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Using a program flowchart, explain the “WHILE...DO” interaction construction

27/12/2020

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Question Source: KNEC KCSE 1998 Computer Studies
The ‘while…do’ loop is a control structure designed to execute the same block of code again and again until a certain condition is fulfilled.
This loop is used if a condition has to be met before the statements within the loop are executed.
FIGURE 1: WHILE...DO FLOWCHART
FIGURE 1: WHILE...DO FLOWCHART

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Define the term 'operating system'

23/12/2020

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Define the term 'operating system'
operating systems

What is an operating system?

An operating system is a group of programs that manage all activities on the computer [J Onunga & Shah, 2003]
An operating system is the main program that controls the execution of user applications and enables the user to access hardware and software resources of a computer [S.Mburu & G Chemwa, 2004]
An Operating System, or OS, is low-level software that enables a user and higher-level application software to interact with a computer’s hardware and the data and other programs stored on the computer. ~ https://www.informatics.indiana.edu/rocha/academics/i101/pdfs/os_intro.pdf
An operating system (OS) is a large and complex set of system programs that control the various operations of a computer system and provide a collection of services to other (user) programs. The purpose of an operating system involves two key goals:
  • Availability of a convenient, easy-to-use, and powerful set of services that are provided to the users and the application programs in the computer system
  • Management of the computer resources in the most efficient manner
~http://samples.jbpub.com/9781449626341/26341_CH01_Garrido.pdf​
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Define the term Normalization and state its objectives.

21/12/2020

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Definition of Normalization

​Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database by establishing relationships between tables according to rules designed both to protect the data and to make the database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependency, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly. 
Define the term Normalization and state its objectives

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Operational Methods of an Organization Ensuring the Safety of Data

21/12/2020

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Operational Methods of an Organization Ensuring the Safety of Data


01. USE OF PASSWORDS AND PIN NUMBERS

A password is a secret code provided to a system to access its resources. Passwords and pin numbers are provided to an individual to deter any unauthorized access.

02. USER ACCESS LEVEL

This is a process by which the system administrator gives separate accounts with different access rights for each user to protect sensitive data from unwanted audience. Each user in the system is given a set of resources to access the system depending on his/her nature of the job he does. In most cases, the top management are given access to confidential data and employees are given access to filtered and limited data.

03. USING FILE ATTRIBUTES SUCH AS READ ONLY, HIDING ETC.

Most systems provide features such as hiding data or changing file properties to Read Only. This move ensures that original files are not tampered with or altered to change meaning.
Operational Methods of an Organization Ensuring the Safety of Data

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Define local area network and state any two components of a LAN

20/12/2020

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Define local area network and state any two components of a LAN

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A computer network is an interconnection of computers that communicate to each other through network media, protocols and communication media devices.
A computer network can be classified as:-
  1. Local Area Network (LAN)
  2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
  3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Definition of LAN

​A local area network is a computer network that spans a small geographical area such as an office, a building or a compound.
This can be at least a peer-to-peer connection of two computers or a connection of many computers within a restricted small geographical area

Components of a Local Area Network

Components of a local area network are requirements that can be used to establish/initiate/build a local area network. These requirements include:-
  1. Communication media such as network cables and wireless media
  2. Networking Software such as protocols
  3. Communication equipment such as routers, switches, gateways, bridges etc.
  4. Network nodes/terminals such as computers, printers, modems etc.
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A spreadsheet has the following entries. Provide a formula for cell c5 that can be copied onto cell d5 and the range c6...d10 to give a uniform increase of 10% of the previous years value for each item.

18/4/2019

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​Previously: state advantages and disadvantages of laser printers

A spreadsheet has the following entries. ​

Picture
Provide a formula for cell c5 that can be copied onto cell d5 and the range c6...d10 to give a uniform increase of 10% of the previous years value for each item.

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next: functions of a computer ...
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State advantages and disadvantages of laser printers

16/4/2019

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previously: LIST THREE TYPES OF SECONDARY STORAGE MEDIA

What is a laser printer?

