains.
d) Roads are flexible and link with other forms of transport such as water, railway and air.

Disadvantages of road transport.

a) The high number of accidents on roads leads to loss of lives.
b) Road transport is responsible for pollution which causes environmental degradation.
c) Due to an increased number of vehicles on roads, traffic congestion is a major concern in most urban cities and towns.
d) Roads may sometimes inconvenience the users when they become impassable.
e) The quantity of goods carried is limited as roads cannot carry bulky goods compared to the railway.
f) The use of roads is limited to specific areas. It cannot go beyond land e.g across the sea or lake.
g) Construction of all-weather roads is expensive. Developing countries find themselves constrained by limited resources that are needed to construct all-weather roads.

Rail transport.

Railway lines are paths of parallel metal rails that allow a wheeled vehicle to move easily by reducing friction. Initially, they were used in 1800s to guide horse drawn wagons. Later the steam engine replaced horses as the means of transport.
The development of modern railway was a gradual process that started in Britain and Germany with the use of wooden rails.
A British engineer, Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) designed a steam engine that was small enough to be put on a truck. This he fitted on a railway locomotive which he had bought in 1804 to pull a cargo and passenger train in south Wales.
Fenton, Murray and Wood of Leeds built the John Blenkinsopp locomotive in 1812. William Hedley built the puffing Billy in 1813.
George Stephenson (1781-1845) a coal miner in Newcastle, England invented a locomotive engine called the Blucher which pulled eight laden wagons in 1814. He also built the world’s first public railway between Stockton and Darlington near Durham in 1825.
In 1829, Stephenson and his son, Robert, built the most improved engine, the rocket, which had a speed of 48 km per hour. In 1830, he built the Northumbrian and the planet.
In 1825, in the United States, Colonel John Stevens built a tiny experimental locomotive. In 1929, a major railway was built by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company to serve a coal mine.
Germany and Belgium had railroads by 1835, Russia by 1837, Spain by 1848 and Sweden by 1856.
In 1892, a Germany Rudolf Diesel designed a heavy oil-driven-engine which replaced the steam engine. It was cheaper and efficient
The first diesel railcar was used in 1913 in Sweden. Later diesel engines were replaced with electric engines which was an invention of the Siemens Brothers and John Hopkinson in Britain in 1883. The electric train from Paris to Lyon covers a distance of 212 km in one hour.
Railway transport has remained a major mode of passenger travel. In Europe and Japan, major cities are connected by high speed passenger trains such as the French TGV (Train a’ Grange Vitesse) and the Japanese Shinkansen trains travelling at a speed of 300km/h.

Results of railway transport.

a) It has promoted the movement of people thus leading to increased social and cultural interaction. People can migrate easily in Europe thanks to the faster electric trains.
b) It has promoted trade as goods, light, heavy or bulky, are transported efficiently to the markets. It also supplements the use of other forms of transport.
c) It has stimulated industrial development since industrial products and raw materials can now be transported faster and in large quantities.
d) Railway transport has stimulated the growth of urban centers. In Kenya for example, urban centres like Nairobi, Kisumu, Mombasa and voi either developed along the railway line or at the terminus.
e) It has facilitated the spread of religious faiths and political ideas. This was the case in Kenya during the period of missionary work and colonization. In a way railway transport therefore facilitated European occupation of overseas colonies.
f) There has been a significant improvement in agriculture since agricultural goods are transported more easily and faster using the railway.
g) It has been a source of employment for many people I maintenance, engine driving etc.
h) It has facilitated the exploitation of natural resources like mining, fisheries and forestry. The raw materials from these resources are transported faster using the railway.
i) Railway transport has stimulated economic growth since it is a source of revenue for many governments.

Disadvantages of railway transport.

a) It is expensive to construct. The wagons are also expensive to buy and maintain.
b) Railway transport lacks in flexibility. It can only pass through certain landscapes.
c) Smoke emitted from the trains lead to environmental pollution.
d) Railway accidents might be rare but when they happen, they are fatal. This was the case in Kenya in 1998 when 200 people lost their lives.
e) Railway transport is not self sufficient. T has to be supplemented with road transport.

Water transport.
Canal vessels.

A canal is an artificial river that is used to transport people and goods. It may be built to link a ricer and a lake, sea or a sea with a sea. Apart from transportation, their water may be used in irrigation like in the case of River Nile.
Canals have been used for centuries for transportation. The earliest canal was built by the Europeans nearly 4000 years ago to link the river Nile and the Red sea.
The longest canal, the Grand Canal in china is bout 1900km long and it links the Yangtze and Yellow rivers.
Canal building in Europe was pioneered by the Romans who built them for transportation, irrigation and drainage. The Dutch, British and the French also constructed elaborate canals Canal building in the US began in 1817 and ended in 1825 with the construction of the Erie Canal which is 845 km long connecting Hudson River with Lake Erie. It is now known as the New York State Barge. Upto 1840, 4,800 km of canals had been constructed in USA.
Another type of canals is the ship canals, for example the Suez Canal, Panama Canal and Kiel Canal, which are deeper. The Suez Canal in Egypt is 195 km long and links the Mediterranean Sea with the red sea. It was constructed between 1859 and 1869 by a French company under Ferdinand Lesseps. The Kiel Canal links the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The Panama Canal was built by the USA Government between 1904 and 1914 linking the pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is the most important canal as it shortened the long and dangerous trip around the southern tip of south Arica.
The St. Lawrence Seaway is the longest and most important inland waterway system in North America. It is 3,800 km long and was completed in 1855 in USA and 1895 in Canada.

Steamships.
History and Government Exams of 21st Century with marking schemes

Steamships were made after the invention of the steam driven engine. The first attempt to make a steamship was made by Dr. Denis Papin of France when he fitted a steam engine to a boat and sailed along river Fulda in Hanover.
In 1736, Jonathan Holls of Gloucestershire patented a steam tugboat but it was never tried.
In 1774, Comte J B d’Auxiron of France experimented with a steamboat but also failed like Papin as it broke down.
In 1775, C Perier became the first person to move a small boat powered by steam engine o river Seine in Paris.
The first successful steamboat was built and tried out in1783 by a Frenchman called Marquis de Jouffrey on River Saone near Lyons in France.
In America, John Fitch built a steamboat in 1787. It was used on river Delaware between Philadelphia and Trenton
In 1809, William Symington and Miller Pat succeeded in constructing a wooden steamship that was used on the Forh-Clyde Canal in southern Scotland.
In 1807, in America, Robert Fulton had invented a double –paddle-wheeled steamboat known as Clermont which began operating on the Hudson River.
In1807, the phoenix became the first steamship that made regular voyage from Philadelphia to New York.
In 1819, the savannah became the first ship equipped with a steam engine to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1853, the peninsular and oriental Line built the iron-screw steamer, Himalaya, the biggest vessel as at that time.
John Elder invented a compound engine with two cylinders which reduced fuel consumption in steamships.
In 1838, Sirius sailed from London to New York, the Great Western, without using sails crossed the Atlantic in 15 days from Bristol.
In 1839, the Archimedes and the Robert F Stockton were built using Smith’s and Ericcson’s patent.
The most important ship to cross the Atlantic was the Great Britain built by the Islamabad Kingdom of Brunei in 1843.
The first USA trans-Atlantic steamers were the Herman and Washington.
The first merchant ship to be all-welded without any rivets in its hull was the MS Fullagar in 1920.

Importance of the discovery and use of the steamship.

a) Man could no longer depend on nature –wind for power. This made travel by sea easier and more comfortable.
b) It led to expansion of international trade since transportation became cheap.
c) Bigger volumes and varieties of goods could be carried including those that required special handling like petrol.
d) It formed the basis for colonization as colonizers could move to other continents easily.
e) It increased international migrations and spread of races , cultures, diseases , intermarriages, languages and religion
f) It led to greater expansion of geographical knowledge. It gave access to countries bordered by sea.
g) It led to expansion of world economies, industries, trade and commerce.
h) Spread of plants and animals internationally.

Motor- Driven ships.

With the invention of the internal combustion engine, oil replaced coal. The Caspian Steamer Wanal was built in 1903 was the first sizeable ship with an internal combustion engine.
In the 20th c, the use of atomic energy (nuclear power) was developed. The first ship to use atomic power was the Nautilus in 1956. In 1961, an American merchant ship, MV Savannah, propelled by nuclear power was launched.

There are two types of ships based on the service offered;

a) The Liners operate regular scheduled services on defined trade routes charging advertised rates.
b) The Tramp ships carry any suitable cargo between any two points based on a negotiated contract. They have no regular route or timetable.

Modern passenger Liners.

The cruise ship, the most important passenger liner, is a specially designed vessel providing luxurious surroundings and entertainment to passengers. It is about 270 m and carries 2000 passengers.
New passenger Liners were developed after World War II for example the American United States of 1952 and the British Queen Elizabeth 2 of 1969.
The liners were overtaken by the development of the aeroplane and airline transport and only a few remain today.

Freight Vessels.

These are Special Ocean going ships designed for carrying large amounts of cargo. Containerships transport large metal containers that have been pre-loaded with cargo. Some container ships carry over 6,800 containers.

Military Vessels.

In 1859, the French launched Gloire, the first iron-plated ship. During the American civil war (1861-1865), two iron-plated ships were used.
In world war II, battleships, Aircraft carriers (can carry 85 aircrafts) , cruisers, destroyers, destroyer escorts(frigates), minesweepers, torpedo boats, landing craft and other support vessels were developed.

Hydrofoils and hovercraft.

These are specialized water vessels (a hydrofoil has small wing-like surfaces called foils attached to the bottom of its hull that lifts the hull out of water when the hydrofoil accelerates. A hovercraft is lifted entirely off the water surface by a cushion of air and are propelled by giant air propellers or by water jets)

Ferries.

These are vessels used to transport people, animals and vehicles over water in places where bridges would be inconvenient or impossible to build.

Motorboats and personal craft.

These are small boats that are used for recreational purposes with either out boat motors or in boat motors.

Pipeline transport.

This is a form of transport used to move liquids, gases or solid liquid mixtures over long distances. The most common liquid that is transported by pipeline in many countries is water. Others are oil and gas. Pipelines are also used to transport solids suspended in liquids such as coal slurry which consists of powdered coal suspended in water.

