Give one symbol of unity among the Shona during the pre-colonial period.

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.)

311/2

History & Government

Paper 2

2 ½ Hours

SECTION A (25 MARKS)

Answer all the questions in this section in the answer booklet provided

1. State two forms of government    (2mks)
2. Name the apelike creature whose skill and limbs were discovered in Rusinga Islands    (1mk)
3. Name the early form of writing that was discovered in Mesopotamia  (1mk)
4. Give two types of trade       (1mk)
5. State two shortcomings of cellphones     (2mks)
6. Name the scientific invention associated with Jethro Tull      (1mk)
7. Identify the main factor that led to the development of Johanneberg as a town      (1mk)
8. State two political factors that led to the scramble and partition of Africa       (2mks)
9. Name the Buganda Prime minister (Katikiro) who sighned the Buganda Agreement of 1900(1mk)
10. State two reasons why the Ndembele were defeated by the British in 1893      (2mks)
11. Give two reasons why the British decided to use indirect rule in Northern Nigeria     (2mks)
12. Name the political party that led Ghana to independence in 1957      (1mk)
13. Name two south African nationalists who were jailed in Robben Islands    (2mks)
14. State two reasons why USA was reluctant to join world war I up to 1917     (2mks)
15. Name the main organ of the United Nations organization(UN)       (1mk)
16. Name the military alliance that was formed by USA and her allies in 1947      (1mk)
17. Who is the 44th president of the United States of America?      (1mk)

SECTION B (45 MARKS)

Answer any three questions from this section

• 18.     (a) State five reasons why early man decided to domesticate plants and animals   (5mks)

                    (b) Explain the impact of development of early agriculture to mans life   (10mks)

• 19.     (a) Give five reasons why animal transport was not a reliable form of transport in ancient times       (5mks)

                    (b) Explain five disadvantages  of air transport to modern man   (10mks)

• 20.     (a) Identify five factors that led  to rise  and development of trans-saharan trade    (5mks)

                    (b) Discuss five challenges  that traders faced during the trans-saharan trade   (10mks)

• 21.     (a) State five grievances that Africans in Mozambique had against the Portugese   (5mks)

                    (b) Explain five problems that FRELIMO faced in its struggle to liberate Mozambique from Portugese rule   (10mks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS)

Answer any two questions from this section

• 22.     (a) Give five causes of world war I        (5mks)

                    (b)  Give five factors that made the allied powers  to defeat the Axis  during world war II(10mks)

• 23.     (a) Identify five factors that caused the collapse of East African community in 1977    (5mks)

                    (b) Discuss five achievements of COMESA since its inception        (10mks)

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MARKING SCHEME

1.    Forms of government                                         (2mks)

1. Democrat
2. Monarchical
3. Aristocratic
4. Dictational

2.    Name the apelike creature whose skill and limbs were discovered in Rusinga Islands     (1mk)

• Dryopithecus Africanus (proconsul)

3.    Name the early form of writing that was discovered in Mesopotamia             (1mk)

• Cunei form

4.    Give two types of trade

1. Local trade
2. Regional trade
3. International trade

5.    State the shortcomings of Cellphones                                 (2mks)

1. Some of them have poor reception
2. They always need electricity for recharging their batteries
3. Their external antenna easily break thus damaging their efficiency
4. Their internal antennas also interfere with other phone’s components such as the calculator, clock etc
5. Their continuous use cause side effects to the body e.g. hearing problems
6. The handsets are easily stolen due to their small sizes
7. They are expensive to buy and maintain

6.    Name the scientific invention associated with Jethro tull (1mk)

• He invented the seed drill

7.    Identify the main factor that led to the development of Johannesburg as a town (1mk)

• The discovery of Gold in Witwatersrand in1886

8.    State two political factors that led to the scramble and partition of Africa (2mks)

• The imbalance of power in Europe caused by the unification of Germany and Italy
• The rise of nationalism in Europe
• The increase of militarism in Europe
• The public opinion in Europe favoured colonialism

9.    Name the Buganda  prime minister (katikiro) who signed the Buganda agreement of 1900 ( 1mk)

• Sir Appollo Kagwa

10.    State two reasons why the Ndebele were defeated by the British in 1893

• Part of the Ndebele army was out of action fighting the outbreak of small pox in the kingdom
• The Ndebele did not adopt the modern tactic of warfare
• The British used superior weapons such as guns and machine guns
• Disunity among the Africans e.g. the Shona supported the British
• The subject people and those belonging to lower castes supported the British.