This is an electrostatic technology powered printer that uses  a laser beam of light to create characters on a piece of paper.
laser printer
Laser Printer

How a laser printer works

  1. Millions of bytes (characters) of data stream into the printer from your computer.
  2. An electronic circuit in the printer (effectively, a small computer in its own right) figures out how to print this data so it looks correct on the page.
  3. The electronic circuit activates the corona wire. This is a high-voltage wire that gives a static electric charge to anything nearby.
  4. The corona wire charges up the photoreceptor drum so the drum gains a positive charge spread uniformly across its surface.
  5. At the same time, the circuit activates the laser to make it draw the image of the page onto the drum. The laser beam doesn't actually move: it bounces off a moving mirror that scans it over the drum. Where the laser beam hits the drum, it erases the positive charge that was there and creates an area of negative charge instead. Gradually, an image of the entire page builds up on the drum: where the page should be white, there are areas with a positive charge; where the page should be black, there are areas of negative charge.
  6. An ink roller touching the photoreceptor drum coats it with tiny particles of powdered ink (toner). The toner has been given a positive electrical charge, so it sticks to the parts of the photoreceptor drum that have a negative charge (remember that opposite electrical charges attract in the same way that opposite poles of a magnet attract). No ink is attracted to the parts of the drum that have a positive charge. An inked image of the page builds up on the drum.
  7. A sheet of paper from a hopper on the other side of the printer feeds up toward the drum. As it moves along, the paper is given a strong positive electrical charge by another corona wire.
  8. When the paper moves near the drum, its positive charge attracts the negatively charged toner particles away from the drum. The image is transferred from the drum onto the paper but, for the moment, the toner particles are just resting lightly on the paper's surface.
  9. The inked paper passes through two hot rollers (the fuser unit). The heat and pressure from the rollers fuse the toner particles permanently into the fibers of the paper.
  10. The printout emerges from the side of the copier. Thanks to the fuser unit, the paper is still warm. It's literally hot off the press!
    Source: EXPLAINTHATSTUFF!

​RELATED LINKS ..

  • Differences between Printing Multiple Copies and Printing Multiple Pages
  • Computer Studies Notes, Schemes, Lesson Plans, Practical Session and Syllabus

Advantages of laser printers

  1. They produce neat  and high quality work
  2. They are fast in printing
  3. They are cheap to maintain
  4. They can print back-to-back pages (both sides of the page automatically and sequentially)
  5. They can print a series multiple pages
  6. Don't make noise while printing
  7. Can print both graphic and text
    ​Read More ...

Disadvantages of laser printers

  1. They are expensive to acquire
  2. They cannot produce multiple copies output
  3. Their toner (ink gadget) is expensive to acquire
    Additional Information ...
​Next: Copying formula on a spreadsheet
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list three types of secondary storage media

16/4/2019

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PREVIOUSLY: DRAW A DIAGRAM SHOWING THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER HARDWARE. NAME THE UNITS

wHAT ARE SECONDARY sTORAGE DEVICES?

Also called auxiliary storage devices or persistent storage media are computer hardware devices involved in the storage of data, permanently.
These devices can be categorized as:
Floppy disk
Floppy disk

Related links ..

  • Differences between Printing Multiple Copies and Printing Multiple Pages
  • Computer Studies Notes, Schemes, Lesson Plans, Practical Session and Syllabus
  1. Removable storage media
    1. Magnetic storage media
      1. Floppy Disk
      2. Zip disk
      3. LS-120 Superdisk
      4. Magnetic tape
    2. Optical storage media
      1. Optical card
      2. Compact disk (CD)
      3. Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
      4. Optical tape
    3. Solid state storage media
      1. Memory card
      2. Flash disk
  2. Fixed Storage media
    1. Magnetic storage media
      1. Examples: The hard disk (HDD)
next: STATE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LASER PRINTERS
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DRAW A DIAGRAM SHOWING THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER HARDWARE. NAME THE UNITS

13/4/2019

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previously: MATCHING COMPUTER GENERATIONS WITH THE TECHNOLOGY USED TO MANUFACTURE THEIR PROCESSORS

DRAW A DIAGRAM SHOWING THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER HARDWARE. NAME THE UNITS

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER HARDWARE.
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER HARDWARE.

