Differences between human and a computer
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ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
Computers have many advantages over other types of office and business equipment that are used for data processing functions. Some of the advantages are:
1) Computers process data faster:
The processing speed of a computer when measured against other devices like typewriters & calculators is far much higher.
2) Computers are more accurate & reliable:
Computers produce more accurate results as long as the correct instructions & data are entered. They also have the ability to handle numbers with many decimal places.
3) Computers are more efficient:
A computer requires less effort to process data as compared to human beings or other machines.
4) Computers can quickly and effectively store & retrieve large amounts of data.
computers have the capacity to hold, retrieve and process large volumes of data when compared to other devices and humans. their memory is also expandable and faster to retrieve.
5) They are very economical when saving information, for it can conserve a lot of space.
computers makes it cheaper to save information per area required to save same information as compared to manual systems such as file cabinets. A small chip can save lots and lots of information thus saving on the cost to acquire more space.
6) Computers occupy very little office space.
computers are not bulky. they can fit in a small office, a desk, lap or palm. This attribute makes it easier and convenient while working with them
7) Computers help to reduce paper work significantly.
computers don't require paper work to manipulate and display information.
8) Computers are flexible:
A computer can perform a variety of jobs as long as there is a well-defined procedure.
9) Computers are cheap:
They can be used to perform a number of organizational functions/ activities, which are meant for individual persons, hence reducing the number of employees & the costs.
10) Computers enhance security & confidentiality:
Data stored in a computer can be protected from unauthorized individuals.
11) Have made communication easier.
calls, e-mailing, e-conferencing, chats and others are as a result of computers. These resources have made communication easier and faster.
12) Computers produce better information:
Computer output is usually tidy and error-free (accurate).
13) Computers reduce the problems of data or information duplication:
data duplication are now things of the past. Computers have special software packages such as DBMS- Database Management Systems that ensures the integrity, validity and correctness of data.
14) Computers can operate in risky environments,
e.g. volcanic sites, dangerous chemical plants, where human life is threatened:
DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS.1) Computers are very costly in terms of purchase & maintenance.
computers are expensive to acquire and maintain when compared to other processing devices
2) Computers can only be used areas where there is source of power.
This is because microcomputers such as laptops and palmtops have inbuilt batteries that power them in the absence of power. These batteries automatically charge when power is connected to the computer and act as a backup in its absence.
3) Requires skilled manpower to operate, i.e., one has to have some knowledge so as to operate a computer.
This is very true. An illiterate person may not be able to operate a computer this is because computers require special skill in order to use them and these skills can be acquired in computer schools and other areas where computers are taught.
4) The records are usually kept in a form that is not visible or human-readable.
Computer process, store and transmit information in a language that humans cannot be able understand. Thanks to binary and assembly languages. The use of machine language to program computers makes programming complicated and expensive. Data in these forms are difficult to understand and manipulate.
5) A computer, like any other machine can break down.
Just like other tools and machines, Computers can breakdown, wear and tear. They can also be destroyed easily by dust, liquids, power surge and magnetic fields.
6) Information stored in computers can easily get lost due to power interruptions or machine breakdown.
The information stored in computers can easily be lost if there are no measures to protect it such as creation of backups, installing anti-malware programs and ensuring that only regulated power enters into the computer.
7) A computer doesn’t have its own intelligence, i.e., it cannot do any useful job on its own, but can only work as per the set of instructions issued.
Computer's intelligence is limited to the instructions its is issued with. It cannot create its own intelligence to work with; however modern computers with the help of artificial intelligence can be able to learn human -like features with lots of data at place and be able to adjust and create its own intelligence systems.
8) Installation of computers causes retraining or retrenchment of staff/ employees.
Computer cause job loses, job displacement and replacement at work places this is because to do some jobs that humans can do or can't do, and they do better than humans and can't complain, they don't require salaries neither do they pay taxes. Employers prefer computers to humans in order to maximize profits.
9) The computer technology is changing very fast such that the already bought computers could be made obsolete/ out dated in the next few years.
The technology used to manufacture and run computers, hardware and software resources respectively change with times and change very fast. This calls for replacement of machines in order to enhance efficiency.
These changes leads to extra costs, training and adaptability that leads to temporary instability in work places. In addition, this rapid change in the computer technology makes computers & related facilities to become outdated very fast, hence posing a risk of capital loss. 10) Computers have led to increase in insecurity such as computer crimes especially in Banks, terrorism, social sites etc.
The computer criminals steal large amounts of funds belonging to various companies by transferring them out of their company accounts illegally. In addition, they destroy vital data used in running the companies or siphon information from firms for sale.
