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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING REVISION EXERCISE

26/11/2022

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​INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING REVISION EXERCISE

  1. Define the term 'computer network'.
  2. Differentiate between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data communication equipment (DCE) in computer networks.
  3. Explain the importance of network servers.
  4. At what point in a network would it be said that a client is communicating remotely.
  5. A communication link must have enough bandwidth. Explain.
  6. Describe the following communication modes: 
    1. Simplex
    2. Half duplex
    3. Full duplex
  7. List the various types of bounded transmission media in ascending order according to bandwidth.
  8. What is crosstalk between two transmitting channels? Give an example of a transmission medium which suffers from this and how the problem is addressed in UTP and coaxial cables.
  9. Differentiate between
    1. single mode and multimode fibre cables
    2. thinnet and thicknet coaxial cables
  10. Identify the unique characteristics that make fibre cables suitable for network backbones including the under sea cables that interconnect continents.
  11. Explain the characteristics of the following unbounded media:
    1. High frequency radio waves
    2. Very high frequency radio waves
    3. Ultra-high frequency radio waves
  12. State the characteristics of the following short range media:
    1. Infrared
    2. Bluetooth
  13. Describe the following
    1. Wireless access point
    2. PCMCIA card
  14. Why are microwave antenna and aerials concave in shape?
  15. In wireless communication, what is meant by the line of sight principle?
  16. State the advantages of wireless communication.
  17. List and describe the characteristics of networking and internetworking devices.
  18. What advantages does a switch give over the hub on a network.
  19. Explain why a gateway is seen as one of the most powerful internetworking device.
  20. Define the term 'network protocol'.
  21. Give two examples of transport protocols and explain how they function.
  22. State two examples of routing protocols and explain how they function.
  23. Explain how the CSMA/CD protocol works.
  24. Explain how the token ring network functions.

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​State three advantages of the ring network.

26/11/2022

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​​State three advantages of the ring network.

  • It eliminates collision on the network.
  • It maintains good quality of service even during high traffic. It provides secure end to end transportation of data due to the acknowledgement mechanism.

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​Explain how contention for a communication medium is addressed in token ring network topology.

26/11/2022

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​​Explain how contention for a communication medium is addressed in token ring network topology.

 The single token regulates which computer is allowed to transmit and which one waits at a particular instance.

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Describe how a message is transmitted from the source to the destination node in a ring network.

26/11/2022

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​Describe how a message is transmitted from the source to the destination node in a ring network.

​Computers in a ring network communicate to each other by putting messages in a small virtual packet called a token and then sending it to the next computer on the ring in a unidirectional manner.

The content in the packet has the address of the recipient computer. If the token reaches the computer to which data was addressed, that computer picks it, reads the message, then gives an acknowledgement to the sender.

​It then regenerates the token for circulation to the next computer. If the token was not meant for it, it passes the token on to the next computer in the same direction.

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​Compare and contrast bus and token ring topologies.

26/11/2022

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​Compare and contrast bus and token ring topologies.

Each of the topologies has a common medium of communication between all the computers in it.

However, the computers in the bus topology are connected to the bus which is terminated at both ends, while in the ring topology, adjacent computers are joined to each other to form a complete ring.

​In addition, computers on a bus topology communicate through broadcasting while those on the ring do not broadcast, they communicate through a special packet called a token.

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State three advantages and three disadvantages of the star network topology.

26/11/2022

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​State three advantages and three disadvantages of the star network topology.

​​Advantages

  1. It makes possible centralisation of key network resources like servers and printers.
  2. Centralisation of resources gives the network manager a focal point for administering and troubleshooting the network. It is easy to configure star networks.

​Disadvantages

  1. Star networks are expensive to set up because each computer requires one complete cable length to the central hub.
  2. They have a single point of failure; in case the hub fails the entire network fails.
  3. Installation is time consuming because each node forms an individual segment.

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State two disadvantages of bus networks.

26/11/2022

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State two disadvantages of bus networks.

  1. ​A cable break in any one section of the bus brings down the entire network.
  2. The greater the number of computers connected to the bus, the higher the chances of collision hence, the more the delays in data transmission.

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​State two advantages of bus networks.

26/11/2022

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​​State two advantages of bus networks.

  • Bus networks are cheap to set up, as a complete cable
  • length per computer to a centralised control device is not required.
  • Bus networks are simple to install.

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Differentiate between Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) and the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/ CA) protocols as used on bus networks.

26/11/2022

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Differentiate between Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) and the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/ CA) protocols as used on bus networks.

In CSMA/CD, all computers are connected to a single cable known as the bus. The bus provides connectivity and communication channel bandwidth for all the computers.