01. INPUT DECICES

These are devices that enter data into a computer and also covert data from human readable form to machine readable form.
Examples of these devices include: 
  1. Keyboard/Keypad
  2. Mouse
  3. Trackball
  4. Scanner
  5. Digitizer
  6. Whiteboard
  7. Digital camera
  8. Joy stick

02. Central Processing unit

The CPU-Central Processing Unit is a device made from a collection of integrated circuits. Its main functions are:
  1. Manipulate numeric and logic data (A.L.U - Arithmetic & Logic Unit)
  2. Coordinate processing activities (Control Unit)
  3. Provide temporary storage (Registers, buffers and caches)

03. Primary Storage

These are devices that provide temporary storage for task that are to and from processing. They include:
  1. RAM - Random Access Memory
  2. ROM - Read Only Memory
  3. Logical Drives: These are hard disk partitions that behaves like a RAM once that memory in the RAM has been fully utilized.

04. Secondary Storage

These are devices that permanently store data in the computer or they are portable. They include:
  1. Fixed Storage Devices
    1. Magnetic
      1. The Hard Disk
  2. Portable Storage Devices
    1. Solid State Storage Devices
      1. Memory card 
      2. Flash Disk
    2. Magnetic storage devices
      1. Magnetic tapes
      2. Floppy disks
      3. Zip disks
      4. Magnetic tape
    3. optical storage devices
      1. Compact disks (CD)
      2. Digital Versatile Disks (DVD)
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05. Output Devices

These are devices that display activities in the CPU to the user and converts information from machine readable form to human readable form. These devices include:
  1. Hard Copy
    1. Printer
    2. Plotter
  2. Soft Copy
    1. Screen/Monitor/VDU
    2. LED - Light Emitting Diode
    3. Sound Output (such as speakers)
Next: ​LIST THREE TYPES OF SECONDARY STORAGE MEDIA
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Matching computer generations with the technology used to manufacture their processors

12/4/2019

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previously: ​STATE THE CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING AN OPERATING SYSTEM
In the evolution of computers, each of the passing computer generations had its own technology which was an improvement of the previous technology. Below is a match of computer generations with their processor technology and what each of the processors were capable of.

01. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

​They used thermionic valves
This is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied. as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses the phenomenon of thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode and is used for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification. [Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube]

02. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS

​They used transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
How does a transistor work ?
By turning a small input current into a large output current, the transistor acts like an amplifier. But it also acts like a switch at the same time. When there is no current to the base, little or no current flows between the collector and the emitter. Turn on the base current and a big current flows.
[Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-use-of-transistors-in-a-circuit#]

03. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS

​They used Integrated Circuits (ICs)
A collection of transistors make up an Integrated Circuit
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear (analog) or digital, depending on its intended application. [Source: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-circuit-IC]

04. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

​They used very large scale integrated (VLSI)
VLSI is an acronym that represents Very Large Scale Integrated.
A collection of Integrated Circuits (ICs) Make up VLSI
  An Integrated Circuit is the circuit in which all the Passive and Active components are fabricated onto a single chip. Initially the Integrated Chip could accommodate only a few components. As the days passed, the devices became more complex and required more number of circuits which made the devices look bulky. Instead of accommodating more circuits in the system, an Integration technology was developed to increase the number of components that are to be placed on a single chip. This Technology not only helped to reduce the size of the devices but also improved their speed. Depending upon the number of components (Transistors) to be integrated, they were categorized as SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI & GSI.
Small Scale Integration (SSI):
  • In this Technology, 1-100 Transistors were fabricated on a single chip. eg Gates , Flipflops.
Medium Scale Integration (MSI):
  • Using this Technology, 100-1000 number of Transistors could be integrated on a single chip. eg 4 bit Microprocessors.
Large Scale Integration
  • In this Technology, 1000-10000 Transistors could be integrated on a single chip. eg 8 bit Microprocessors, RAM, ROM
Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI):
  • In this Technology, 10000-1 Million Transistors could be accommodated. Eg 16-32 bit Microprocessors.
Ultra Large Scale Integration(ULSI):
  • In this Technology, 1 Million-10 Million Transistors could be accommodated. Eg Special Purpose Registers.
Giant Scale Integration (GSI):
  • In this Technology more than 10 Million Transistors could be accommodated. Eg Embedded Systems.
[Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-VLSI/answer/Abhinav-Verma-137]
next: ​DRAW A DIAGRAM SHOWING THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER HARDWARE. NAME THE UNITS
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explain uses of computers in health care

7/4/2019

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previously: ​STATE TWO OPERATIONAL METHODS OF AN ORGANIZATION ENSURING THE SAFETY OF DATA

USES OF COMPUTERS IN HEALTH SYSTEMS

01. KEEPING OF RECORDS

Computers are used in health care systems to store records of patients, workers, assets and any other valuables in the hospital such as information.