Air Transport

This is the fastest form of transport over long distances and continents. Different types of Aircraft exist.

Aeroplane.

An airplane is an aircraft heavier than air that uses wings to obtain lift in order to fly thus transporting people, mail and cargo from place to place. They are also use in warfare.
The development of an aeroplane started in 1783 when a successful manned flight was made in France by two brothers, Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier using a hot air balloon.
Sir George Cayley, an English scholar and inventor, built model Gliders that could sail in the air in the 19th c. Later, Pilcher added wheels to the gliders in order for them to be towed into the air. By 1850, power driven planes were built. An English engineer, John String built and designed power-driven planes. In December 1903, An American astronomer, Samuel Langleys almost won the honour of perfecting the power driven airplanes, by making a full size airplane called the aerodrome. The plane unfortunately crashed in Potomac River before being launched.
On 17th December 1903, two weeks after Langley’s failure, the Wright brothers, Orville and
Wilbur Wright, produced the first manned power driven aeroplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina USA. Their machine was a wooden glider fitted with a petrol engine and two propellers.
In 1906, a Brazilian-born aviation pioneer made the first officially observed European flight in a powered bi-plane.
In 1909, Louis Bleriot of France became the first person to fly a plane across the English Channel in 35.5 minutes.
In 1915, the Germans used the first mono-plane during the First World War.
In 1919, John N. Alcock and Arthur W Brown flew non-stop across the Atlantic from New Foundland to Ireland.
Later improvements in the plane were replacement of wood and cloth with aluminum and stainless steel, invention of a retractable gear that improved streamlining in planes
By 1920, plane speed had gone up to 303 km /h. in 1940; it was 755 km/h.
The best known aviator in 1920s was Charles Linburgh who accompanied a non-stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927 in his single monoplane called the spirit of Saint Louis in 33 hours.
In 1920, the first scheduled passenger service was made between Amsterdam and England by KLM Dutch Airlines.
In 1930, the first pressurized plane was launched.
The most popular passenger plane at that time was the DC-3 built by Douglas Aircraft Company. It had a capacity of 30 people and moved at a speed of 320 km.

The jet engine.

The jet engine was invented by German engineers in 1939.the first jet powered airplane was the german Heinkel HE -178. The first practical jet fighter was the Lockheed P-8 developed in 1944.
During the post war period, the jet engines were put to commercial use.. For example, the Boeing 707 flight which was launched in 1958 in USA. The Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet which entered the market in 1970 can carry 375 passengers, 20 tonnes of freight and move at a speed of 900 km/h.
The Supersonic Loans Port (SST) is designed to fly at speeds of over 1180 km/h. the Russian TU-144 and the French – British Concorde are both SSTs and entered passenger market in 1972.

Helicopters.

It is a type of airplane which obtains its lift from a set of rotor blades rather than fixed wings. The first successful helicopter was made in 1907 when a French helicopter left the ground for a few seconds.
Germany made the first practical helicopter in 1936 while the United States Army unveiled its wartime helicopter in 1942.

Uses of helicopters.
Lighter- than-air-vehicles.

These include balloons relying on hot air and lighter than air gases like helium and hydrogen for lift.
Airships that combine lighter than air gas bags with propellers navigation were initially used for passenger traffic but their usage declined due to several fatal accidents. For example the disaster that befell the german airship, Hindenburg, in New Jersey in 1937.

The rocket engine.

Rocket engines use fuel. They carry chemicals which enable them to burn their fuel without air supply. The first rocket engine to be used was by a german manufacturer, Fritz von Opel in 1930. An American, R H Goddard also developed a modern rocket in Massachusetts in the USA.

Factors which encouraged the development of air transport.

a) The effect of the First World War- it increased demand of war planes-jet fighters and fighter planes flying over 600kph were manufactured.
b) The arms race and the cold war which also made many countries to acquire many planes.-fear , jealousy and competition based on ideological differences.
c) Desire for comfort among passengers and the need to transport perishables quickly.
d) Expansion of international trade and desire for more wealth.
e) Colonization and international migrations.
f) The expansion of the tourist industry.
g) Vast improvement in science and technology and growth of industries.

Results of air transport.

1) Air transport is a major global employer. The air transport industry directly generates 5.5 million jobs globally and contributes USD 408 billion to global GDP. It directly contributed USD 1,830 billion to world GDP in 2007 and generated 79 million direct jobs globally – 2.8% of total employment.
2) Air transport is an important facilitator of international trade, thereby promoting economic growth and development. Forecasts suggest that the global economy will become even more dependent on trade over the next decade. World trade is expected to nearly double, rising at more than twice the rate of global GDP growth, with China, India and emerging markets leading the way.
3) Air transport stimulates Tourism which makes a major contribution to the global economy. The air transport industry plays a major role in supporting tourism. Over 40% of international tourists now travel by air, up from 35% in 1990. At the same time, the WTTC estimates that foreign visitors account for just fewer than 25% of overall tourism spending around the world. This includes spending by business travelers, as well as those on leisure trips or visiting friends and relatives.
4) Air transport is a significant tax payer. Unlike other transport modes, the air transport industry directly pays for its own infrastructure costs. The user charges collected by airport operators pay both for the day-to-day services they provide to airlines and their customers, and also for the massive investment in runways, terminals and other infrastructure required for a modern, efficient air transport service. In addition, companies in the air transport industry make significant tax payments to national treasuries.
5) Air transport expands the range of consumer choices and opportunities to visit other countries and to experience new cultures.
6) Air transport delivers humanitarian aid. Air services play an essential role in humanitarian assistance to countries facing natural disasters, famine and war – through cargo deliveries, refugee transfers or the evacuation of people trapped by natural disasters. They are particularly important in situations where access is a problem – for example, ‘air drops’ are among the first response of aid agencies to stem a humanitarian crisis.
7) Air transport also plays a vital role in the rapid delivery of Medical supplies and organs for transplantation worldwide.
8) Air transport provides access to remote areas. Air transport provides access to remote areas where other transport modes are limited. Many essential services, such as food deliveries, hospitals, education and post, would not be available for people in such locations without air services. And residents would be isolated from family, friends and business contacts.
9) Air transport has improved security as soldiers can be flown to troubled areas. Aeroplanes are also used in espionage
10) Air transport has led to improvement f space exploration. Satellites are used to study objects in space such as stars and planets.
11) Air transport has promoted international cooperation and understanding. People from different countries can exchange ideas..
12) It has provides the fastest means of transport for passengers and goods thus increasing cultural and social exchange.
13) Aeroplanes are used to break hail in order to cause rain.
14) Plans and other aircraft have added to variety to sporting and entertainment. E.g the staging of fighter plane shows in public holiday celebration.
15) Aircraft has revolutionized warfare especially during the Second World War when countries began using panes in warfare.
16) International terrorism has been facilitated in the recent past by aeroplanes. Incidents of planes being hijacked are becoming common in the world today.
17) Air transport contributes to environmental pollution due to waste discharged by the burning fuel. Jets cause noise pollution.
18) Air transport has enhanced agriculture as planes are used to spray and dust insecticides on crops in the case of large scale farming. They are also used in quick delivery of perishable farm produce from horticultural farms.
19) Planes assist in fire fighting, inspecting fence lines and power cables and border patrol.
20) Aeroplanes are used in making aerial survey in cartography thus improving map making.
21) Air transport enhances wildlife management and conservation. Counting of animals by wildlife officers is one used planes.
22) In meteorology, air transport has enhanced weather survey.
23) Air transport sometimes leads to deaths of many people when fatal accidents occur. For example, the mid-air blow-up of the trans World Airline plane over the Atlantic ocean in July 1996, the 5th may 2007 crashing of a Nairobi –bound KQ 507 moments after leaving Duala international Airport in Cameroon killing 114 passengers.

Space exploration

This is the attempt by scientists to reach the heavenly bodies namely the stars and moon to learn more about them and their importance to man as a whole.
Space age refers to the period in which the exploration of space became possible. It began with the launch of the first artificial satellite in October 1957 by the soviet union- Sputnik.
The first human to go to space was a Russian Major Yuri Gagarin using Vostok I in April 1961. In the same year an American, John Glenn also went to space.
Neil Armstrong, an American Became the first man to land on the moon in July 1969 in his space craft, Apollo II. He was accompanied by Edwin E Aldrin Jr and Michael Collins. Many other have toured the moon since then.
Later on a space shuttle was built. The first space shuttle, Columbia, launched in 1981, carried two American astronauts, John W. Young and Robert L Crpens. In 1983, the space shuttle, challenger released a satellite into space. One of the crew members, Sally K Ride became the first woman astronaut to go to space.
In 1984, Kathryn D Sullivan became the first American woman to walk in space.
By 1988, there were 300 operating satellites in space while 1200 were not functioning.

Challenges facing space exploration.

a) Deadly hazards like cosmetics and solar radiation and micro meteorites dangerous to space craft.
b) Hostile natural environment which is unsuitable for human life making it very expensive.
c) Extreme temperatures and light intensities. Extreme darkness and brightness.

Such difficulties have been overcome through development of new tools and techniques for space navigation.
Importance of space exploration to man.

a) Spacecrafts continue to provide information about conditions in space in particular about the weather.
b) Reports derived from weather satellite can act as warning systems about impending storm.
c) It helps us to gain more knowledge about our planet earth. e.g. a scientific satellite known as Vanguard 1 sent back pictures, which showed that the earth was slightly pear-shaped.
d) Communication satellites like the Telstra and Relay have made it possible to send television programmes and telephone calls over much longer distances.
e) In 1965, the US achieved another momentous feat in space communication. The mariner4 in a deep space probe sent back pictures of mars that were taken as it passed the planet.
f) Some space exploration offers possibilities without limit. Planets themselves may have metals and other resources that men on earth need.
g) Information about outer space may make it possible to make rain and make long-range weather forecast more accurately than before.
h) Some scientists are optimistic that space research might make it possible for human beings to settle on some planets; so far, we are not very definite about this.
i) Humankind can benefit from medicine prepared under ideal conditions on the planet namely dust free and germ free medicine.
j) Space exploration enhances technological development.
k) It facilitates own understanding of the universe.
l) It leads to improved manufacture of aircrafts, telescope and related machines.
m) Contributed to development of advanced air force weapons.