All computers listen to activity on the bus. If a computer wants to send a message, it simply places the message on the bus. In case two computers want to send a message at the same time, a collision occurs and they both refrain for arbitrary time spans before trying again.

This is known as exponential back off. This protocol is common on wired bus networks, also known as wired ethernet networks.
​
The CSMA/CA protocol, on the other hand, is similar to the CSMA/CD except that the computers intending to send data continuously listen to the channel to find out whether it is engaged or not.

​If the channel is free, the computer starts transmitting. This is common on wireless LANs and Wi-Fi networks.

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​List three hardware devices that make up a bus network.

26/11/2022

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​​List three hardware devices that make up a bus network.

  • The bus (backbone)
  • Terminators
  • Terminals (nodes)

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Using illustrations, describe each of the following topologies:(a) star(b) ring(c) bus(d) mesh

26/11/2022

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​Using illustrations, describe each of the following topologies:
(a) star
(b) ring
(c) bus
(d) mesh

Star topology

In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub. This creates a star formation (Fig. 1.10). The nodes send data through the hub which broadcasts it to all other nodes on the network. The destined node picks it up.
Star topology
Star topology

​Bus topology

In a bus topology, devices are connected to a central cable called the bus or backbone (Fig. 1.11). The nodes send the data through the bus each at a time. As the data passes along the cable, each of the other nodes checks whether the data is addressed to it. If the data address matches a particular node address, that node receives it. Otherwise, it rejects it.
​Bus topology
​Bus topology

Ring topology

In a ring topology, all devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop (Fig. 1.12). A special package called a token carries data around the network, and only the computer whose address is on the data held in the token takes up the data then releases the token.
Ring topology
Ring topology

Mesh topology

Mesh topology is the most commonly used topology in wide area networks where there are many paths between nodes. In a true mesh topology, every node has a connection to every other node in the network as shown below
Mesh topology
Mesh topology

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​Using examples, differentiate between logical topology and physical topology.

26/11/2022

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​​Using examples, differentiate between logical topology and physical topology.

Logical topology is a configuration that determines how data is passed from one node to another without considering the physical layout of the network. Examples of logical topologies are ethernet and token ring topologies.

Physical topology, on the other hand, refers to the physical layout ​of nodes on the network. Examples of physical topologies are star, bus, ring, mesh and tree topologies.

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​Define the term 'network topology'.

26/11/2022

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​Define the term 'network topology'. ​

A network topology refers to the physical arrangement of computers (nodes) or how data is passed from one computer to another in the network.

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​Mwangangi, a principal of Mseto Technical School intends to provide internet services to the staff and the students. Identify the elements he requires to meet the objective.

26/11/2022

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​Mwangangi, a principal of Mseto Technical School intends to provide internet services to the staff and the students. Identify the elements he requires to meet the objective.

Data terminal equipment (DTE):

devices on the computer network which act as the source or destination of data, and which control the communication channel. DTEs include computers and protocol converters.

Data communication media:

 they are used to carry data signals from a source to a destination.

Connectivity devices: ​

they are also known as data circuit terminating equipment (DCE) and enable interfacing of various communication terminals on the network.

​Networking software: ​

include network operating system, browsers and e-mail client programs that run on computers and connectivity devices to enable cross platform communication and network management.

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​What is a web browser? Give examples.

26/11/2022

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​What is a web browser? Give examples.

A web browser is a software that enables the users of a computer to access content on the internet.
​
Examples of web browsers include:
  • Microsoft internet explorer,
  • mozilla and firefox.

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​Give three examples of network security softwares.

26/11/2022

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​Give three examples of network security softwares. ​

  • Antivirus, 
  • firewalls and 
  • intrusion detection system.

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​Explain the use of the following protocols with regard to OSI reference model.(a) TCP (B) SMTP (c) FTP (d) IP

26/11/2022

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​EXPLAIN THE USE OF THE FOLLOWING PROTOCOLS WITH REGARD TO OSI REFERENCE MODEL.(A) TCP (B) SMTP (C) FTP (D) IP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

​manages the movement of data from a source to a destination in a reliable manner.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):

manages the transmission of email from a source to a destination on the internet.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP):

enables the uploading of files on the internet

Internet Protocol (IP):

enables unique addressing of each computer on the internet and performs source to destination forwarding and routing of data packets.

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Describe the OSI reference model.

26/11/2022

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Describe the OSI reference model.

​An open systems interconnection (OSI) model has seven layers with distinct functions that help designers develop high quality layered protocols. The layers include:

Application layer

user applications run here and generate requests for data transmission or open received information.

Presentation layer

adds formatting, display and encryption information to the data being sent.

Session layer

sets up data transmission sessions between two communicating devices.