02. RESEARCH

Doctors need to learn day after day on emerging medical technology and techniques, they need internet to do this. Computers can offer them a connection to the internet.

03. TRANSACTIONS SUCH AS HOSPITAL BILLS

Every healthcare system has transactions even though the services are free, patients need to process their details and covers from insurance companies. This can only be efficient by the use of computers.

04. SECURITY

People need security wherever they are. Computers can be used to manage security details in the health care systems such as running CCTV cameras, biometric technology etc.

05. DIAGNOSING PATIENTS

Computers diagnose patients especially in body scanning, blood analysis, physiotherapy,  biometric matches, heart beats, blood sugar etc.

06. AUTOMATING LIFE SUPPORT MACHINES

Life support machines such as ICU can now be automated by the use of computer systems.

07. LABORATORY ANALYSIS

Analyzing and matching samples

08. PREPARING AND ANALYSING REPORTS

Preparing and analyzing reports such as diseases and ailments, human resource management, theater reports etc. 

09. COMMUNICATIONS

Communication is possible through email software and data calls

10. SUPPORTING HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Computer support hospital information management systems that help top managers to make accurate decisions and changes in the effective running of the facility.
next: ​DEFINE THE TERM NORMALIZATION AND STATE ITS OBJECTIVES.
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differences between data privacy and data security

5/4/2019

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meaning of data privacy

Data privacy means that data or information belonging to an individual should not be accessed by or disclosed to other people. Its an individual's right to determine for themselves what should be communicated to others.

meaning of data security

Data security is the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data.
​Confidentiality of data implies that sensitive data or information belonging to an organization or government should not be accessed by or disclosed to unauthorized people, such data includes office documents, chemical formula, employee's details, examinations etc.
Integrity of data implies that data should not be modified without owner's permission.
Availability of data implies that information must be available on demand.

DISSIMILARITY between data privacy and data security 

  • Data privacy focuses on the security of data of an individual.
  • Data security is a broad term on the security of data because it has three aspects (confidentiality, availability and integrity). However it mostly focuses on firms, governments and organisations (confidentiality of data) rather than individual privacy.
read more ...
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Reasons why people may resist the introduction of computers at their place of work

3/4/2019

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Why should people resist computers in their work place?

01.

Computers may lead to job replacement and displacement.
          This means that computers may make a person lose his/her job or root for the transfer of a worker to another department. A condition like this one may make people resist computers at their work place.

02.

Computers require skilled manpower.
          Usage of computers requires the staff to be trained for necessary skills to handle them. For those who don't see training as a good idea, will resist its implementation in a work place.

03.

Computers have adverse effects on our health.
          It is believed that computers cause cancer, electromagnetic radiation, changes in brain activity, eye problems and sleeping patterns. However, scientists are still researching on these areas to establish elements of computers that are responsible for these problems and how they can be avoided.
Picture

04.

Some people are just bureaucratic.
          Some people in work places are just difficult to change, they follow excessively complicated administrative procedures that demands things to be done they way they used to be.
        Examples of these bureaucrats are school heads who demand professional records to be handwritten rather than being typed and printed. They think that handwritten records are more original than the printed ones. These are the kind of people who will never tolerate computer changes in their institutions.

05.

Attitude problems leading to computer-phobia
          There are certain personalities who just hate computers because they either acquired this attitude myth or had previous shallow experience with computers.
          These people may likely resist the introduction of computers in their workplace and if it is introduced, they will blame it for everything bad that happens.

06.

Fear of increased work in their workplace
          Computers sometimes increases the amount of work in a work place. This is especially if new programs and applications are added to be used by the system. And if there will be no addition of manpower, handling them on top of your normal tasks can sometimes be overwhelming, in this case, people tend to resist them in their work places for fear of additional tasks.

07.

Fear of increased initial costs
          Introduction of computers require high initial costs however their benefits outweigh the costs (cost effectiveness). Some people may oppose implementation of computers in their workplace simply because they fear the initial costs.

08.

