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CHAPTER 10: Development of Transport and Communication

3/9/2016

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​Communication 

  • It is the exchange of ideas, information, news feelings or opinion over some distance 

​Early forms of communication 

  • Messengers
  • Fire and smoke signals
  • Horn blowing
  • Drum beating
  • Screaming and cries
  • Bells
  • Flags
  • Written messages
  • Use of gestures
​Messenger’s   
  • Were commonly used to deliver messages
  • Messages were delivered verbally
  • The accuracy of the message normally depends on the memory of the messenger who always travel on foot
  • Animals and birds such as cats, dogs, doves, pigeon and parrots were also used as messengers
Disadvantages    
  • One would be killed on the way
  • He would give the wrong message or forget the message
  • He would fail to meet the recipient
  • It was too low
  • Messenger who brought bad news were killed on arrival in some communities
  • A person carrying verbal messages could be tortured to make him reveal the message
  • The distance covered would be limited since they walked on foot 
Signals  
  • A signal is a simple message in a code e.g. fire, smoke, drumbeat, horn blowing etc
Fire signals 
  • It was lit at the top of hill where it could be seen from far
Advantages
  • It was used in sending an urgent message
  • It was a visible signal
  • it was faster in terms of speed
  • it was cheap
  • it upheld confidentiality  
Disadvantages 
  • messages could only be sent over short distances
  • range of messages passed was limited
  • it was restricted to weather conditions
  • was of little use if one was on the lookout to see and interpret
  • it had only one meaning
Smoke signals
  • Fire was lit using damp materials’ or green leaves, this gave a lot of smoke
Disadvantages
  • It was not visible in cloudy or misty weather
  • On windy weather the smoke was blown away before the message could be read
  • Messages could only be sent over a short distance
  • If no one was one the lookout smoke or fire signal was useless
Drum beating
  • Communities used drumbeats to send messages
  • Each beat had its own codes for relaying different messages
  • They spread the message quickly
  • They were effectively used at dawn and sunset when all was calm
Advantages
  • A wide range of message would be relayed
  • Messages from drumbeats could be conveyed over wide areas
  • Could be used at any time day or night and in every season be it wet or dry
  • Messages were conveyed faster by drumbeats compared to smokes signals   
Disadvantages
  • At times it was difficult to differentiate the beats and therefore the messages could not be clearly interpreted
  • The message could be misunderstood
  • It relied on the people with special skills
  • Drum beat message were easily interfered with by natural elements like wind or rain
Screams and cries
  • They were used on hills or mountain tops because of the echo
  • Used screams to convey messages
  • Ululation signified feasting or good news such as the birth of a child 
Bells
  • They were used in Christian countries to remind worshippers the service was about to start
  • It was also used to warn a disaster or invasion when rang very rapidly
Flags
  • Ships carrying the same flag either belong to the same country or company
Written messages
  • In Egypt it was called heirographic while in Mesopotamia it was called cuneiform
  • Several materials were used to write messages on
  • Man used clay tablets dried skin and bark of trees. Later man developed scrolls parchments and then papers
Advantages
  • They provided reliable information that was not easily forgotten
  • Information was stored in that form for future reference
  • Information could be interpreted into different languages so that it would be accessible to many
  • The message in most cases, was accurate 

​Modern means of communication  

Modern means of communication  
  • Telephone, Radio, Television, Video, Internet, Newspapers, Journals, Magazines, Electronic mail, Telex, Telegraph, Cinema, Fax mile, Trans-receiver, Pager, Satellite, Periodicals  ​

​Telecommunications 

  • It is the sending and receiving of messages through electronic devices such as radio, TV, telephone etc
Telephone  
  • Is a communication device used in relaying sound waves by converting them into electrical signals and then reconverting them into sound waves
  • It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell an American in 1875. He was assisted by Thomas Watson.
  • It was used to receive and make calls
Cell phone/ mobile phone
  • It is a type of wireless communication
  • Dr martin cooper is considered to be the inventor of the first modern portable cell phone in 1973
  • Manufacturing companies we have in Kenya included; nokia, Motorola, Sony, alcatel, Samsung, Ericson, Panasonic, sagem and Siemens AG
  • The service provider includes; safaricom, airtel, vodaphone, MTN, E&C and Verizon wireless   
Features of cell phone
  • Making and receiving calls
  • A personal phonebook
  • Ability to send and receive sins
  • Ability to store and to display and record the telephone number of a caller
  • Calculator, clock and calendar
  • Access to the internet i.e. send and receive e-mail
  • Digital camera capacity
  • A variety of ringtones or a vibrate call mode
  • Store e-mail address
Disadvantages
  • Poor reception where there is no network
  • The cellular technology is dependent on the availability  of electricity
  • There is a problem of breakage of external antennae
  • Continuous use of mobile phones has raised the fear of the effect of radioactive rays on human beings
  • Cell phones are easily stolen due to their small size 
  • The internal antennae may also interfere with the phones other components such as the calculator and the clock etc 
Television
  • It was invented by John Logie Baird in 1926
  • He was demonstrating how moving images could be transmitted by radio waves at a distance
  • The first public television station British Broadcasting Corporation was established in 1936  
Advantages
  • It conveys news and information from all over the world more vividly
  • It is an important device for entertainment
  • Some educational programs are broadcasted on the television
  • Is used to advertise goods
  • It is effective in transmitting ideas since it commands attention
  • Television has enabled humankind to bridge the limitation of real-time communication
Disadvantages
  • TV can only be viewed where there is electricity
  • Pornographic programs have eroded cultural values especially among the youth who have grown watching TV
  • Violence is rampant among young people because of watching violent programs such as wrestling and violent movies
  • Advertisements on the television such as those  of alcoholic drinks and cigarette have encouraged deviate behavior
  • Watching television has become an addition in some in some homes
Radio    
  • It is the sending of information through electromagnetic waves in the air and can be received by anyone who has suitable receiver
  • People who helps in the invention of the radio includes;
  • Heinrich Rudolph hertz – a German – 1888
  • Guliemo Marconi – Italian 
  • Radio are used in ships aeroplane and security forces
Importance of radio
  • It’s cheap and many people can afford
  • News and information is quickly received throughout the country
  • Illiterate people can understand the information because they use local languages
  • It has enhanced transport systems because it is used in aeroplane and ships
  • The public is educated on government policies
  • It is a source of entertainment
  • Radio signals are used to communicate with space crafts
  • Radio calls are used by security men to report any crime therefore enhancing security
  • It has created employment to many
Telegraph
  • An American Samuel Morse is credited with the making of the first operational telegraph in 1837
  • Send coded electronic messages by wire over a long distance
Advantages   
  • Telegraph lines were set along the railway to provide information about the movement of trains hence assisted in development of transport
  • It enabled journalists to spread the news faster
  • It enabled business people and industrialists to order raw materials 
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