Transport layer

manages data transfer over the network to ensure reliability

Network layer

routes and adds addressing information to data packets to data packets

Data link layer

adds error checking information and prepares data going onto the physical connection.

Physical layer

data packets are finally transmitted through a transmission media in form of bits.

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​Explain the importance of protocols in the establishment of internetwork infrastructure.

26/11/2022

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​Explain the importance of protocols in the establishment of internetwork infrastructure.

A protocol is a networking or internetworking software that has a special set of rules governing how computers communicate to each other on the network.

​The protocols govern data formats, inter-packet conversions and other control information related to communication between computers.

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​Define a network operating system and list six of its functions.

26/11/2022

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​​Define a network operating system and list six of its functions.

A network operating system is a special software that runs on servers and some internetworking devices like routers.
Its main functions include:
  1. Optimising communication activities on a network;
  2. Administering and managing network resources such as access control through granting permissions, rights and privileges;
  3. Providing access to shared resources on the network;
  4. Enabling efficient network communication;
  5. Supporting network services like drivers and protocols;
  6. Implementing network security.

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​State three categories of networking software.

26/11/2022

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​State three categories of networking software.

  • Network operating systems
  • Network protocols
  • Network security softwares

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​Explain the importance of the following connectivity devices: (a) Wireless access point (c) Gateway (b) Router (d) WAN switch

23/11/2022

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​​Explain the importance of the following connectivity devices: (a) Wireless access point (c) Gateway (b) Router (d) WAN switch

  • (a) A wireless access point (WAP) is a device that enables computers to communicate with one another on a wireless network. The WAP uses radio waves to enable computers which have a PCMCIA card to interconnect wirelessly to each other. The WAP may also be installed to allow computers to connect wirelessly to a wired network.
  • (b) A router is an internetworking device that connects two or more networks together in a metropolitan or wide area network. It has special capabilities to direct the flow of messages from source to destination networks through the best routes in the internetwork using special protocols. Key among the protocols is the internet protocol (IP) which gives each network a unique identification number called an IP address.
  • (c) Agateway is an internetworking device that connects a network to external networks and the internet. It has special functions like protocol conversions hence it can connect networks that have different architectures seamlessly together.
  • (d) Unlike the LAN switch which is limited to local area networks, a WAN switch is an internetworking switching device deployed on internetwork backbones. It functions by making point to point connections with other switches on the internetwork hence providing the ability to create switched routes from a source to a destination.

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​Write the acronym PCMCIA in full.

23/11/2022

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​Write the acronym PCMCIA in full. ​

PCMCIA means Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. It is an association founded in 1989 which develops standards for expansion cards for portable computers. The cards standardized by the organisation are referred to as PCMCIA cards.

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Explain the use of the following network connectivity devices: (a) Network interface card (b) Hub (c) Intelligent hub (d) Bridge (e) Repeater (g) Modem (f) LAN switch

23/11/2022

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​Explain the use of the following network connectivity devices: (a) Network interface card (b) Hub (c) Intelligent hub (d) Bridge (e) Repeater (g) Modem (f) LAN switch

  • (a) network interface card is a printed circuit board that is A inserted on the motherboard of the computer in order to provide a physical link between the computer and the network cabling. It has several ports that allow connections to different cable terminator types.
  • (b) A hub is a concentrator that has many ports for cables from different nodes to plug in as a means of interconnecting them on the network. A hub receives a signal from a network node, amplifies it and repeats/broadcasts it to the other nodes on the network.
  • (c) An intelligent hub keeps information about the computers on the network in a small database called a management information base (MIB), and uses that information to manage the way computers communicate in the network.
  • (d) A bridge is a networking device that divides a network into segments in order to try and control the broadcast domain on the entire network. The bridge reduces network traffic by limiting broadcasts to take place only in the segment where the destination computer is located.
  • (e) A repeater is simply a signal amplifier. It cleans, amplifies and broadcasts a signal to make sure that signal loss is avoided on the network. A repeater is usually placed at the point of signal attenuation in the network.
  • (f) A LAN switch creates point to point links between communicating nodes on a network. Data is switched from source to destination; hence, no broadcasts occur on the network. This reduces network traffic to a great extent and gives better quality of service on the network.
  • (g) A modem is a device that converts computer data signals into a format that is suitable for transmission over communication links to distant computers. It does this through a process called modulation, where the low power message signal is used to vary either the frequency or amplitude of a high power carrier signal that is capable of travelling over long distances in the medium. At the destination, a modem demodulates the carrier signal and retrieves the message.

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What is an IP Address?

23/11/2022

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​WHAT IS AN IP ADDRESS?

​An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network.

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