Poor communication skills/strategies
          Bad communication skills from the top management to workers below them may trigger workers to resist technology change. Communication breakdown, misinformation or inaccurate communication can be a recipe on why people may opt to resist technological change.
​        Changes that are mandated with little or no communication, on the other hand, are often poorly received, since employees may feel that the change is being shoved down their throats. When it comes to change management there’s no such thing as too much communication.
         If there is no immediate information to communicate during the change, telling employees that there is no update regarding the ongoing change is communication! Don’t just keep quiet; this is also the time to maintain an open door policy regardless of where you are placed in the organization.

09.

The Rapid Pace of Change
​         People often reject technology because it presents changes, big or small, to their immediate world, a world to which they have worked hard to adjust.
            People usually resist to anything that disturbs their social order and if done rapidly, change may never be taken seriously, this can lead to drastic opposition and resistance.

10.

Poor Timing:
​          This is another viable reason why employees resist introduction of computers at work. Change must be introduced when there are no other major initiatives going on. Sometimes it is not what a leader does, but it is how, when and why she or he does it that creates resistance to change! Undue resistance can occur because changes are introduced in an insensitive manner or at an awkward time.

​Works Cited


  • Adenle, C. (2011, JULY 26). 12 Reasons Why Employees Resist Change in the Workplace. Retrieved 04 04, 2019, from CATHERINE'S CAREER CORNER: https://catherinescareercorner.com/2011/07/26/12-reasons-why-employees-resist-change-in-the-workplace/
  • Howarth, J. (2017, NOV 20). Here’s Why People Resist New Technologies. Retrieved 04 04, 2019, from BENTLEY UNIVERSITY: https://www.bentley.edu/prepared/here-s-why-people-resist-new-technologies
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differences between printing multiple copies and printing multiple pages

3/4/2019

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What it means by printing multiple copies

Printing multiple copies implies that two or more papers are printed at the same time by only one printer. This is only possible by the use of impact printers such as a dot-matrix and a daisy wheel printer because they have special hammers that produce characters on a piece of paper. And behind every paper, there is a coupon copy that produces characters on another paper.
This type of printing is majorly done where monetary transactions are carried out such as a bank.
For example; when paying school fees through a bank, the bank produces three copies of receipts (whitish, blueish and pinkish) in color. One copy for the bank, another for the school and the last one for your own records. To produce these receipts (vouchers/slips), the bank prints them in multiple copies using impact printers.
Dot Matrix Printer
Dot Matrix Printer

What it means by printing multiple pages

Printing multiple pages is a situation where printers automatically make characters on a piece of paper (one paper at a time) but automatically pulls the next paper in a series once the current is over, this process repeats until the printing task is accomplished.
Printing multiple pages depends on the printing mechanism of the printer. There are those printers that can only print one side of the page at a time and others reverse the page to print on the other side. It is called back to back printing. Any type of printer can handle multiple page printing, however the desk-jet printer and laser-jet printers are preferred for this job because of their printing speed.
desk-jet printer
desk-jet printer
Images courtesy of Pinterest​
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FORMATTING FEATURES OF WORD PROCESSORS

2/4/2019

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FORMATTING FEATURES OF WORD PROCESSORS

wHAT ARE FORMATTING FEATURES?

 These are word processor enhancements that makes user's work appealing to the eye.

What are these formatting features?

1.

font color

Font color is used to change text color
2.

text highlight color

Makes text look like it was highlighted by a marker pen. 
Picture
3.

Text Effect

​Apply a visual effect to the selected text such as shadow, glow or reflection
Picture
4.

​Superscript and subscript

Superscript creates a small text above the normal line of text. 
Subscript creates a small text below the normal line of text. 
Picture
5.

​Strikethrough

​Draws a line through the middle of the selected line
Picture
6.

bolding, italics and underline

​Bolding makes text thicker and darker
Italics make text slant forward
Underline is a feature that puts a line below selected text
Picture
7.

font face

this is a feature used to change text font themes
Picture
8.

font size

this is a feature used to increase
or decrease the size of text
9.

​Numbers and bullets lists

Numbered list is a feature that index items in numbered style e.g.
  1. Kenya
  2. Corruption
Bulleted list is a feature that index items in bulleted style, e.g.
  • Corruption
  • Kenyan politicians
10.

​Increasing and decreasing indents

​Increasing indent pushes text away from the page margin
Decreasing indent pushes text closer to the page margin
Picture
11.

line and paragraph spacing

this is a formatting feature used to increase or decrease spaces between lines of text and paragraph
Picture
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ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS OVER TYPEWRITERS

1/4/2019

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WHAT ARE ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS?

