• An association between two tables in which the primary key value of each record in the primary table corresponds to the value in the matching field or fields of one and only one record in the related table.

• An association between the tables in which the primary key value of each record in the primary table corresponds in the value matching field or fields of many records in the related table.

(b) State why each of the following is important in system documentation.

• (i) sample data; 
• (ii) output reports. 

(c) Name the tools used for data storage in each of the following methods of data processing.

• (i) manual:
• (ii) electronic. 

(d)A teacher manages students’ records by storing daily attendance information in a tile called register and students’ personal records such as year of birth and home address in a file called students.
(i) Identify the types of computer files named above. 
(ii) Give a characteristic of data held in each file. 
(iii) Name the field that should be used to link the two files. 

(a) Current system may be experiencing problems thereby being unable to meet organisation requirements.
 New directives may be received from authorities and the organisation must comply.
 Changes in the operating environment forces the organisation to change in order to fit and continue in business. e.g. competition.
 Changes in technology requiring the upgrading or total change in the existing system.
 Peer pressure need to remain fashion
(b) (i) Sample data should be provided so that all modules can be tested.
(ii) Output reports show that the system actually works/testing process/expected output..
(c) (i) Manual: Manual files stored in cabinets/books/paper/in-tray/out-tray.
(ii) Electronic: Secondary storage devices/individual storage devices e.g. Flash.
(d) (i) Student: Master file/Parent/Reference File/Primary.
Register: Transaction file/Child table/Secondary.
(ii) Master file: Data is static/Permanent/Semi-permanent.
Transaction file: Data is dynamic/Temporary/Changes frequently
(iii) Key field: Student number/Admission No/Reg. No/File No.

​(b) A school has set up its network using wireless technology to link computers. State three problems that the school is likely to experience when using this technology.
(c) List three ways by which parents can protect their children from accessing inappropriate content from the internet. 
(d) Explain three problems associated with using e-mail technology for communication.

(a) Surfing: Its the process of accessing /browsing/visiting internet resources like webpages.

• Uploading: Transferring files from a computer to a remote computer.
• Inbox: Folder/place in email system where incoming messages are stored/saved.

(b)  Slower than a wired network.

•  The network can be less stable, wireless reception may be impaired by other wireless and wired devices within the network.
•  Risk of outsider accessing the network.
•  Very difficult to configure.
•  Very hard to secure.
•  Very hard to trouble shoot.

(c)  Block in appropriate content/Firewall/Filter.

•  Set limits on downloads.
•  Monitor where children go online.
•  Counsel children eg. not talking to strangers online.
•  Supervise them.
•  Giving user accounts/passwords/log ins.

(d) - Threat to privacy.

• Organization “system admn”
• Can snoop into peoples mails.
•  Email can be unsolicited/spam mail.
• Messages can be sent to masses of people without their consents.
•  Vulnerability to machine failures.
•  Emails can be overwhelming when many messages are received leading to email overload and going through each of them can be taxing.
•  Email can be faked.
•  Email attached can be a source of viruses.
•  Email technology not available to all/Technology illiteracy.
•  Encourage illicit communication such as immoral behaviour

(a) What is meant by each of the following terms as used in table creation?
(i) cell margin; 
(ii) nested table. 
(b) State four types of text wrap that can be applied to a graphic. 
(c) Distinguish between each of the following:
(i) axis labels and data labels; 
(ii) cropping and sizing. 
(d) Figure 1 shows a section of a worksheet containing information on household items.
Use it to answer the questions that follow.

(i) Write a formula to calculate the total cost of rice. 
(ii) The prices of all items increased by 10% and the value 10% is placed in cell B8. Using cell addresses with absolute referencing only, write a formula to calculate the new unit price of salt. 
(iii) Write a function to display the number of cells in which the cost per unit is equal to 110. 
(iv) Write a function to display the least total cost for all items. 

(a) (i) Cell margin: Its the space between the boundary of the cell and the text/content inside the cell.
(ii) Nested table: is a table created inside another table.
(b)  In line with text.