11.    Give two reasons why the British decided to use indirect rule in Northen Nigeria

• The British lacked enough manpower to govern Northern Nigeria
• It was cheaper to use since it needed only a few European personnel
• It helped to reduce African resistance
• The territory was vast and with poor means of transport and communication
• The British had already used the system successfully in Uganda and India
• There was an already existing elaborate system of administration on the ground based on sharia law

12.    Name the political party that led Ghana to independence in 1957

• The convention people’s party (CPP)

13.    Name the South African nationalists who were jailed in the Robben Islands

• Nelson Mandela
• Govan Mbeki
• Walter Sisulu
• Andrew Mlangeni
• Ahmed Kathrada
• Elias Motsoaledi
• Mhlaba

14.    State two reasons why U.S.A was reluctant to join world war I up to 1917

• The Monroe doctrine of 1823 prohibited her from interfering with European affairs
• Some of her citizens were of German origin and therefore she did not want to offend them.
• The war had not interfered with her interest in Europe upto 1917
• She was trading with both sides of the conflict e.g. selling their weapons

15.    Name the main organ of united nations organization UNO

• The General Assembly

16.    Name the military alliance that was formed by USA and her allies in 1947             (1mk)

• North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO)

17.    Who is the 44th president of United  States of American?

• Barrack Obama

SECTION B (45 MARKS)

Answer three questions

18.    a. State five reasons why early man decided to domesticate plants and animals         (5mks)

• To obtain reliable food supply
• Population increase which required more food
• Invention of agricultural tools which encouraged cultivation
• Due to settled life, man wanted food case to his homestead
• Climatic changes that made animals to migrate away from their previous locations
• Hunting and gathering became unreliable as the population of animals decreased
• Over hunting depleted some animals that man depended on
• Some animals were friendly to man
• Some animals were domesticated for transport and cloth making purposes.

b. Explain the impact of development of early agriculture to man’s life            (10mks)

• It led to specialization on other activities such as pottery and weaving
• It led to division of labour
• It led to introduction of better farming tools
• It led to increase in food production
• It led to emergence of a class of wealthy merchants
• It led to development of urban centers
• It led to the rise of trade
• It led to the development of cottage industries
• It led to increase in population

19.    Give five reasons why anima transport was not a reliable form of transport

• It was slow and tedious
• Pack animals could be attacked by wild animals disease causing insects and diseases
• Animals could only travel during day time not at night
• They could only carry small amounts of good
• Some pack animals such as donkeys are very stubborn when tired and heavily loaded
• They could easily get feigned

b. Explain five disadvantages of Air transport to modern man

• Aeroplanes pollute the environment due to waste discharged by burning fuel
• It is prone to international terrorism where aeroplanes are often hijacked
• It is a very expensive mode of transport
• Its accidents are very fatal and many times there are minimal survivors
• It is often affected by weather changes
• Operating them require highly skilled personnel

20.    Identify five factors that led to the rise and development of trans-Sahara trade

• Availability of capital that was provided by the barbers Tuaregs   
• Existence of local trade that existed in western Sudan
• Existence of various trade commodities e.g. gold mines
• Demand for goods both to the people of west Africa and North Africa
• There existed a lot of cooperation between the trade merchants and the Tuaregs
• There was security provided by the Tuaregs across the desert 
• the discovery of pack animals such as camels and horses
• The emergence of powerful kings in West Africa such as Mansa Musa of mali Asika Mohammed of Songhai
• Existence of well-established trade routes

b. Discuss five challenges that traders faced during the trans-Saharan trade  

• The journey was often long and stressful
• The journey across the desert was hazardous .They were often attacked by hostile communities
• The desert temperatures were unbearably hot
• Many traders lost their way in the desert and could not trace their way back home
• There was scarcity of food and water across desert
• Many died due to frequent sandstorms
• Frequent attacks by wild animals

21.    a. State five grievances that Africans in Mozambique had against the Portuguese

• African leaders were arbitrarily replaced
• Africans were pushed out of their land by the settlers
• Africans did like heavy taxes imposed on them
• The Portuguese did not respect the African cultures
• The Portuguese forced Africans to work in their farms
• There was a lot of racial discrimination
• Africans were denied access to the media
• The colonial administration was very cruel to the Africans

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   b. Explain five problems that FRELIMO faced in its struggle to liberate Mozambique from the Portuguese rule (10mks)