Picture
An electronic spreadsheet is a software with worksheets made of cells that can save, edit. format and manipulate numeric values automatically.

WHAT ARE TYPEWRITERS?

Picture
A typewriter is an analogous machine with keys for producing characters, numerals and symbols on a piece of paper.

WHAT ARE THE MERITS OF SPREADSHEETS OVER TYPEWRITERS?

  1. Electronic spreadsheets have inbuilt formula and functions that enhances accuracy and efficiency. Typewrites don't
  2. Electronic spreadsheets produces neat work because all editing is done on the screen before the final copy is printed.
  3. Electronic spreadsheets have  inbuilt formatting features such as:
    1. change color
    2. bolding
    3. underline
    4. italics
    5. font size etc.
  4. Electronic spreadsheets special editing features such as:
    1. alignment
    2. spacing
    3. spelling and grammar checkers
    4. page layout
    5. background appearance etc.
  5. Electronic spreadsheets allow users to work with graphics and images to represent data.
  6. Electronic spreadsheets can be transmitted from one place to another quickly and electronically
  7. Electronic spreadsheets have inbuilt security and privacy measures to protect data
  8. Electronic spreadsheets can be reprogrammed to meet certain demands and standards of an organization.
  9. Electronic spreadsheets can be imported or exported between machines. This allows the user to share sheets in multiple software packages of the same type or different types
  10. Electronic spreadsheets have special pre-edited sheets called templates that makes user's work easier.
  11. Electronic spreadsheets are empowered with database features that lets the user search, sort and manipulate data easily. such as:
    1. find and select
    2. sorting
    3. filtering
    4. automatic recalculations (forecasting)
  12. Electronic spreadsheets allow users to insert comments such as users instructions and help
  13. Electronic spreadsheets allow users to create, save, retrieve and print worksheets
​Images courtesy of Pinterest
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What is a cell in relation to Spreadsheets?

6/11/2018

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Briefly explain the following terms: Cell, Range, Label, Value, Function

Expected Response

  • A cell is an editable area of a spreadsheet where a column meets a row. Editable in this case means where the user can enter text.
  • Contents in a cell can either be values, labels or formula/function
  • a Value is a figure which can be mathematically manipulated
  • labels are not mathematically manipulated
  • Formula/Functions are instructions used to manipulate values and return a feedback
    • However a function is in-built while a formula is user defined.
  • A group of two or more cells make up a range.
a cell
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Students sat for a test in computer studies

6/11/2018

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​Students sat for a test in computer studies. The table gives the marks obtained and the number of students obtaining the marks. Write a program in a structured high-level language to calculate the mean of the result. The formula for the mean is given below.

Picture

Marks obtained (x)

Number of students (f)

10

1

15

2

20

6

25

5

30

10

35

6

40

4

45

2

50

1

55

1

​EXPECTED RESPONSE;

Program mean;
Var
            Sumxf,sumf:integer
            Mean:real;
Begin
            Sumxf:=(10*1)+(15*2)+(20*6)+(25*5)+(30*10)+(35*6)+(40*4)+(45*2)+(50*1)+(55*1);
            Sumf:=1+2+3+4+10+6+4+2+1+1;
            Mean:= sumxf/sumf;
            Writeln(mean);
            Readln;
End.
PRINT

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State two requirements of computer programming testing.

23/8/2018

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Testing of a program should not be miscued with system implementation and testing of SDLC stages.
Testing of a program is also called debugging and its done by  programmers unlike system testing phase done by Quality assurance professionals.

Expected Response

For debugging to take place, the programmer needs the following tools.
  1. Debugging software
  2. Compiler/code interpreter
STATE TWO REQUIREMENTS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING TESTING.

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Explain the difference between Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).

19/8/2018

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EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION PROGRAMS - kcse computer studies analysis of questions

16/8/2018

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​To effectively establish the difference between system software and application programs, we should define the two.

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State a situation where real-time processing would be appropriate - kcse computer studies questions and answers

14/8/2018

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STATE TWO TYPES OF COMPUTER OUTPUT DEVICES

4/8/2018

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State three functions of database management system.

31/7/2018

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Define a primary key field

31/7/2018

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