•  Square
•  Behind text.
•  Infront of text.
•  Tight.
•  Through.
•  Top and bottom.
•  None.
• Solution
• (c) (i) Axis label: Data corresponding to the vertical or horizontal lines of a given chart whereas the x-axis and y-axis.
• Data label: are data that provide additional information about a data marker which represents a single data point on a value that originates from a worksheet cell. .

(ii) Cropping is the process of trimming/cutting/hiding vertical or horizontal edges of an object/picture while sizing is the process of enlarging/expanding or reducing/contracting an object/picture to appropriate dimension.

(a) Binary coded Decimal (BCD) )(4 bits).

•  American Standard Code for information interchange (ASCII).
•  Extended BCD interchange code .(EBCDIC)
•  Unicode.
•  Standard BCD (6 bits)

​(b) Describe two types of errors that may be detected during program testing. 
(c) A company’s workers travel to work either by public or by private means. All workers are paid a travel allowance of Ksh. 200, but those using private means are paid an additional Ksh. 100.
(i) Write a pseudocode to determine a worker’s travel allowance. 
(ii) Draw a flowchart to determine a worker’s travel allowance. 
(iii) Other than occupying large space, state two disadvantages of using a flowchart instead of a pseudocode. 

(a) Characteristic of scripting language:

•  Use of tags.
•  It is interpreted and not compiled.
•  Do not have declaration part.
•  User friendly
• Are portable. .
• Must be embedded in the browser.

(b) Syntax Errors: Errors arising due to violation of language rules.

• Logical Errors: Errors arising from poor logic such as incorrect use of formulas/semantic.
• Runtime Errors: Occur when there is abrupt interruption of running program.
• When the running program stops abruptly.

• (iii) Flowcharts require templates/complex symbols/special software while pseudo code requires only a text editor.
•  Drawing flowcharts takes a lot of time.
•  Flowcharts occupy more space.
•  Flowcharts permit development of logic sequences which cannot be coded
• using valid structured code.
•  Translation of flow charts into individual code is harder/difficulty.

1. Booking and reservations. eg. hotel, car, bus, air ticket.
2.  Space explorations.
3.  Intensive care units (hospital). (ICU)
4.  Chemical plants/nuclear
5. Military security
6.  Banking eg. ATM.

(a) Warranty: If a software has a problem then it can be replaced.
If not working can be returned for repair.
(b) Portability: To ascertain the compatibility with other systems.

• Input mask: Is a layout/format that filters the data that can be entered in a field.

•  Default value: Used to specify the value that is automatically entered in a field when a new record is created.

1. Encryption.
2.  Firewalls.
3.  User profiles/passwords/user.
4. Limit the number of log-in attempts.
5.  Audit trail/tracking.
6.  Physical protection of computers.

Advantages:

1.  Can be used in the absence of human teachers.
2.  Combines the expertise of many teachers hence more knowledgeable.
3. Reduces cost of hiring many teachers/serves many students.
4.  Preservation of scarce expertise.
5.  Students can learn on time.

Advantages:

•  Shifts time of processing to when computers are less busy.
•  No user input required hence no idle computer time as it awaits input.
•  Input is done once (batch).
•  Can enable use of hired equipment hence cost effective.

•  Batch processing.
•  Electronic.

1. Hardware consideration:
2.  Main memory size/volume/capability.
3.  Hard disk size.
4. Available input devices.
5.  Available output devices.
6.  Processor specification i.e. speed/type/hardware.
7. Monitor resolution.
8.  Bandwidth for busses (e.g 64-bit)
9.  Compatibility
10.  Configuration
11.  Warranty terms for hardware.

1.  Enactment of relevant laws to compact the vice.
2.  Stiff penalties for those found in possession of pirated software.
3. Sensitize the public on the harm of using pirated copies.
4.  Making software affordable/cheaper.
5.  Certificates to identify the original software.
6.  Use of keys, passwords to secure software products.
7.  Restrict the number of installations.
8. Solution

1. System infected with viruses which occupy memory space.
2.  Many utilities are running in the background (e.g antivirus).
3.  Many applications are opened.
4. RAM may be smaller than the required/part of RAM corrupted.
5.  Corrupted Registry.