Advances in transportation

Africa’s first high speed train system, the Gautrain, was officially lanced in Johannesburg on 8th June 2010 to connect the cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria with a 160 km/h rail service.

Effects of modern forms of transport.

a) It has made local and international trade more efficient. Trade in perishable goods such as flowers and vegetables have been expanded thanks to air transport.
b) Population migration and settlement all over the world has been encouraged using the means of transport.
c) It has facilitated the quick transfer of technology and ideas as people interact
d) It has made industries more efficient. Raw materials, industrial workers, and manufactured goods are transported to their destinations cheaply and quickly.
e) It has promoted tourist industry which is a major foreign exchange earner in many countries. Accessibility to tourist attraction sites has greatly improved.
f) It has generated employment opportunities to many as road constructers, drivers, pilots and mechanics.
g) It contributes additional revenue to the government. Countries charge toll fee, license fee and fuel levy
h) Air transport enhances space exploration.
i) Has contributed to the growth of the service sector like banking and insurance.
j) Transport has promoted humanitarian assistance particularly in disaster situations, e.g distribution of relief food, medical services and evacuations during catastrophes and wars.
k) It has led to growth of schools and hospitals and social amenities. In Kenya most schools and hospitals are located along transport routes.
l) It has led to agricultural development. Farmers have been able to increase food production since they can transport farm produce and inputs more efficiently and effectively.
m) It has stimulated the growth of urban centres. Towns such as London, Nairobi and Harare started off due to their location along transport roués. The towns have also grown due to their transport function.
n) Transport has enhanced political control in countries. National security has been enhanced due to accessibility of many areas of a nation.
o) Transport facilitated colonization of Africa and Asian countries. Railway systems helped them to conquer and suppress local resistances to facilitate easy administration.

Negative effects of transport.

a) Transport systems are responsible for many accidents in world leading to loss of lives. The Mtongwe ferry accident in Kenya claimed 257 lives in 1994; a plane crash in Ngong in 2012 killed the minister for internal security professor George Saitoti and six others.
b) Transport is responsible for environmental pollution. Different forms of transport emit poisonous gases to the atmosphere. Oil –tankers cause oil spills in the sea s leading to marine pollution.
c) Unless they complement each other, different forms of transport are unreliable. For example, water and railway transport have to be complemented by road transport.
d) The growth of international terrorism has been attributed to transport network.

KCSE History Topical Questions

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CHAPTER 8: NATIONAL INTEGRATION

17/12/2016

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What is National Integration?

Integration means unification into a whole. - The act of combining or bring together various parts in a way that makes them one. National integration refers to the process by which various components of a nation are brought together into a whole leading to national unity

Importance of National Integration

Why is National Integration a priority in Kenya?

(a) National integration Helps in social and economic development through enhanced national unity.
(b) It develops a sense of national direction, facilitating unified goals and co-operation.
(c) It enhances political stability and security by eliminating suspicion.
(d) Promotes peaceful c-existence of different tribes and races hence leading to peace and harmony.
(e) Promotes collective responsibility due to easier, more efficient and accurate communication.
(f) It enables a country to develop a sense of direction as national goals are communicated to the people in the spirit of national integration.
(g) It leads to achievement of easier, more accurate communication as the nation increases efforts of national integration.

Warning: Vicious Pictures

In the absense of integration and lack of goodwill, this is what happens

How do proponents of violence look like?

Factors that promote national unity in Kenya

a) The constitution. This is a set of rules agreed upon by a group of people who have chosen to live together. It provides for equality of all Kenyans before the law. It Guarantees equal opportunities to all Kenyans. It Provides protection to individuals against any form of discrimination/bill of rights. It Provides for a unitary government
b) Education. The curriculum aims at ensuring that pupils and students focus on issues that unite them. The integrated education system encourages the children to accept one another as Kenyans. Teaching of history in schools encourages unity. Religious studies taught in schools promote respect for the Supreme Being and fellow human beings. Music and drama festivals in schools promote unity among students.
c) One government. Our one government, with the three arms is recognized by each Kenyan as a body that runs the affairs of the nation.
d) The presidency. Kenya has one president despite the diversity in parties and tribes. The presidency unites Kenyans.
e) National language. The use of Kiswahili as the official language enables Kenyans to interact freely. Kiswahili became a national language in 1975. It helps overcome communication barriers and gives Kenyans a sense of belonging and identity
f) Economic growth. The government attempts to provide social amenities to Kenyans without bias. It has tried to achieve equitable distribution of economic resources. Urbanization promotes socialization and co-existence among Kenyans. There also the use of a common currency giving Kenyans a sense of nationhood. The policy of offering equal employment opportunities to all Kenyans has enabled Kenyans to work in various parts of the country where they interact freely.
g) National activities. National holidays remind Kenyans of their history. Agricultural shows enables different economic sectors display and advertize their goods. Games and sports promote unity as they bring together people of different communities for a common cause.
h) Mass media. The mass media in Kenya is instrumental in ensuring that information is disseminated to all at the same time. It enables Kenyans from all pats to contribute to national debates.
i) Symbols of National unity. National anthem promotes a sense of belonging among Kenyans and gives them an identity. Existence of the national flag symbolizes national unity.
j) The government encourages social, economic interaction among Kenyans e.g. through marriages, worship etc.

Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya

Impunity creates undisputed war mongers

a) Tribalism – this is the practice of favouring people who are from one’s own ethnic group in employment, admission to schools and allocation of resources. Others end up being discriminated against thus leading to hatred and enmity.
b) Nepotism –this is the practice of people favouring their relatives. This vice is similar to tribalism
c) The unequal distribution of resources causes animosity between those who are favoured and those who are not.
d) Political wrangles / Ethnic conflicts / clashes discourage co-operation among the citizens.
e) Corruption – asking for and offering of bribes to obtain and give services violates people’s rights to equal treatment. Corruption creates suspicion and hatred among people since those who cannot afford to bribe feel cheated and frustrated.
f) Discrimination on the basis of gender denies people the right to participate equally in national development.
g) Racism. This is discrimination on the basis of colour/ race. This creates hatred and suspicious among people. This was a common cause of disunity during the colonial days.
h) Religious conflicts. In Kenya, conflicts between the Muslims and Catholics in 2000 led to destruction of a catholic church in Nairobi. Intolerance of other people’s religions creates disunity.
i) Party membership. Multipartisma in Kenya has to some extend become a cause of disunity. The country regularly becomes polarized on party lines especially when we near general elections. Sometimes members of parties such as TNA, ODM, UDF, URP etc don’t see eye to eye during campaigns. There has also been discrimination on the basis of party membership.
j) Poverty. When people lack basic needs such as food, education, health, shelter and clothing, anti-social behaviour arise. For example stealing and violence. Criminal activities create fear and suspicion and therefore discourage national unity.
k) Ignorance. Lack of knowledge creates intolerance of other people’s views and lack of appreciation of the development taking place around. This may create unnecessary division.

History Paper 1 and 2 KCSE Past revision Papers

Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence

a) The government has developed national symbols like the flag, anthem, and the court of arms. These symbols have helped to identify us as one nation.
b) Immediately after independence the then only major opposition party, KADU was disbanded to have a single party system. However this did not work for long as multipartisma was inevitably reintroduced.
c) The government also set up a national curriculum in our educational institutions. This creates a sense of oneness despite the diversity.
d) Declaring Kiswahili a national language. In 1975, Kiswahili was made a national language of communication as a step towards curbing rampant tribalism. This has greatly assisted as Kenyans of different diversity can communicate.
e) Promotion and fostering Harambee spirit. This has led to Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups which have promoted national unity.
f) During the reign of president Moi the Nyayo philosophy of peace love and unity was introduced. It stressed the concept of being mindful of other people’s welfare. It is closely related to the principal of mutual social responsibility as embodied in African socialism.
g) A new constitution in Kenya was promulgated in august 2010. This constitution promises a lot of hope in terms of unity as it may be an important tool of fighting all vices that have discouraged unity. It also stresses equal rights for all.
h) The government has tried to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor through the creation of an equalization fund under the new constitution. Through this fund, development easily trickles down to reach the disadvantaged.
i) Abolition of racial schools hence enrolling students of different backgrounds in the same schools. /Ethnic balance in public institutions.
j) The teaching of history in schools has helped to create a sense of oneness as Kenyans realize that they share a common history.
k) Promotion of games, sports, drama and cultural activities. National games at school and college level have been a source of interaction. This is a way of developing a common culture in the country
l) The government has made use of media to propagate unity.
m) Abolition of ethnic organizations and groupings.
n) Promotion of national public service i.e. civil servants can serve anywhere in the country..

KCSE History Topical Questions

Conflict resolution

Presidency is supposed to unite Kenyans not dividing

Conflict refers to a situation in which people or groups are involved in serious disagreements, or disputes
Conflict resolution refers to the process of settling a dispute when it occurs

Levels of conflicts found in Kenya

a) Individual versus individual. This is where two people disagree for political, economic or social reasons.
b) Group versus group. This type of conflict involves one group against another also due to political, social and economic reasons.
c) Individual versus state. Such a conflict of an individual against the state may be political especially one feels his/her rights are being violated by the state.
d) State versus state. This is a case where a state is in disagreement with another state maybe over boundary like was the case between kenya and Uganda during the reign if Idi Amin dada
e) Group versus state. This may be caused by for example a trade union demanding the improvement of the terms and conditions of service of its members. For example the stand-off between KNUT and KUPPET on one hand and the government over harmonization of the salaries of teachers with those of civil servants in 2012 leading to a countrywide strike in September 2012.

The factors that cause conflict

Difference in views arising from background beliefs, social and political standing and values.
Economic differences. E.g. when consumers feel exploited by businessmen, when employees feel exploited by employers. Etc.
Political differences based on ideological orientation i.e. capitalism versus socialism.
Social differences, for example tribal clashes, religious conflicts, racial discrimination, age/sex differences.
Limited land/economic resources-unfair distribution of land, mineral resources, water resources, etc.