Use of computers to share and source information can also be a disaster especially for people who can use that information to destroy the world. Information such as 'how to acquire guns', 'how to make bombs' 'how to kill or commit suicide are not worthwhile sharing. But this information is now readily available in computers. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIGITAL AND ANALOGUE DATA AND COMPUTERS
CategoriesJoin our Whatsapp Notifications and Newsletterstouch here COURTESY OF ATIKA SCHOOL All DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MICRO-COMPUTERS AND MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
CategoriesJoin our Whatsapp Notifications and Newsletterstouch here COURTESY OF ATIKA SCHOOL All 1. inputThis is the ability for a computer to accept data either through input devices such as scanners, keyboards, mice and others or through information retrieved from storage devices. Input of data is a main function because all other functions depend on the incoming data for processing and output.  Functions of a Computer 2. processingProcessing and storage are sometimes broken down as separate basic functions of a computer. However, looking at this critical idea keenly, we notice that processing and storage are sometimes inseparable this is because processing devices rely heavily on storage devices vis a vis. Processing is an act where a computer converts raw meaningless piece of information called data into a more meaningful piece of information. This is normally done with a closer help of primary storage devices such as the RAM, and special types of memories such as the registers, buffers and cache memory. Processing is a main function of a computer because of the conversion, manipulation of numeric data and logical decisions. 3. OutputThis is an act for a computer to display the result of a processing activity. This can be done using output devices such as the monitor, printer, plotter, speakers etc.
The functions of a computer system cannot be complete without the output, simply because it gives a feedback of the result for the computer user to digest, change, amend, store or print.
In the evolution of computers, each of the passing computer generations had its own technology which was an improvement of the previous technology. Below is a match of computer generations with their processor technology and what each of the processors were capable of.
01. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
They used thermionic valves
This is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied. as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses the phenomenon of thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode and is used for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification. [Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube] 02. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
They used transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. How does a transistor work ? By turning a small input current into a large output current, the transistor acts like an amplifier. But it also acts like a switch at the same time. When there is no current to the base, little or no current flows between the collector and the emitter. Turn on the base current and a big current flows. [Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-use-of-transistors-in-a-circuit#] 03. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
They used Integrated Circuits (ICs)
A collection of transistors make up an Integrated Circuit An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear (analog) or digital, depending on its intended application. [Source: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-circuit-IC] 04. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
They used very large scale integrated (VLSI)
VLSI is an acronym that represents Very Large Scale Integrated. A collection of Integrated Circuits (ICs) Make up VLSI An Integrated Circuit is the circuit in which all the Passive and Active components are fabricated onto a single chip. Initially the Integrated Chip could accommodate only a few components. As the days passed, the devices became more complex and required more number of circuits which made the devices look bulky. Instead of accommodating more circuits in the system, an Integration technology was developed to increase the number of components that are to be placed on a single chip. This Technology not only helped to reduce the size of the devices but also improved their speed. Depending upon the number of components (Transistors) to be integrated, they were categorized as SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI & GSI. Small Scale Integration (SSI):
STATE REASONS WHY IS RECOMMENDED TO HAVE STANDARD FURNITURE IN THE COMPUTER LABORATORYWhat it means by standard furnitureThese are tables, chairs and shelves that have the quality required to set them up in the computer laboratory for use of computers and computer users. There are two common types of furniture that can be found in the computer laboratory namely:
Why standard furniture?
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STATE FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS THAT MAKES THEM SMARTER THAN HUMAN BEINGS1. THEY ARE EFFICIENT
this means they can achieve maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.
2. THEY ARE ACCURATE
computers rarely make mistakes and when they make, its as a result of poor programming by humans or the mistakes are too small thus negligible.
3. THEY ARE FAST IN PROCESSING
computers are very fast in processing, a no-match with humans.
4. THEY ARE RELIABLE
computers can be trusted to deliver results. Humans are almost unpredictable and have no boundaries or principles
5. THEY CAN WORK IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
no humans can work in hazardous places. Computers can
6. THEY DON'T NEED SUPERVISION
they don't need you to supervise them. they need software to control them
7. THEY MAY HAVE A LARGER MEMORY AND STORAGE WHICH IS QUICKER TO ACCESS THAN HUMANS
Most computational neuroscientists tend to estimate human storage capacity somewhere between 10 terabytes and 100 terabytes, though the full spectrum of guesses ranges from 1 terabyte to 2.5 petabytes. (One terabyte is equal to about 1,000 gigabytes or about 1 million megabytes; a petabyte is about 1,000 terabytes.) Meanwhile a 64 bit Linux empowered computer can have a maximum of 256 Terabytes. At the 2015 Flash Memory Summit in California, Samsung unveiled the largest capacity hard drive in the world. It's a 2.5-inch solid state drive (SSD) that can hold 16 terabytes of data (15.36TB, to be exact).
