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Describe the results of the Second World War
Loss of life It is estimated that 30 million people died either in battle or as civilians through bombing. The atomic bombs which were used against Japan released radio-active substances which affected the lives of many-people. Permanent ill health and shortening of life for millions of people as a result of years of under-nourishment of captivity. Destruction of properties such as homes, houses, building and bridges. Agriculture and industry were disrupted due to lack of equipment, raw materials and human resources. Psychological and emotional problems to families, individuals and nations as a result of the torture of the war. Economies of countries that were involved in the war were destroyed leading to depression/economic slump/huge sums of money were spent on the war. External trade almost came to a stand still due to fear and insecurity. There was a high inflation rate which led to high cost of living. Large numbers of peoples were displaced which led to great suffering/repair The pre-war balance of power was destroyed and power vacuum was filled by two new super powers, the USA and USSR The communist zone extended to cover half of the continent of Europe. This Europe down the middle. To check the spread of communism in Europe, the USA assisted weakened European powers through the Marshal plan. The division of Europe into two opposing blues led to the cold war which was followed by an arms race between USA and USSR. The failure of the League of Nations to maintain world peace led to the founding of the United Nations Organization. Germany was divided into two, capitalist West Germany and communist East Germany. The city of Berlin was also divided between the East and the West. The myth of European military superiority was destroyed due to the defeat of British and American forces in the Far East by the Japanese. Participation of Africans in the War strengthened African nationalism Creation of state of Israel to settle the displaced Jews. The war created unemployment because the demoralized servicemen increased demand for jobs.
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Why was United States of American (USA) reluctant to join the First World War during the initial stages?
Desire to abide by terms of Monroe Doctrine of 1823 which forbid her from interfering in European affairs. Fear of revolt by her citizens of German origin. Fear of an outbreak of civil war between Americans of German descent and those of other European nationalities. The war had not interfered with the USA’s interests until 1916. Explain the effects of British rule in Zimbabwe.
It led to the alienation of African land to white settlers resulting to displacement of Africans. African traditional rulers lost their political autonomy and served as puppets of the British/loss of independence. The day-to-day running of the colony was vested in the hands of the British without much reference to the African interest. Africans were subjected to heavy taxation The British South African company was given too much power in the administration of colony. It undermined African traditional economy as some Africans worked in White farms. It led to the development of transport network/infrastructure It led to the introduction of new crops in the region. It undermined African culture Establishment of white settlement subjected Africans to poverty Africans were denied freedom of movement by being confined to the reserves and required to carry identity cards. Africans were subjected to forced labour. Why did the British use direct rule in Zimbabwe?
They desired to control the economy of Zimbabwe to maximize profits. The indigenous/local political institutions based on Induna system had been destroyed during the British occupation of Zimbabwe. To ensure complete control of the African company personnel on the spot who were familiar with the area as well as the British system of administration. Existence of the British South African company personnel on the spot who were familiar with the area as well as the British system of administration The British S. Africa company had enough finance to pay administrative officers. Explain four results of the defeat of the Mandinka by the French in the nineteenth century.14/5/2020 Explain four results of the defeat of the Mandinka by the French in the nineteenth century.
The Mandika Empire disintegrated as the French established their rule in the area/loss of independence. Property was destroyed due to the use of the scorched earth policy causing famine and suffering to the people. Some Mandinka fled to other countries such as Ghana and Ivory Coast to avoid French colonial rule. Many people lost their lives due to prolonged war Samori Toure was captured and exiled to Gabon in 1898 Economic difficulties were disrupted. Famine due to neglect of farming during war What factors which enabled Samori Toure to resist French colonization in West Africa between 1882 and 1898.
He had a large well organized army which was a formidable force for the French. He equipped his army with modern weapons which were acquired from the Europeans and also manufactured some locally He used Mandinka nationalism and Islam to unify the soldiers/army He had adequate food supply which sustained the army He used guerrilla warfare and scorched earth policy which proved effective against the French. Some of his solders had served in the French colonial army and were thus familiar with the French war tactics. Use of horses by Samori during the war enhanced the solders effectiveness Samori’s solders were familiar with the terrain. This enabled them to effective/French not familiar with geography of the area. He was a competent military leader who inspired his soldiers democratically in assignment of duties. He used diplomacy e.g. he signed the Bissandugu Treatt. (1886) to get more time to organize himself. (Played British against the French) Samori shifted his empire and capital further inland to give him more time to re-organize his forces. He was able to pay his soldiers well Explain the positive impact of scientific inventions on industry
Which scientific inventions of the twentieth century have led to a reduction in death rates?14/5/2020 Which scientific inventions of the twentieth century have led to a reduction in death rates?