-social-and-economic-developments-during-the-colonial-period-in-kenya.html

Peaceful methods of conflict resolution

a) Diplomacy/negotiation. This is a dialogue between two warring parties in order to reach an agreement over a dispute. The following steps are followed in negotiation;

Fact finding- negotiation starts with finding out all the facts about the conflict that is to be solved. At this stage, the laws or guidelines to be followed are also looked at.
Discussion. During this stage, a friendly environment is cultivated to enable discussion of workable solutions. This is usually a give and take situation.
Reaching an agreement. The points of agreement reached should be fair to both parties with both feeling they have benefited. Each party should be willing to comprise for negotiation to succeed.

b) Arbitration –this is like an informal court where a neutral person (arbitrator) is chosen to resolve the dispute by listening to both sides and help them reach an acceptable decision.
Arbitration procedure;

a. Both sides involved in conflict presents their case as they know it to the arbitrator.
b. After listening to the complainant’s story, the arbitrator makes questions to clarify some aspects of the story. The other group may also seek clarification.
c. The second group then responds to the story by the first group by a representative. The arbitrator again asks questions for clarification.
d. On grounds of applicable rules, the arbitrator should consider the facts and then make a decision.
c) Mediation – a person who is not involved in the conflict tries to help the warring parties reach an amicable agreement. The parties involved must be willing to listen and come up with good ideas that can help them solve the disagreement.

Steps followed in mediation;

Step 1. The mediator explains the rules as a means of helping the two parties reach an agreement and not imposing a decision on them.
Step 2. Giving the two parties involved in the conflict chance to explain in their own words what the problem is. The Complainant explains first and then the defendant.
Step 3. The mediator, after listening, summarizes the stories from each party and also identifies the facts.
Step 4. The Mediator suggests the solutions and invites the two parties to give their opinions of the solutions proposed.
Step 5. Depending on the two parties’ reaction, the solution is looked at afresh and then an acceptable solution identified.
Step 6. The acceptable agreement reached is then written down and each party has to be committed to it.

d) Litigation. This is where one party takes the other to court and the court makes judgments that are bidding on both sides.
e) Legislation – where the parliament passes laws to control conflict.
f) Workshops – this is where conflicting parties talk in the presence of facilitators and tries to work out a resolution to the problem.
g) Arms inspection – the government in order to build confidence and prevent misunderstanding between warring parties carries it out.

Negative methods of conflict resolution

a. Subjugation (use of war)
b. Avoiding responsibility and refusing to accept defeat
c. Appeasement/compromise.

Under what circumstances violent method may be used in resolving conflict?

a. When law and order is broken and the alternative is the use of force
b. In case of serious social unrest
c. Striking students or workers, street mobs and bandits

ways-of-fighting-against-corruption-in-the-country-today.html

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CHAPTER 7: CITIZENSHIP

16/12/2016

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What is citizenship?

This refers to the legal right of a person to belong to a particular country. A Kenyan citizen is a person who has the legal right to belong, live and do freely all that has to do with their life in Kenya.

Becoming a Kenyan Citizen

Ways in which Kenyan citizenship can be acquired.

By birth.
By registration

1. Citizenship by birth
The following are the Ways through which citizenship by birth is acquired in Kenya.

a) A person is a citizen by birth if on the day of the person’s birth, whether or not the person is born in Kenya, either the mother or father of the person is a citizen.
b) A child found in Kenya who is, or appears to be, less than eight years of age, and whose nationality and parents are not known, is presumed to be a citizen by birth.
c) A person who is a Kenyan citizen by birth and who has ceased to be a Kenyan citizen because the person acquired citizenship of another country, is entitled on application to regain Kenyan citizenship.

2. Citizenship by registration
Conditions for qualification to apply for Citizenship by registration are as follows:

a) If a person has been married to a Kenyan citizen for a period of at least seven years.
b) If A person who has been lawfully resident in Kenya for a continuous period of at least seven years applies to be registered.
c) If a child who is not a citizen, is adopted by a citizen and applies to be registered.
d) Citizenship may be granted to individuals who are citizens of other countries that allow Kenyans citizenship in their countries.

One can become a citizen of Kenya by birth or by Registration

Revocation of citizenship

The revocation of citizenship by registration may happen under the following circumstances.

a) If a person acquired citizenship by fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact.
b) If the person has, during any war in which Kenya was engaged, unlawfully traded or communicated with an enemy or been engaged in or associated with any business that was knowingly carried on in such a manner as to assist an enemy in that war.
c) If the person has, within five years after registration, been convicted of an offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of three years or longer.
d) If a person has, at any time after registration, been convicted of treason, or of an offence for which a penalty of at least seven years imprisonment may be imposed

Citizenship by birth may be revoked under the following circumstance

a) If the citizenship was acquired by fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact by any person.
b) If the nationality or parentage of the person becomes known, and reveals that the person was a citizen of another country.
c) If the age of the person becomes known, and reveals that the person was older than eight years when found in Kenya.

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The concept of “Dual citizenship”.

A citizen by birth does not lose citizenship by acquiring the citizenship of another country.

Rights and responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen.

Human rights
Human rights refers to the accepted principles of fairness and justice- or the universal moral rights that belong equally to all people in their capacity as human beings.
Components of human rights.
Every human right must fulfill these three fundamental conditions;

a) Condition of life, which is necessary for development of human personality
b) A Social character (since it presupposes existence of other members of the society)
c) It must be enjoyed equally by all members of the society.

The constitution of Kenya contains the rights of the individuals and special groups such as children, the youth and people with disabilities. It gives the state the responsibility of guaranteeing these rights. The rights are contained in chapter 4 of the current constitution under the bill of rights. This chapter is not merely an integral part of the constitution of Kenya; it is the fundamental basis for the establishment of the state.
Human rights and fundamental freedoms are recognized and protected in the constitution because they preserve the dignity of individuals and communities, and promote social justice
The rights and freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights.
1. Right to life.

Life begins at conception and no child should be deprived of life deliberately. Abortion is not therefore permitted unless occasioned by the need for emergency treatment or life of the mother is in danger.
People who attempt to commit suicide are also punishable on the strength of their right

Limitations of the right to life

A court of law can sentence one to death if found guilty of an offence punishable by death

Instances when the right to life may be taken away;

When one is defending one’s life or country as is the case during war.
When defending one’s property against violent attack.
When a law enforcement officer’s life is endangered, for example when apprehending armed criminals.

2. Equality and freedom from discrimination

Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. This means that both men and women are equal before the law. Any form of discrimination is illegal and is prohibited in the constitution.

3. Human dignity

Every person’s dignity should be respected and protected. One must not ridicule or embarrass other members of society.

4. Freedom and security of a person.

This right protects a person from being detained without a good reason and without trial. No person will be subjected to physical or psychological torture, corporal punishment or cruel and inhuman treatment.
Each citizen must also protect the freedom and security of others. It is unlawful for one to subject his or her spouse to either psychological or physical abuse.

5. Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labour.

No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour. Every employer should treat his or her employees with dignity and not to force them to work.

6. Right to privacy.

Every person has a right NOT to have him or herself, his or her property searched, or his or her possessions seized. Not revealing a person’s family or private affairs unnecessarily or private communications interfered with.

Exceptions to this right;

The law allows police officers, tax inspectors and other government agents to search private homes or business premises for purpose of health inspection, tax collection or any other officially sanctioned reason.

7. Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition.

Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities

Responsibility;

Those demonstrating must not interfere with peace of others for example through harassment of motorists and property destruction.

8. Political rights

Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the activities of, a political party.
Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free` expression of the will of the electors for any elective public body or office
Every adult citizen has the right, without unreasonable restrictions, to be registered as a voter; to vote by secret ballot in any election or referendum and to be a candidate for public office, or office within a political party and, if elected, to hold office.

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Responsibility

It is illegal to prevent other people from participating in elections, buy votes etc.

9. Freedom of movement and residence

Citizens have a right to free movement and ownership of property in any part of the country.

Responsibility;

Citizens should not obstruct efforts of any citizen to move freely and reside and own property in any part of the country.

10. Economic and social rights

Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care.
Every person has the right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation.
Every person has the right to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality.
Every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. Every person has the right to social security
Every person has the right to education.
A person shall not be denied emergency medical treatment.
The State must provide appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants.

NB-it is on the strength of this right that the government is providing free primary education.
Responsibility.

Every citizen must pay tax.

11. Consumer rights

Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality.
Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services.
Consumers have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests. Consumers have the right to compensation for loss or injury arising from defects in goods or services.

Responsibility.

It is one’s responsibility to question the quality of goods and services being offered, to enable one get value for money.
The traders and other service providers have a responsibility to provide quality goods and services to fellow citizens.
They should give truthful information when advertising their products.

12. Right to fair labour practices.

Every worker has a right to fair labour practices like fair remuneration, reasonable working conditions, the right to join or practice in trade union activities and the right to go on strike. Every employer has a right to join an employers’ association and participate in its programmes and activities

Responsibility.

One must respect the right to fair labour practices of one’s employees
Employees on the other hand must conduct themselves responsibly, even during strikes, to avoid causing physical injury to innocent people, or destroying property.

13. Right to clean and healthy environment.
Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment. It is our duty to ensure that the environment is protected for the benefit of present and future generations. The following are the obligations set by the government in order to achieve a clean and healthy environment.

a) Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment
b) Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten percent of the land area of Kenya.
c) Encourage public participation in management, protection and conservation of the environment.
d) Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment.
e) Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment.
f) Utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
g) Protect and enhance intellectual property and indigenous knowledge of biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities.
Responsibility.

Every person has a responsibility to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development, and use of natural resources.
14. Freedom of conscience, religion, belief and opinion.

Every person, whether individually or as a group, has freedom to manifest any religion or belief through worship, practice, teaching or observance, including observance of day of worship. One cannot be denied employment or educational opportunity because of belonging to a particular religion or because of one’s belief or religion. A person cannot be forced to engage in any act that goes against his or her belief or religion.

Responsibility.

Every citizen must be careful not to infringe upon this freedom

15. Freedom of expression.

This guarantees all Kenyans the freedom to seek, receive or impart ideas or information. It also guarantees freedom of artistic creativity, academic freedom, and freedom to conduct scientific research

Responsibility.

In the exercise of this freedom, everyone is called upon to respect the rights and reputation of others. He/she should not spread propaganda with the intention t provoke others to war or to violence.
It is unlawful to engage in hate speech.

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16. Freedom of media.