• They lacked basic needs such as food ,clothes ,medicine in the areas they controlled
• The church in Mozambique labeled them as a terrorist organization
• Assassination of their leaders such as Eduardo Mondlane
• Internal wrangles that arose due to ideological differences
• Competition from rival rebel groups such COREMO
• The Portuguese applied brutal methods of dealing with rebels e.g. mass killings
• The Portuguese got assistance from apartheid regime in South Africa and Ian Smith in Southern Rhodesia.
• Lack of enough funds to finance their operations  

SECTION C (30MKS)

Answer any two questions

22.    a. Give five causes of world wars(5mks)

• Economic rivalries
• Colonial rivalries
• The first Moroccan crisis
• The 2nd Moroccan crisis
• The italo-thricish colonial dispute over Libya
• The arms race
• The system of alliances
• Need for revenge
• Nationalism
• The Balkan wars
• Associational frank Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

b.Explain five factors that made the allied power to defeat the Axis during world war II (10mks)

• They had many countries supporting them compared to the Axis
• Germany’s failure to effectively control her expensive territories in Europe
• When USSR recovered from her initial losses she rearmed and attacked Germany
• The USA’s entry into the war on the side of the Allies gave them advantages
• They had superior weapons such as atomic bomb
• The Axis powers suffered from lack of raw materials such as rubber ,cotton, nickel and oil
• They received support from the British overseas colonies  and dominions
• The Axis made serious tactical mistakes

23.    a. Identify five factors that caused the collapse of the East African community in 1977 (5mks)

• perception that Kenya was gaining more than Uganda and Tanzania
• personality differences among their leaders
• ideological differences among the countries
• political instability in Uganda
• national interests and pride
• inadequate  compensation and corrects measure
• boundary closures between the countries

b. Discuss five achievements of COMESA since its conception

• It has liberalized trade among its members
• It has removed trade barriers such computerized customs network
• It has improved transport and communication network to ease movement of good services and people
• It has created in enabling environments  for investment by  incorporating private sector
• The harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies throughout the region has been accomplished
• Harmonized monetary ,banking and financial policies have been established in the region
• It offers members and partners a wide range of benefits ,which include a wider, harmonized and more competitive market
• Creates room for greater industrial productivity and competitiveness due to its large market
• There is increased agricultural production and food security in the region
• Provides members with rational way of exploiting their natural resources for their welfare since each country produces what suits them most.
• She has encouraged her members to practice good governance ,accountability and respect for human rights
• Has created employment opportunities in the region.

24.    a. State three roles of the house of commons in Britain (3mks)

• Legislation or making laws
• It controls the powers of the executive
• Controls  how the government spends its revenue
• Protection of the citizens by isolating abuses by the government
• It is a training ground for future leaders

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b.    Explain the roles of the British Monarch (12mks)

• Signing bills into law
• Appointment and removal of government officers
• Management of the country’s foreign policy ,including the enactment of treaties
• Surrounding ,proroguing or dissolving parliament
• Appointment of judges
• Pardoning and giving reprieve to people who have been accused of various crimes
• Appoints the Bishops and Archbishops of the church of England
• Invites the leader of the party with majority seats in parliament to form government
• Commander in-chief of the armed forces
• Nominated MPs sitting in the house of Lords
• Is a symbol of national unity in Britain

History Paper 2 1996 Questions and Answers

Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early agriculture began.

Discuss five functions of the Federal Government in the United States of America

Identify five ways through which the supremacy of the parliament may by limited in Britain

Explain five challenges facing the East African Community (EAC) 2001

Identify five objectives of the African Union(AU)

Identify the three countries that formed the Tripple Alliance before the outbreak of the first World War

Discuss six reasons for the defeat of Samori Toure by the French in 1898

State three terms of the Berlin conference

Explain six challenges which South Africa has faced in the process of industrialization

Outline three effects of scientific invention on medicine

Discuss six factors which led to the decline of the Trans-Atlantic trade

Outline three advantages of using Barter system of trade

Discuss five solutions to food shortage in the African countries.

State five effects of early agriculture in Mesopotamia

Give one chamber of the Congress in the United Slates of America.

Name the two political parties which merged to form Chama Cha Mapinduzi(CCM) in Tanzania.

Give two common Services provided by the East African Community to the members between 1967-1977.

Identify two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

Highlight two ways in the Cold War was fought