The grouping of blood into various blood groups by Land Steiner in 1900 facilitated blood transfusions and the storage of blood in blood banks for later transfusion. Penicillin, an antibiotic by Dr. Alexander Fleming in 1928 prolonged lives by treating infections. The polio vaccine in 1954 by Jona Edwards Transplant surgery by Dr. Christian Barnard, a South African surgeon 1967 succeeded in prolonging lives of heart patients. Kidney dialysis machine in 1943 has prolonged lives of kidney patients. Heart valve in 1996 has prolonged lives through replacement of defective valves. Anti-retroviral has prolonged lives of aids sufferers. Discuss the factors that led to the Agrarian Revolution in North American
The introduction of the enclosure system in Britain forced landless to migrate to North America where they introduced new farming methods. Availability of land for the farming of different crop varieties such as tobacco, cotton and wheat/reclamation of waste land of irrigation. Suitability of land for different crop variety Government recognition of individual land ownership (the Homestead Act 1860) encouraged settlers to farm The granting of financial aid to farmers to buy and develop land /credit facilities. The introduction of slave labour ensured adequate supply of labour for farming Determination by the European immigrants to succeed in agriculture as there was no other sources of livelihood. The increase in demand for agricultural raw materials by European industrialists encouraged expansion in agriculture/availability of foreign market. The invention of the cotton gin in 1993 by Eli Whiney led to increased cotton acreage. The mechanization of agriculture stimulated productivity e.g the steel plough and the mechanical reaper. The development of food preservation methods of canning and refrigeration encouraged farmers to produce more. The application of science and research to agricultural (e.g biotechnology development of new foods from existing crops, use of fertilizers and genetic engineering in livestock production) facilitated the Agrarian Revolution. Increase in population created demand for food which led to expansion of agriculture Discovery of controlling of animal diseases led to increase production. Describe three factors that facilitated the development of agriculture in America before 180014/5/2020 Describe three factors that facilitated the development of agriculture in America before 1800
European immigration into the region led to population increase and demand for food. European immigration introduced new methods of farming Introduction of new crops Availability of slave labour to clear forests and to farm Suitability of climate for agriculture Presence of suitable soils for different types of crops Settlement of enterprising European emigrants who wished to make a living through agriculture. Availability of indigenous crops Use of river for irrigation Explain the social effects of urbanization in Europe during the nineteenth century.
Migration of people to urban centres/led to overcrowding. Inadequate housing due to high concentration of people in urban centres. Poor sewerage and sanitation facilities exposed people to diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Concentration of industries led to environmental pollution which resulted to respiratory aliments/diseases. Concentration of people led to shortage of food which resulted in malnutrition. Frustration and suffering urban life led to anti-social behaviour such as drug abuse, alcoholism and prostitution. Increase in crime rate and violence created fear and insecurity. Poor working conditions e.g. child labour, long working hours and lack of workman’s compensation dehumanized urban dwellers. High concentration of people in urban centres strained the social amenities Excessive rural immigration led to unemployment Led to social interaction between different class of people Shortage of housing led to development of slums What factors led to the development of urban centers in African during the pre-colonial period?14/5/2020 What factors led to the development of urban centers in African during the pre-colonial period?
Trading activities led to the rise of convergent centres which later developed into towns. The existence of local industries led to population concentration in place that later developed into towns/mining centers e.g. Existence of trade routes which linked various placed led to the development towns at major cross-roads. Administration/royal centres later developed into towns e.g. Kumasi and Addis Ababa. Development of centres of learning later became urban centres e.g. Timbukutu./ education centres e.g. Acescentrio. Development in Agriculture led to availability of food which in turn encouraged people to establish permanent settlements/farming centres Religious centres developed into towns e.g. Ife and Kumasi Places that were secure attracted population concentration and later developed into towns e.g. Thababosiu the capital of Basutoland. Ports and harbous which were used as calling stations for replenishments developed into urban centres e.g. Cape Town, Malindi, Cairo. Places where water was available developed with urban centre. What problems did the Trans-Saharan trade face?
Long and tiresome journeys across the desert Inadequate water and food Extreme weather conditions of the desert- very cold at night and very hot during the day. Attacks by dangerous desert creatures such as scorpions, snakes Insecurity because of declining and falling of kingdoms Exhaustion of trade goods especially gold. Frequent shifts of trade routes They were robbed by desert people Describe how the Trans-Saharan trade was organized.
State two features of the Government of France in the 20th Century
It is a multi-party democracy Power is shared between the president and prime Minister The president is the executive head of government There is a legislature which is composed of a senate and National assembly Presidential elections are held every 7 years. National Assembly are held every 5 years. Senate elections are held every nine years. Identify one aim of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
State two ways in which poor transport systems have contributed to food shortage in Africa.14/5/2020 State two ways in which poor transport systems have contributed to food shortage in Africa.
Poor transport have led to high transportation costs, leading to high prices of food. Poor transport have led to poor distribution of food. Poor transport systems have led to delays in the transportation of food leading to waste and losses. Poor transport systems discourage/demoralizes farmers and this in turn leads to officers. Poor transport system undermines effectiveness of agricultural extension officers. Agricultural inputs do not readily/reach/ leading to poor products. Give two reasons why coal was used as the main source of industrial power in Britain during the industrial Revolution.
It was cheap It was available in large quantities It was more efficient than other sources of energy at the time State one advantage of a written constitution over an unwritten constitution.
Identify two factors that undermined the effectiveness of the League of Nations
Countries refused to take disputes to the international court of justice Germany’s aggression/Germany’s determination to strengthen its armed forces. Harsh conditions against German after the defeat/treaty National interests that pre-occupied individual nations. It lacked executive power and authority to implement its resolution Refusal by the USA to join denied the organization economic strength Some members left the league by Brazil, Japan Shortage of funds to implements it financial The appeasement policy of Britain & France The covenant of League did not forbid it The league was dominated by the action of 1st world war hence its partiality. State two reasons why indirect rule was unsuccessful in southern Nigeria.
Give one factors which undermined company rule in Africa during the 19th century.
Poor /inadequate transport and communication systems Officials of the companies did not understand the local languages Corrupt/greedy company officials Inadequate capital/funds necessary for effective administration Company officials on the ground lacked administrative skills and experience Few company official to administer large areas. Resistance by Africans Lack of co-ordination between co-offices in European agents in Africa. Identify one way in which the Industrial Revolution contributed to colonization of Africa by Europeans.
Give two ways in which Islam spread to Africa in the 19th Century.
Trading activities Migrations and settlement of Muslims in Africa Jihads/holy wars, especially in West Africa Intermarriages Establishment of Islamic centres of learning Missionaries activities /Muslim scholars Influence of already converted rules e.g. toure Identify the main reason why Egyptian buried the dead with their belongings.
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