The freedom and independence of the media is guaranteed. The state should not interfere with the media.

Responsibility.

The media industry should report impartially and avoid inciting members of the public. The media should provide fair opportunity for the presentation of divergent views and dissenting opinions

17. Access to information.

Every person has a right to access information held by the state, or by others, which may be required for the protection of any right or fundamental freedom. The state is expected to make public any important information affecting the nation.
Every person has a right to the correction or deletion of untrue or misleading information that affects the person.

Responsibility.

A person should not misrepresent the information accessed, or misuse it for selfish gain. It is also illegal to sell public information for monetary gain.

18. Freedom of association.

Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing.

19. Protection of the right to property.

Every person is entitled to own property either individually or as a group, in any part of the country. However the property has to be legally acquired.
This right provides all Kenyans a fair opportunity to invest in property and thus, prosper.

Responsibility.

All citizens must respect this right. It is unlawful for one to deprive a person of his or her property without good reason.
The state, in acquiring privately owned property must ensure adequate compensation granted promptly and in full
The state has an obligation to respect the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya.

20. Right to language and culture.

Every person has the right to use a language, and embrace the culture of the person’s choice.
Every person has the right to form or join cultural groups.
Every person is also protected from being forced to join any such group.
Each linguistic group is free to use their language, practice their culture, and form associations and other organs of the civil society.
It is unacceptable to force another person to perform, observe or undergo any cultural practice or rite.

Responsibility.

This right should not be used to undermine national unity.
Other citizens should be allowed the freedom to enjoy diverse culture, including members of one’s own family.

21. Right to family.

An adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free consent of the parties. Parties to such a union enjoy equal rights. Both parties have a responsibility to respect the rights of their spouses during marriage and even in the event of its dissolution.
It is wrong to deny one’s spouse access to marital property after separation or divorce.
The constitution also recognizes marriages conducted under traditional, religious, personal or family law. Marrying of underage persons and forced marriages are outlawed in the constitution.

22. Fair administrative action.

Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices.

Responsibility.

The officers of the state have a responsibility to accord every person fair administrative action The right requires that a person be given written reasons for any administrative action that will adversely affect a right or freedom of the person.

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23. Access to justice.

Everybody should access justice and a reasonable fee will be charged to enhance this, if required. If this is not free, many people will not access justice which will continue to be a preserve of the rich people.

Responsibility.

Everybody has a responsibility to facilitate fair play and access to justice for all. Any action aimed at blocking justice is unlawful and invites punishment. For example, shielding criminals or attempting to bribe law enforcement officers to prevent them from arresting a criminal. Aiding a criminal to evade arrest, concealing criminal acts; and lying to help culprits evade punishment.

24. Right of arrested persons.
An arrested person has;

a) The right to be informed promptly in a language that the person understands of the reason for arrest, the right to remain silent and he consequences of not remaining silent.
b) The right to remain silent. – The right of a person to choose to talk or to remain silent.
c) The right to communicate with an advocate and other persons whose assistance is necessary (freedom of speech with all those who will assist him or her in the case.)
d) The right of not being compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against the person.
e) The right t be held separately from persons serving a sentence ( should not be held in prisons alongside those already convicted)
f) To be brought to court as soon as reasonably possible, as but not later than twenty four hours after being arrested.
g) To be charged or be informed of the reason for the extension of detention or release, at the first court appearance.
h) To be released on bond or bail, on reasonable conditions, pending a charge or trial, unless there are compelling reasons as to why one cannot be released.

25. Fair hearing.
Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights;

a) To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise.
b) To be informed of the charges.
c) To have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence.
d) To a public trial before a court.
e) To have the trial begin and be concluded with few delays.
f) To be present when being tried.
g) To be represented by an advocate and be informed of this right immediately. Depending on the circumstances, the accused may be assigned an advocate by the state and at the state’s expense.
h) To remain silent and not testify during the proceedings.
i) To be informed in advance, of the evidence the prosecution intends to present, and to have reasonable access to that evidence.
j) To challenge the evidence.
k) To refuse to give self-incriminating evidence.
l) To have the assistance of an interpreter if the accused person cannot understand the language used in the trial.
m) If convicted, to appeal, or apply for review by a higher court.

Responsibility.

a. The accused person has the responsibility of obeying instructions of the court.
b. They must behave well in court and outside the court
c. They should respect the rights of the accusers as well as their advocates.
d. Accused persons should behave as the law spells out while awaiting the verdict of the court. Whatever the verdict, they should abide by the law.

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26. Rights of persons detained, held in custody or imprisoned.

A person, who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned under the law, retains all rights and fundamental freedoms in the bill of rights. Except those that are impractical and inapplicable under the circumstances.
A person who is detained or held in custody is entitled for an order Habeas Corpus- This is a law that states that a person who has been arrested should not be kept in prison longer than a particular period of time unless a judge in a court has decided that it is right. It is the right of the person who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned to be treated in a humane manner.

Responsibility.

All citizens have a responsibility to ensure that the rights of those detained, held in custody or imprisoned are respected. For example the judicial staff, prison staff and the police should respect the constitutional rights of all persons without discrimination.

Fundamental rights that might not be limited;

a. Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
b. Freedom from slavery or servitude.
c. The right to a fair trial.
d. The right to an order of habeas corpus

Rights enjoyed by Children in Kenya

a) Every child has the right to a name and nationality from birth
b) Every child has the right to free and compulsory basic education.
c) Every child has the right to basic nutrition, shelter and health care.
d) Every child has the right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour.
e) Every child has the right to parental care and protection, which includes equal responsibility of the mother and father to provide for the child, whether they are married to each other or not.
f) Every child has the right not to be detained, except as a measure of last resort, and when detained, to be held for the shortest appropriate period of time.
g) Every child has the right to separate from adults and in conditions that take account of the child’s sex and age.
h) Every child has the right to a child’s best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child.

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Rights enjoyed by Persons with disabilities in Kenya

(a) A person with any disability is entitled to be treated with dignity and respect and to be addressed and referred to in a manner that is not demeaning. A person with any disability is entitled
(b) A person with any disability is entitled to access educational institutions and facilities for persons with disabilities that are integrated into society to the extent compatible with the interests of the person.
(c) A person with any disability is entitled to reasonable access to all places, public transport and information.
(d) A person with any disability is entitled to use Sign language, Braille or other appropriate means of communication.
(e) A person with any disability is entitled to access materials and devices to overcome constraints arising from the person’s disability.

Rights of the Youth in Kenya

(a) Right to access relevant education and training.
(b) Right to have opportunities to associate, be represented and participate in political, social, economic and other spheres of life.
(c) Right to access employment.
(d) Youths are protected from harmful cultural practices and exploitation.

Rights of Minorities and marginalized groups in Kenya

a) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to participate and are represented in governance and other spheres of life.
b) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to be provided special opportunities in educational and economic fields.
c) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to be provided special opportunities for access to employment.
d) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to develop their cultural values, languages and practices.
e) Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to reasonable access to water, health services and infrastructure.

Rights of older members of society in Kenya

a) Right to fully participate in the affairs of society.
b) Right to pursue their personal development.
c) Right to live in dignity and respect and be free from abuse.
d) Right to receive reasonable care and assistance from their family and the State.

Circumstances, which may force the Kenya government to limit the freedoms and rights of an individual

a) Conviction of murder by a court of law limits the right to life
b) When planning for a criminal activity one loses the freedom of movement/liberty
c) When government develops a place one loses the freedom to own property
d) Freedom of worship is denied if one uses it to undermine the government /create disunity
e) Freedom of assembly can be limited if internal security is threatened
f) Personal liberty can be denied if one has an infectious disease e.g. rift valley fever

Other responsibilities of a citizen

a) Every person has a responsibility to contribute to positive development in the country by working hard and honestly, irrespective of the type of work or profession one is in.
b) Every citizen is expected to participate in the democratic process. One has the moral responsibility to vote and even present him/herself to be voted for provided he/she fulfils all the requirements of the position.
c) A responsible citizen should actively contribute views on matters affecting the community. This includes taking Part in national debates.
d) A responsible citizen must be mindful of other peoples’ welfare. For example guiding visitors, assisting the disabled, the aged, children, as well as the less fortunate members of the society in ways in which they need the assistance.
e) A good citizen should report law breakers, and even those suspected of having intentions to break the law to the relevant authorities.
f) A responsible citizen should ensure proper utilization of public and private facilities including toilets, water points, post offices, public telephone Booths etc.
g) A responsible citizen must maintain high moral and ethical standards. One must refrain from telling lies.

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Values of good citizenship -
Values and principles of governance in Kenya.

a) Patriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people.
b) Human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-discrimination and protection of the marginalized.
c) Good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability.
d) Sustainable development.

Values of good citizenship

a) A good citizen has a duty to be patriotic to the country. He/she should be ready to place the interests of the country above one’s own selfish interests. One should volunteer for a national cause, for example engaging in freedom from hunger walk, helping victims of disasters, volunteering to help the country in times of war and using talents such a sports and music achieve personal goals and to promote the country.
b) A good citizen must take part in activities that foster national unity including economic activities such as agriculture and trade which boost the economy.
c) A good citizen participates in democratic process either by volunteering themselves to be elected, or by taking part in electing of leaders at national or county levels.
d) A good citizen maintains and protects human dignity. He/she has an obligation to dissuade people from engaging in acts that deprive others of their human dignity such as mob justice.
e) A good citizen observes equity by respecting the interests of every citizen, regardless of race, ethnicity or age.
f) A good citizen respects social justice. A person who protests against the grabbing of public land and destruction of the environment such as Wangari Maathai demonstrates good citizenship.
g) A good citizen respects inclusiveness in society. He/she does not ignore any member of society in making of decisions on matters affecting all citizens
h) A good citizen respects equality of all citizens
i) A good citizen respects human rights. he/she not only respects his /her right but also the rights of others in society
j) A good citizen is expected to ensure that there is no discrimination against any member or section of the population to ensure the protection of the marginalized in the society.
k) Good citizenship entails support for good governance. He/she has a duty to pay taxes to the government so that it can generate the revenue required to finance activities for the benefit of all.
l) A good citizen has an obligation to maintain a high level of integrity in society. H/she should desist from corrupt practices and even report such acts to relevant authorities.
m) A good citizen has a duty to maintain transparency and accountability. Public servants should be accountable for their actions and maintain high level of transparency.
n) A good citizen supports government by taking part in projects that ensure sustainable development in the country- through participation in environment friendly projects.

