LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS
A computer uses & stores information in binary form, and therefore, it cannot understand programs written in either high-level or low-level languages. This means that, any program code written in Assembly language or high-level language must be translated into Machine language, before the computer can recognize & run these programs.
A Translator is special system software used to convert the Source codes (program statements written in any of the computer programming languages) to their Object codes (computer language equivalents). The Translators reside in the main memory of the computer, and use the program code of the high-level or Assembly language as input data, changes the codes, and gives the output program in machine-readable code. In addition, translators check for & identify some types of errors (e.g., Syntax/grammatical errors) that may be present in the program being translated. They will produce error messages if there is a mistake in the code. Each language needs its own translator. Generally, there are 3 types of language translators:
Note. Interpreters & Compilers translate source programs written in high-level languages to their machine language equivalents.
Assembler
An assembler translates programs written in Assembly language into machine language that the computer can understand and execute.
Functions of an Assembler.
Note. The Assembler cannot detect Logic errors. The programmer knows of these errors only when the program is run & the results produced are incorrect (not what the programmer expected). The programmer must therefore, go through the program & try to discover why an incorrect result was being produced. Compiler
A compiler translates the entire/whole source program into object code at once, and then executes it in machine language code. These machine code instructions can then be run on the computer to perform the particular task as specified in the high-level program.
The process of translating a program written in a high-level source language into machine language using a compiler is called Compilation. For a given machine, each language requires its own Compiler. E.g., for a computer to be able translate a program written in FORTRAN into machine language; the program must pass through the FORTRAN compiler (which must ‘know’ FORTRAN as well as the Machine language of the computer). The object code file can be made into a fully executable program by carrying out a Linking process, which joins the object code to all the other files that are needed for the execution of the program. After the linking process, an executable file with an .EXE extension is generated. This file is stored on a storage media. Points to note.
Functions of a compiler.
A Compiler performs the following tasks during the compilation process:
Differences between Compilers and InterpretersInterpreter
An interpreter translates a source program word by word or line by line. This allows the CPU to execute one line at a time.
The Interpreter takes one line of the source program, translates it into a machine instruction, and then it is immediately executed by the CPU. It then takes the next instruction, translates it into a machine instruction, and then the CPU executes it, and so on. The translated line is not stored in the computer memory. Therefore, every time the program is needed for execution, it has to be translated. Source Program
Source program (source code)
The term Source program refers to program statements that the programmer enters in the program editor window, and which have not yet been translated into machine-readable form. Source code is the code understood by the programmer, and is usually written in high-level language or Assembly language. Object Code
Object code (object program).
The term Object code refers to the program code that is in machine-readable (binary) form. This is the code/language the computer can understand, and is produced by a Compiler or Assembler after translating the Source program into a form that can be readily loaded into the computer.
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