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Reasons for Evolution of Man

22/8/2020

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State four reasons for evolution of man

Reasons for Evolution of Man
Example of adaptation
  1. Mutation
    A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. [Source]
  2. Natural selection
    Natural selection, process that results in the adaptation of an organism to its environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in its genotype, or genetic constitution. [source]
  3. Isolation
    Change can be gradual, such as when mountains or deserts form, other species die out, or new species evolve. ... Isolation means that organisms of the same species are separated, and happens when there is something between the organisms that they can't cross. Organisms become isolated as a result of environmental change. [source]
  4. Adaptation
    Adaptation is the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment. ... The idea of natural selection is that traits that can be passed down allow organisms to adapt to the environment better than other organisms of the same species. [source]

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What are the Factors that influenced evolution of man

13/6/2020

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​What is evolution?

Evolution can be defined as the process of change in living organisms over a number of years, frequently involving the beginning of new species from earlier species.

According to Charles Darwin, man transformed from simple life slowly over millions of years through environmental mutation, natural selection, isolation and adaptation.
Evolution is “descent with modification”. – Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species Evolution is “the process by which organisms have changed over time.” Evolution can also be defined more narrowly as a change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

What are the Factors that influenced evolution of man

Environmental Mutation

The 1ST Important factor of evolution is mutation (a stage of abrupt change)
It is the only mechanism that can introduce genetic variability.
Mutation provides the raw material for evolution, it supplies the genetic variation to population that makes possible the new genotypes, that may be necessary for the evolution success of the population. ie: mutation are sudden heritable changes in the genetic make up of an organism.
Mutation are stable.
Mutation lead to evolution In 2 ways

  • ADAPTATION
  • ADAPTABILITY

Natural Selection

​is an instinct by which the stronger species out compete the weaker for resources.
​Natural selection is defined as the differential reproduction of organisms as a function of heritable traits that influence adaptation to the environment. There are three essential components to this definition
  1. differential reproduction
  2. heritable traits and
  3. adaptation to the environment.
​Darwin noted that most species reproduce at a rate that, if unchecked, would lead to exponential population growth. However, such growth is seldom realized in nature because many organisms fail to reproduce. Darwin reasoned that if this differential reproduction was associated with adaptation to an environmental niche and if the adaptive traits were transmitted to a subsequent generation, then the physical and behavioral traits of a species will change over time in the direction of better adaptation.

Isolation

​Isolation means that organisms of the same species are separated, and happens when there is something between the organisms that they can't cross. Organisms become isolated as a result of environmental change.
​Genetic drift, the effects of natural selection in adapting to a new environment, and their geographical isolation contributed to their evolution.
The amount of immigration and emigration among populations also influences allele and genotypic frequencies—large amounts of  immigration/emigration reduce the differences between local populations while small amounts of immigration/emigration permit the populations to diverge.
The evolution of human populations has been dramatically influenced by physical population structure. Even today, the physical separation of human populations maintains genetic diversity that would otherwise be absent. For example, people born and raised in the tropical rain forests of the Amazon basin are more likely to mate with other people born and raised in the same geographical area than they are with, say, North American Eskimos.
Even within national boundaries, there are local populations. Someone living in Kenya is more likely to mate with a fellow Kenyan than with an Egyptian from Cairo.

Adaptation

Adaptation is where the surviving species isolate themselves from others as they adapt to new environment through body changes and technological changes e.g. ability to grow crops and make shelter.

​​Darwin’s theory of natural selection comprises the following points.

All organisms or creatures are uniquely different and this uniqueness is based on heredity factors which an organism has from birth.
Although many young organisms are produced, few manage to develop to maturity.

The organisms that manage to grow to maturity and reproduce are those that are able to constantly adapt to the existing environment.

In view of the limited resources, even after mutation, Darwin argued that only the fittest organisms survive as the weak species become extinct. This theory is popularly known as

‘Survival for the fittest’

According to Darwin, isolation and adaptation is the final stage in the evolution process. Having survived through mutation and natural selection, the merging species increase in number. This leads to search for basic needs and in the process a species may be isolated from the rest and then finally adapt to the new environment.

The theory of evolution holds that Humans belong to the animal kingdom and that man has evolved over the years. Man is a primate just as apes like gorillas, chimpanzees and monkeys. However, man belongs to the family of hominidae, while apes belong to the family of pongidae. Man according to Darwin developed over the years from his ape-like ancestors.
Evolution and adaptation of man
The earliest Mammals live on trees for two reasons;
  1. There was more supply of food o trees such as insects , leaves and birds’ eggs
  2. Security. Animals were more secure from their enemies while up on trees Man evolved from this kind of animals
Archaeological evidence points at East Africa as the cradle of mankind.

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