Importance of being a good citizen

a) Being a good citizen promotes peace and stability hence development.
b) A good citizen promotes law and order hence enjoyment of rights and freedoms.
c) Good citizenship promotes cordial relationship and social peace.
d) It reduces government expenditure on security organs necessary for maintaining law and order.
e) It promotes the good name of a country hence encourages tourism which is important for our development.
f) It curbs against social vises like corruption, nepotism or tribalism since a good citizen can not indulge in such activities.
g) It promotes good relationship with neighbors.

KCSE History Topical Questions

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CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA

13/12/2016

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Introduction

Christian missions were organized efforts to spread the Christian faith for the purpose of extending religious teaching at home or abroad.
Their coming of Christian missionaries to East Africa and Africa in general was based on a number of motives which were humanitarian, economic, political and social in nature.
The Portuguese were the first to introduce Christianity to the east African coast in the 15th c. this attempt however had little success.
By the 19th century, a number of missionary groups worked in East Africa and these included;
1. The Church Missionary Society
2. The Holy Ghost Fathers
3. The University Missionary Society to Central Africa
4. The White Fathers
5. The Methodist Fathers
6. The Mill Hill Fathers
7. The London Missionary Society

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA

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Reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries in East Africa

a) The missionaries had the ambition to spread Christianity to the people of East Africa. This would be through preaching and teaching the holy gospel so that many would get converted to Christianity.
b) They wanted to fight against slave trade in East Africa. Earlier travelers like John Speke and James Grant, H.M. Stanley, Dr. David Livingstone and others had reported about the evils of slave trade in East Africa.
c) They wanted to check on the spread of Islam in East Africa from the coast with intentions of converting many to Christianity.
d) Some missionaries came because they had been invited by certain African chiefs, For example, Mutesa I of Buganda wrote a letter through H.M Stanley inviting missionaries to Buganda.
e) They came to establish legitimate trade in East Africa. They, for instance wanted to trade in items like glass, cloths, etc. as Dr. Livingstone told Cambridge University students, “I go back to Africa to make an open pass for commerce and Christianity…..” Similarly, his speech in 1857 emphasized the unity between Christianity and Commerce.
f) The missionaries also loved to adventure and explore the interior of East Africa. For example Dr. John Ludwig Kraft of CMS is said to have been the first European to see Mt. Kenya while Johann Redman was the first to see Mt. Kilimanjaro.
g) They had a mission to clear the way for the colonization of East Africa. The missionaries were tasked by their home governments to preach ideas of love, respect, brotherhood, forgiveness, tolerance and non violence so that when the colonialists come, they would meet less resistance from the East Africans.
h) It’s also argued that missionaries wanted to “civilize” East Africans. They argued that they came to stop some of the barbaric acts and customs e.g. Female Genital Mutilation among the Kikuyu in Kenya, human sacrifices and the practice of killing twins.
i) The information they gave about important places like the source of the Nile, fertile soils, river falls and the climate all attracted the missionaries into East Africa. Early contacts by travelers like Stanley, Speke and Grant, among others encouraged missionaries to come.
j) The expulsion of some of the missionaries from other parts of Africa led them into East Africa. For example Johann Ludwig Kraft and Johann Redman are said to have been expelled from Ethiopia around 1842 before they chose to relocate to East Africa.

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Missionary Activities in East Africa

The pioneer missionaries in East Africa were the Church Missionary Society led by the Germans John Krapt and Johann Rebmann who arrived in East Africa around 1844 and 1846 respectively. Krapt arrived and established a mission station at Rabai.
When they realized they were not making any great impact at the coast, the two moved into the interior visiting the Akamba and Taita. The CMS set up stations in Taita and taveta.
They were the first Europeans to see Mount Kilimanjaro in 1847. Krapt discovered the source of riverTana and was the first European to see Mount Kenya in 1849.
In 1949, Jacob Erhardt, a Germany explorer joined them and became the first European to draw a crude map of east Africa fro then stories he heard from traders.
In 1862, the united Methodist Church led by Thomas Wakefield arrived from Britain and settled at the coast. They established a station at Rabai. They also set up mission stations at Jomvu and Lamu. They were able to convert some people among the Mijikenda.
In 1863, the University Mission Society to Central Africa moved to Zanzibar where a mission was started from Re-union and later to Bagamoyo. Cardinal Lavigerie’s formation of the White
Fathers Mission in Algeria (1863) extended to other parts of Africa.
In 1875, Freetown Mission a centre for freed slaves was established. By 1889, about 1400 slaves had settled in Freetown.
In 1877, the Church Missionary Society mission arrived in Buganda while the white fathers arrived in 1879.
In 1891, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland arrived in Kenya and began their work at Kibwezi in Machakos
In 1898, the Church of Scotland Mission arrived at Kikuyu and set up a mission station at Thogoto. Members of the African Inland Church from the United States of America established their station at Nzaui in Machakos. They then spread to Kijabe, Nandi, Kabarnet and Nyakach in Nyanza.
The catholic missionary societies, like the Holy Ghost Fathers and the Consolata Fathers arrived in Zanzibar but later moved to Mombasa in 1890. They advanced interior and founded stations among the Akamba and among the Agikuyu towards the end of the Century.
The Holy Ghost fathers established a station at St Austin’s near Nairobi in 1899 while the Consolata fathers from Italy opened a station in Nyeri in 1907 The Mill Hill Fathers reached Kenya from Uganda.
In 1902, the Friends Missions arrived at Kaimosi. By 1914 there were many missionary societies working in western Kenya. For example, the Seventh Day Adventists, the Quakers (Friends Mission) and the Church of God Mission.
The roles of these missionaries varied enormously depending on the colonial context and their relations with the colonial authorities.

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Missionaries in Tanganyika

The missionaries here enjoyed the support of the sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Said.
At Zanzibar, the Roman Catholic missionaries began to follow the lead of CMS in taking interest in East Africa. The CMS began a freed slave centre at Freetown in 1875 where the freed slaves were taught Christianity and formal education. The slave villages later became Christian outposts. The CMS finally reached Uganda in 1879 where they were later joined by the White Fathers from Tabora and Ujiji.
In 1863, a group of missionaries from the Holy Ghost Fathers arrived from Reunion where they had been working among freed slaves and began their work in Zanzibar. They also began a freed slave settlement at Bagamoyo. By 1885, they had set up five villages that were to act as Christian outposts
Missionary work in Tanganyika was motivated by the reports given by Dr, David Livingstone on the horrors of slave trade.
In 1863, the University Mission Society to Central Africa under Bishop Tozer moved to Zanzibar where a mission was started from Re-union and later to Bagamoyo.
Dr.Livingstone of UMCA also worked I Ujiji in 1871 where he met with Henry Morton Stanley, a journalist who had been sent to look for him.
In 1875, the London Missionary Society set up a mission post around Lake Tanganyika.

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Missionaries in Uganda

The pioneer missionaries were the members of the CMS based in Tabora, Tanganyika.
The first protestant missionaries were sent from England in 1876 after a letter that was sent by
Henry Morton Stanley confirming Kabaka Mutesa I’s invitation. They came in through Tabora and Usukuma and reached Rubaga, mutesa’s capital in 1877 where they set up a church.
In 1879, the Roman Catholic Missionaries and White Fathers followed also from Tabora ad Kibanga.
The Protestants and Catholics were supported by Kabaka Mwanga though he did not want them to work outside the capital and beyond the royal family. This arrangement did not favour Missionary work in Uganda.
Soon there ensued rivalry between the Catholics and protestants. The kabaka had also embraced Muslims and African traditionalists to the level of generating the infamous religious and political conflicts that rocked the kingdom eventually leading to its colonization. Missionary work expanded upto lake Nyasa. For example the Scottish Mission of the Livingstone Mission and the church of Scotland Mission set upstatations around lake Nyasa in 1876.

CRE NOTES AND SYLLABUS

Activities of Christian missionaries in East Africa

The following were the activities carried out by the Christian missionaries in East Africa.

a) Missionaries carried out evangelization. They tried to convert and baptize many people into Christianity from their paganism and Islam.
b) Christian missionaries carried out linguistic research and came up with new developments in language. Dr Kraft for example translated the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and grammar hence making it easy for people to understand the Bible more.
c) The Christian missionaries built many churches in East Africa many of which are still in existence. They for example set up a church at Zanzibar, Rubaga and Rabai missionary station near Mombasa. This enhanced evangelization into the local population.
d) They carried out exploration work into the discovery of various East African physical features. For example, Kraft was the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849 while Rebmann was the first to European see Kilimanjaro in 1848.
e) Christian missionaries set up stations for free rehabilitation services for example in 1868 the Holy Ghost Fathers set up a home for the free slaves at Zanzibar.
f) Christian missionaries participated in skill development in East Africa. They for example participated in modernizing Agriculture and carpentry by setting up agricultural institutions and carpentry workshops for training.
g) Christian missionaries were also influential in establishing educational institutions and training efficient class of African clergy (catechists) who were close and more understandable to the local communities. This helped and enhanced the propagation of faith.
h) Christian missionaries were at times involved in political processes that were beyond
spiritual jurisdiction. They for example participated in the overthrow of Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda. They also acted as front runners in the colonization process.