STATE FIVE WAYS HOW KENYAN YOUTHS CAN USE COMPUTERS TO CREATE JOBS1. RETAIL COMPUTERS
buy and sell computers at a profit
2. ENGAGE IN PROGRAMMING
programming is the best paying job in the world. Learn programming and start making your own applications that solves society problems. It pays better than being employed.
3. ENGAGE IN GRAPHIC & ENGINEERING DESIGNS
learn to edit pictures, videos and podcasts. Also create your own firm for doing engineering designs using AUTOCAD and ADOBE products
4. LAUNCH A COMPUTER SCHOOL
start your own computer school and teach computer applications, ICT and IT related fields such as ADOBE packages, Office, Programming, maintenance of computers and Graphics
5. ENGAGE IN ONLINE MARKETING & BLOGGING
online marketing is the second best paying career in the field of computers. Internet marketing, or online marketing, refers to advertising and marketing efforts that use the Web and email to drive direct sales via electronic commerce, in addition to sales leads from websites or emails. Learn more @ https://learndigital.withgoogle.com/digitalskills/course/digital-marketing
6. LAUNCH CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES
cloud computing is the act of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. Cloud computing business is the process of installing server computers to store, manage and process data on behalf of your clients (customers) at a fee agreed over a period of time. this can also involve SEO services, webdesign services, database management etc.
7. REGISTER, BUY, PARK AND SELL DOMAINS, DESIGN WEBSITES AND MOBILE APPLICATIONS
a domain is a name that represents the IP address of your website. for example, www.atikaschool.org, atikaschool.org is the domain name that represents (199.34.228.77) , .org is the extension that represent organisation and WWW is a name given to any device on the same network. You can therefore start a business of selling domains such as xxx.co.ke
8. OFFER TECHNICAL SERVICES SUCH AS REPAIR AND MAINTAINANCE
many people have invested in software and forgot that hardware could also make money. get necessary skills from college and start your own firm that maintains and repairs gadgets like laptops, printers, smartphones, desktops, networking, also software repair and installation
9. ENGAGE IN NETPRENEURSHIP AND FREELANCE SERVICES
netprenuership is the process of doing business on the internet such as retail of books, cosmetics, clothes, shoes, electronics etc. examples of netpreneurship businesses include Jumia, Pigiame, Alibaba, Amazon etc.
10. PRODUCTION OF VIDEOS, ENTERTAINMENT, PODCASTS & MUSIC LYRICS
computers have replaced music instruments in the production of music.a well established studio pays handsomely. get your bet on this and look at Homeboyz productions, Calif records and Mix Masters as a benchmark.
STATE THREE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS YOU WOULD UNDERTAKE IF THE COMPUTER LABORATORY YOU ARE WORKING IN CATCHES FIRE1. RAISE ALARM
raising alarm alerts people who will rush for help and evacuation
2. RICH FOR THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND TRY TO PUT OFF
if you can reach for a fire extinguisher, try to put it off before it spreads further
3. TRY TO EVACUATE OTHER STUDENTS
try to evacuate other students using the procedure above. in most cases, use the emergence door if it exists and converge to the fire assembly point
4. IF YOU CAN SPOT POWER MAIN SWITCH, TURN IT OFF.
switching off power from the main switch will control its spread.
5. BEND LOW AS YOU EXIT TO AVOID SUFFOCATION FROM SMOKE.
when fire burns, it releases smoke which moves upwards in most cases unless influenced by wind, to avoid being choked by smoke, bend low as you exit and try to open windows for smoke to escape
STATE FOUR REASONS WHY SMALL COMPUTERS SUCH AS PALMTOPS SOMETIMES TEND TO BE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN DESKTOPS WITH THE SAME FEATURES.1. Small computers have high demand. This pushes prices high
Increase in demand increases the price of a commodity according to the laws of economics
2. The technology used to manufacture small computers is more advanced
New technologies always comes with a price
3. They are portable
this increases demand
4. Have internal battery
Extra battery means more costs
5. They consume less power
drives up demand
6. They occupy less space
drives up demand
7. They have more multimedia capabilities and social media applications that drives up costs
this is extra cost
8. They can be used in the absence of power
increases demand
9. Some are made from precious metals such as gold
this factor increases prices
WRITE THE FOLLOWING ACRONYMS IN FULL1. AI
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that emphasizes on the design and creation of intelligent machines that work, behave and respond like humans. Some of the characteristics that AI emphases on include: Speech recognition, Learning, visual perception, logical and arithmetic analysis and translation between languages.