reasons-as-to-why-man-is-considered-the-most-special-creation-of-god.html

Reasons for the success of missionary work in East Africa

a) The missionaries faced no strong opposition from any religion. Islam was only greatly dominant at the coast.
b) The evils of slave trade made East Africans welcome missionaries as liberators. Their campaign against slave trade won them much support from different tribes in East Africa.
c) The support they got from some of the local chiefs and kings led to their success. For instance, the sultan of Zanzibar gave them immense support. Mutesa I of Buganda and Mirambo of Nyamwezi all gave them protection as well as rights to do their work in their territories.
d) The earlier explores helped to map out potential areas of East Africa for smooth missionary work. For instance, H.M Stanley had identified Buganda as a hospitable community for the missionaries and they were later welcomed by the Kabaka of Buganda in 1877.
e) The support missionaries got from their home governments led them to success. This was inform of finance and physical manpower for instance colonial governments gave protection to the missionaries whenever they were challenged by local chiefs or other threats. For instance Captain Lugard supported the Protestants in the religious wars in Buganda.
f) Some missionary groups sought for alliances with African chiefs. Such treaties of friendship made their work easy since the chiefs would call on their subjects to take on the missionary teachings.
g) The missionaries’ efforts to translate the bible into several local languages helped them succeed for example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and a Grammar book.
h) The missionaries also received the support of African converts in spreading the Gospel. Converts could now teach in their mother tongue and therefore overcame the language barrier.
i) The industrial revolution had provided such technology like the printing press which made printing of bibles and other academic work easy.
j) Their efforts in life saving services like medical care (Quinine) won them great admiration among the people of East Africa that few were ready to oppose them. The discovery of quinine also facilitated their work as it cured tropical diseases.
k) The missionaries’ practical skills enabled them to survive even when their supplies from home delayed. They for instance adopted agriculture as soon as they settled anywhere. This ensured steady supply of food.
l) The building of the Kenya Uganda railway greatly encouraged missionary work in the interior. The missionaries could now travel between the coast and the interior.
m) Political stability in East Africa favoured missionary work because missionaries could settle.
n) The emergence of the African independent church movement boosted the spread of Christianity. African initiatives to Africanize Christianity encouraged its growth in East Africa..
o) The death of Dr. David Livingstone in 1873 and other earlier missionaries increased the determination by many groups to see missionary work succeed in Africa, and East Africa in particular. E.g. the London news paper wrote after his death, “the work for Africa must hence forth begin in earnest where Livingstone left it off.”
p) Establishment of resettlement centers for freed slaves e.g. at Bagamoyo and Frere townnear Mombasa where skills like carpentry, and agriculture were taught. Such communities thus looked at missionary work as “a life- saving mission”

cre-review-questions-1.html

Problems faced by missionaries in East Africa

Christian missionaries in East Africa were faced with various problems which clipped their activities at times. These include:
a) They faced the problem of language barrier. This was because East Africa had a multiplicity of languages hence rendering communication between the missionaries and the local people very difficult.
b) There was a problem of the influence of Islam. Arabs being the first group of people to arrive at the coast and interior had deep rooted Islam into the people thus making it difficult for the people to easily adopt Christianity. For example, by the time Sir Edward Frere arrived in East Africa (1873) Rebmann had only 6 converts.
c) Existence of tropical diseases was yet another problem faced by the Christian missionaries. Tropical diseases like malaria, small pox, claimed many missionary lives thus making progress in their activities very difficult since they could be left very few in numbers.
d) Another hardship was caused by geographical barriers. These included hilly areas, rivers, lakes and forests. These hindered their free movement to various places thus a threat to their activities.
e) Divisions and quarrels between various missionary groups for example Catholics versus Protestants was a hindrance to their activities. This could create divisions and biases among the believers thus weakening their capacity to convert more converts.
f) Poor transport was a hindrance to the missionary activities in East Africa. This was due to undeveloped roads at the time to help in the movement of missionaries from one place to another.
g) Presence of hostile tribes in East Africa was also a problem that faced Christian missionaries. The Nandi and Maasai who believed that strangers were not supposed to pass via their land could attack and kill many missionaries thereby reducing their numbers compared to the increasing number of converts.
h) The presence of wild animals was also a threat to the missionary activities in East Africa. Man enters in Tsavo National Park consumed and threatened many whites. This clipped their activities at times.
i) The missionaries faced the problem of lack of supplies. They for example lacked enough money, accommodation and drugs. This was because they originated from very far (Europe) thus making it difficult for them to have full time and constant supplies. Such put their lives at risk and could sometimes lead to death.
j) The Christian missionaries faced the problem of stiff contradiction and rivals between European missionaries and traditional Africans. Customs like polygamy, satanic worship, etc were deep rooted into African communities which proved a threat for the missionaries to successfully uproot them.
k) The missionaries made their work difficult by involving in politics and judicial systems which were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. Local leaders could misinterpret them as political rivals and organize their masses for resistance against missionary activities.

KCSE History Topical Questions

Effects of missionaries in East Africa

(a) They spread Christianity and baptized many converts. Catechists were also trained who helped in the spread of Christianity for example, in Kenya by 1911 many people had been converted and many cathedrals and churches were built like the Kikuyu churches (Charismatic Arathi or spirit churches.)
(b) African religious beliefs, culture and traditions were despised and demoralized for example the birth and murder of twins, human sacrifice.
(c) They established hospitals and clinics which offered modern medicine plus research in tropical diseases like malaria, small pox, yellow fever and sleeping sickness which had claimed many lives. For example, the Mission Hospitals at Rabai, Thogoto, Kaimosi e.t.c. Dr Albert Cook built Mengo hospital.
(d) They introduced the European system of management and styles of dress and architecture which have been adopted by many people in East Africa today.
(e) They put to an end the inter-tribal or inter-village wars and established a stable and peaceful society under one faithful leader (centralization).
(f) They studied African languages and translated the Bible into various languages. For example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili, Bishop Edward Steere based in Zanzibar learnt and studied Swahili and translated books from English to Swahili, published the New Testament and the entire Bible in 1891.
(g) They established printing presses like Marianum press and published newspapers.
(h) They opened up primary and secondary schools as well as training collages for teachers and trade schools for craftsmen e.g. Alliance High School, Kisubi Vocational School. In the technical schools, carpentry and brick laying skills were obtained.
(i) A new class of elite emerged. Africans educated mainly in English and French emerged, these later served as doctors, lawyers, clerks, teachers, catechists, agriculturalists and priests who played a great role of spreading Christianity. For example, in 1890, Africans were ordained as priests of the University Mission to Central Africa in Tanganyika.
(j) They paved way for the improvement of agriculture through establishing experimental farms and plantations where new crops, better methods of farming and equipment were introduced for example cotton was introduced by Kenneth Boroup in 1903 and Africans were taught how to use a plough and how to grow coffee.
(k) Missionaries improved communication and transport which in turn led to the opening up of the hinterland of Africa. The building of strong boats and ships gave Europeans courage to travel far from home.
(l) Missionaries destroyed local industries like craft industry e.g. blacksmiths, pottery work were all destroyed and replaced with European products e.g. manufactured items like cups, saucepans, etc.
(m) They contributed to the rise of nationalism. This was made possible through education where the African elite emerged and started demanding for independence e.g. Tom Mboya, Obote, Nyerere, and Kenyatta.
(n) They fought slave trade which was later abolished and equality and liberty for all was encouraged in East Africa.
(o) Mission stations were developed in towns like Rabai missionary station near Mombasa.

KCSE FORM 1 MATHEMATICS KENYA

Role of Christian missionaries in the colonization of East Africa

a) Missionaries signed treaties which were later used by colonialists to take over colonies e.g. Tucker, a British Missionary interpreted the 1900 Buganda Agreement to the regents of Kabaka Daudi Chwa II. This led to loss of political, economic and social powers to the British protectorate government. Sir Harry John stone who signed on behalf of the British government confessed that;
b) Missionaries supplied information to the colonialists which they utilized to plan how to effectively impose their colonial rule on how to crash the African resistance. In the religious wars in Buganda, the British fought behind the Protestants.
c) In fact there was a reciprocal relationship between missionaries and the colonialists that is why missionaries laid the ground work before the partitioners offered missionaries protection for the success of their evangelization mission.
d) The Church missionary society managed to raise enough funds for Imperial British East African Company for its staying in Uganda for at least 2 or more years. The church missionary society and Captain Lugard viewed that the company’s withdraw would live the British and the protestant party in a dangerous position versus Moslems.
e) Missionaries enhanced the growth of tropical raw materials like coffee, cotton to satisfy the British industrialists urge but disguising everything in Christianity. Bishop K. Boroup for example introduced cotton in Uganda.
f) They appealed to their home governments for protection in case of attack. It is in this light that Britain came to Uganda during the religious wars of 1884-1892 and later occupied Uganda.
g) They created a collaborating class by luring it religiously and materially. This class helped colonialists to fight resistors despite the fact that they were all Africans.
h) In their evangelization role, they brain washed Africans with biblical teachings as “love your neighbor as you love yourself”, “blessed are the humble for the kingdom of God is theirs”, etc. With these preaching’s they made potential resistance important.
i) Religion was a mechanism of divide and rule. The converts and the non-converts hated each other which caused division to the advantage of the Europeans.
j) Collaboration with chattered companies, European Christian missionaries and their converts worked hand in hand with the Imperial British East African Company to defeat Kabalega’s resistance.
k) Missionary stations served as military bases from where the European colonial forces launched attacks on the resisting Africans. African Lugard used old Kampala hill as a military base against Kabalega.
l) Mission stations served as colonial government headquarters. The established mission infrastructure was used to help in the establishment and sustenance of European colonial rule.
m) Colonialists lacked skilled manpower, so the missionaries by design or accident were very faithful servants of the colonial government i.e. they were Colonial government servants.
n) They created a peaceful atmosphere for the germination of colonialism in areas of hostility. This is because they emphasized the centralized leadership where peace and obedience were expected.
o) Missionaries also trained manpower through introduction of education which was used by colonialists. This was done through teaching those academic subjects and manual skills like use of a plough and how to grow coffee.
p) They acted as interpreters e.g. Tucker in the 1900 Buganda agreement.
q) Through conversion of the Buganda chiefs and pages before Buganda commoners it meant that each party i.e. the Church Missionary Society and France had gained converts. This was a political security of sympathy to the Christian missionaries as against the Kabaka in Buganda’s leadership. This indirectly undermined the Kabaka’s authority and respect i.e. his traditional power base was being eroded.

English KCSE Set Books

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Development and organization of long distance trade during pre-colonial period in East Africa

12/12/2016

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Local trade refers to the exchange of goods among members of a community. Regional trade involves exchange of goods between a community and her neigbouring communities.
Long distance trade was the exchange of trade goods between communities over long distance, for example between the east African interior and the east African coast.

History paper 1 questions and answers

The organization of long distance trade

The communities that participated in the long distance trade were the Akamba, Swahili, Arabs, Yao, nyamwezi, Mijikenda and Baganda.
The trade developed because of the demand for ivory in Europe and the United States of America, slaves for plantation agriculture at the coast and in Mauritius and reunion sugar plantations
Ivory and slaves from the interior were exchanged for cloth. Utensils, ironware, zinc and beads at the coast.The system of trade were barter.
The middlemen included the Mijikenda and the Akamba who obtained slaves and ivory from the interior. The Akamba adopted the long distance trade after the outbreak of famine in 1836 and due to the central location of their country.
The Akamba organized caravans that left for the coast on weekly basis to sell ivory, gum copra, honey, bees wax, rhinoceros horns and skins. They had prosperous traders like chief Kivoi who is remembered for organizing the trade.
They set up markets and routes in the interior.
The source of slaves and ivory extended as far as Mt. Kenya region, Baringo and the shores of Lake Victoria.
The trade led to the development of Mombasa and Lamu as important market points.
The Waswahili and Mijikenda traders were also used in the trading caravans to the interior.
By 1860s, Arabs and Swahili traders started penetrating to the interior of Kenya as far as Uganda.
In Kenya, the main trading centres were taveta, Mbooni hills, elureko in Wanga and Miazini near Ngong and along Lake Baringo.
By 1870, the Akamba dominance in the trade declined as a result of competition from the Arab and Waswahili traders who began penetrating into the interior to get goods from the source.
Movement between the interior and the coast was carried out in caravans along well defined routes.
The trade routes became insecure due to the Oromo and Maasai raids.
The abolition of slave trade also affected the long distance trade.
In Tanganyika, the Yao, nyamwezi, Arabs and Waswahili were great traders. The Yao exchanged tobacco, hoes, and animal skins at Kilwa with imported goods like cloth and beads. They were also the principal suppliers of ivory and slaves to Kilwa. The Yao were the most active long distance traders in east Africa.
The Arabs and Waswahili traders organized caravans into the interior and set up markets and trade routes. They were given security by Seyyid said who signed treaties with Chief Fundikira of the Nyamwezi to allow the Arab traders to pass through his territory.
They established interior Arab settlements at Tabora which became the centre of Arab culture.
The nyamwezi organized trading expeditions under their chiefs upto the coast with ivory, copper, slaves, wax hoes, salt and copra. They returned with cloths, beads and mirrors. They established trade routes such as the route from Ujiji via Tabora to Bagamoyo. They travelled to Katanga in DRC for iron, salt and copper. By 1850 nyamwezi merchants such as Msiri, and leaders like Nyungu ya Mawe and Mirambo played a key role in the trade development.
When the Arab and Waswahili traders arrived in Buganda, the kabaka welcomed them because he needed their goods such as beads, cloths, guns etc. He also wanted assistance in aiding his neighbours. E.g the invasion of Busoga in 1848 was assisted by the Arab traders. From the raids to Bunyoro, Toro, and ankole and Buvuma and Ukerewe islands, the Baganda acquired cattle, ivory, slaves and grains which the sold to the Arabs.
The Khartoumers also practiced long distance trade. They raided the northern part of Uganda for ivory and slaves.
Arab and Waswahili traders ventured into the Bunyoro kingdom by 1877 for ivory.
There were three main trade routes that linked east African coast and the interior;
- a)From Mombasa through the Mijikenda area onto Taita-taveta then branching into two. One leading to Kilimanjaro onto the Lake Victoria region the diversion was to evade the hostile Maasai. . The other branch proceeded northwards from taveta across Galana River into Ukambani then to mt Kenya region and further west. Taveta became an important point on these routes.
- b) The route from Kilwa to Yao then branching southwards to Cewa in Zimbabwe.
- c) From Bagamoyo to Tabora where it branched northwards to Buganda and another branch to Ujiji then to Zaire.

History paper 2 questions and answers

Development and organization of long distance trade

Effects of the Long distance trade on the people of East Africa

a) The trade led to Development of towns e.g. Mombasa, Lamu, Kilwa, Pemba and Zanzibar.
b) It increased the volume of local and regional trade as varieties of new goods were introduced.
c) There was the Emergence of a class of wealthy Africans along the coast and the interior as Arab, African and Waswahili merchants acquired a lot of wealth. E.g. Kivoi of Ukambani, Ngonyo of Mijikenda, Tippu tip, Msiri, Nyungu ya mawe of nyamwezi, Mwakikonga of the Digo etc.
d) There was Introduction of foreign goods such as beads, cloth and plates to the peoples of East Africa.
e) The trade led to Introduction of new crops to the coast e.g. bananas, rice sugarcane and mangoes.
f) Arab and Waswahili traders introduced Islam to the East African Coast. They also introduced Islamic culture along the coast.
g) Development of plantation agriculture in Malindi and Mombasa due increased slave trade.
h) It led to the development of trade routes and market centres in the region. Such routes later became important highways during the colonial rule and upto today.
i) Traders gave reports about the coast, its strategic and commercial stability leading to the colonization of East Africa.
j) It led to the development of a money economy that replaced barter trade
k) The trade facilitated the colonization of east Africa as the interior was exposed to the outside world.

Form 1 to form 3 revision papers for all subjects

Development and organization of international trade.

The east African coast also participated in international trade during the 19th century with traders from different countries such as USA, Britain and France.
Factors that facilitated the development of international trade

a) The existing earlier trade links between east Africa and the Far East before this period.
b) The existence of regional trade which became a means through which goods such as ivory were acquired from the interior to be used in the international trade.
c) The role played by Seyyid said through encouraging the foreign traders to come to the coast. He even signed treaties with them. He also gave letters of introduction to the Arab caravans leading into the interior.
d) The improvement of the monetary system by Seyyid said facilitated the trade. He introduced the small copper coins from India to supplement the silver currency (Maria Theresa dollars and the Spanish Crown). He also employed the services of the Indian Banyans or Baluchis (Money Lenders) who organized credit facilities for the caravans going into the interior.
e) There was a high demand for goods from the coast and the international community. Trade goods on demand were also readily available. E.g Gold ivory slaves cloths, beads, and guns.
f) The existence of deep natural harbours and the attractive beaches lured many foreigners to the region.
g) The existence of a class of wealthy merchants facilitated the trade.
h) The establishment of specific trade routes and markets such as Zanzibar, Kilwa and Mombasa facilitated the movement and exchange of goods.
i) The sultan’s identification of Britain as the sole trading agents in the interior overcame any rivalries which could have led to competition and decline of regional trade which would have in turn affected the international trade.
j) The development of a sound trading policy by Seyyid said to ensure international market for his grains, coconuts and ivory. He developed trade links with Europe and America by signing treaties with USA in 1833 that opened a consulate in Zanzibar in 1837. He signed a similar treaty with Britain in 1839 that opened a consulate in Zanzibar in 1941. With France in 1844 and Germany in 1871.
The arrival of IBEACo with William McKinnon further strengthened international trade links and increased the volume trade.

Topical KCSE questions for all Kenyan students all subjects

Consequences of international trade

a) Through the trade, the east African coast was exposed to the outside world.
b) Some of the European traders later spread their faith thus leading o the spread of Christianity in east Africa.
c) The international trade fostered good relations between the east African coast and European nations and USA.
d) The contacts between the coast and European powers later contributed to the colonization o east Africa by Britain and Germany.
e) New trade goods and crops were introduced to the coast.
f) Participants in the trade grew richer and exhibited high standards of living.
g) The slave trade led to sufferings, killings and increased warfare.

Topic one history notes latest editions

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United States of America

Factors influencing the industrialization of USA.

Germany.

Factors which enabled Germany to recover after world war two.

Japan.

Factors that enabled Japan to emerge as an industrial power.

​Industrialization in the third world countries.

Reasons why many developing countries have lagged behind in industrialization.

Brazil.

Factors that have facilitated industrialization in Brazil.

Obstacles to industrialization in Brazil.

SOUTH AFRICA.

Factors influencing industrialization in South Africa.

Challenges facing industrialization in South Africa.

India.

Factors that facilitated India’s industrialization.

Challenges facing industrialization in India.

Causes of scientific revolution.

Scientific inventions.

Impact of scientific inventions

Negative impacts of scientific inventions on agriculture

Impact of scientific inventions on industry.

Negative impact of scientific inventions on industry.

Impact of scientific inventions on medicine

Factors undermining scientific revolution in third world countries.

Measures that can be undertaken to promote scientific research in third world countries.

Industrialization in Continental Europe

Factors that led to industrial development in continental Europe

Effects of the industrial revolution in Europe.

Uses of Various Sources of Energy.

Early Sources of Energy.

Uses of metals in Africa

Gold.

Copper.​

Bronze.

Iron.

Ways in which the iron culture spread in Africa.

​​Definition of Transport

a) Traditional means of transport

​Animal transport

​The wheel

What is National Integration?

​Importance of National Integration

Factors that promote national unity in Kenya

Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya

Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence

Conflict resolution

Levels of conflicts found in Kenya

The factors that cause conflict

Peaceful methods of conflict resolution

Steps followed in mediation;

Negative methods of conflict resolution

Under what circumstances violent method may be used in resolving conflict?

​What is citizenship?

​Becoming a Kenyan Citizen

​Revocation of citizenship

The concept of “Dual citizenship”.

Rights and responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen.

​Limitations of the right to life

Fundamental rights that might not be limited;

Rights enjoyed by Children in Kenya

Rights enjoyed by Persons with disabilities in Kenya

Rights of the Youth in Kenya

Rights of Minorities and marginalized groups in Kenya

Rights of older members of society in Kenya

Circumstances, which may force the Kenya government to limit the freedoms and rights of an individual

Other responsibilities of a citizen

Values of good citizenship - Values and principles of governance in Kenya.

Values of good citizenship

Importance of being a good citizen

Introduction

Reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries in East Africa

Missionary Activities in East Africa

Missionaries in Tanganyika

Missionaries in Uganda

Activities of Christian missionaries in East Africa

Reasons for the success of missionary work in East Africa

Problems faced by missionaries in East Africa

Effects of missionaries in East Africa

Role of Christian missionaries in the colonization of East Africa

Industrialization in the third world countries.

Copper.

Definition of Transport

Animal transport

The wheel

Importance of National Integration

What is citizenship?

Becoming a Kenyan Citizen

Revocation of citizenship

Limitations of the right to life

Values of good citizenship -
Values and principles of governance in Kenya.