2. ICT
Information and Communication Technology
Information and communication technology (ICT) is an advancement term for information technology (IT) that emphises on the technologies that provide access to information through the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audiovisual systems, that enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.
3. ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
In 1942, physicist John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert proposed an all-electronic calculating machine. The result was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), built between 1943 and 1945 — the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts. ENIAC was designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, its first program was a study of the feasibility of the thermonuclear weapon. In 1953, the Burroughs Corporation built a 100-word magnetic-core memory, which was added to the ENIAC to provide it with memory capabilities. By 1956, the end of its operation, the ENIAC occupied about 1,800 square feet and consisted of almost 20,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, 10,000 capacitors, and 70,000 resistors. It also used 200 kilowatts of electricity, weighed over 30 tons, and cost about $487,000. Sources: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/eniac.htm, https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/ENIAC, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
4. UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supply
This is an Uninterruptible Power Supply. It cleans power as it enters into the computer by eliminating power surges and brownouts, it alerts the user when power goes off by producing a beeping sound and also keeps power to power the computer shortly after blackout so that the computer user can be able to save his/her work.
5. CPU
Central Processing Unit
Read more about the CPU ...
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DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF COMPUTERS: DIGITAL,DEDICATED, MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
This is a digital computer; computers that process data which is discontinuous (discrete) in nature. Yourdictionary.com further adds that, these are computers that process data which is inform of digits called binary digits represented by 0s and 1s
Mathsisfun.com describes discrete data as a type of data that can only take certain values such as the number of students in a class can only be represented as a whole number (this data can either be 40 or maybe 60 but it can never be 60.5 (this is continuous data)); continuous data is represented with values which can be rational such as the height of a person, weight or mass of a body or time in a race.
In addition Numerical Data can be Discrete or Continuous: Discrete data is counted while Continuous data is measured
Dedicated computers are general purpose computers however these computers are devoted to carry out one task only. For instance, a general purpose computer can be devoted for accounting in a bank or office, as a teaching aid in a school or for graphic editing in a studio or engineering firm.
When computers are classified according to their physical size, the word mainframe is always mentioned. This is a type of computer which is the second largest of all computers, only second after super computers but bigger than mini and micro computers. They are relatively more powerful in processing with large capacity in memory and storage but inferior to super computers if measured in capabilities.
STATE ANY FOUR DEVICES FOUND IN THE COMPUTER CHASSIS (SYSTEM UNIT)
The memory of a computer provides the computer with impermanent storage of data and information where the CPU can easily fetch from for processing
The mother board also called system board is the single largest unit in the computer chassis. It holds other devices that are attached to it such as resistors, capacitors, extension slots, ports, transducers, integrated circuits, central processing units, graphic adapters the list is long
A disk drive is any gadget in the system unit that acts as a container where permanent storage devices are put to read and write data or information. They include: hard disk drive, CD/DVD drive, SD drive, floppy drive, card drive, tape drive, zip drive etc.
The CPU is the single most expensive gadget in a computer and the most important of all other gadgets. It is also called a processor or a microprocessor (a terminology used to refer the CPU of micro computers). The main role of the CPU is to manipulate both logical and numeric data for something meaningful called information.
The power supply unit (PSU) is a gadget in the computer chassis whose main role is to convert electric power from alternating current to direct current for the consumption of the computer. It also supplies power to the system board, disk drives and internal loud speakers
This is a system fan, an aerator or air cooler propelled by a motor beneath. It cools down the heat sink that sucks heat from the CPU when processing takes place. Its is among the cooling systems in the system unit especially areas near the CPU and The power supply unit
This is a heat sink. It is made from a very good conductor of heat such as aluminium. It's main objective is to cool down the CPU by sucking heat and distributing it along it's surface area for cooling to take place.
Computer internal speakers are strategically installed in the system unit to amplify sound
Light emitting diode or LED is a bulb like gadget in the computer chassis whose main objective is to signal when power is on, when the CPU is processing and messaging of alerts and interruptions.
Graphic cards are gadgets in the system unit that provide the VDU - video display unit (screen/monitor) with images, color and information from the CPU for display via data interface media such as parallel and serial data cables. examples include VGA, SVGA, EVGA etc.
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STATE 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
thermionic valves
vacuum tube
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