Friedrieh Wilhelm Froebel. (1782 — 1852)

Maria Montessori. (1870 — 1952)

How the philosophy of resource mobilization can be used in ECDE.

Effects of 2^nd world war on ECDE.

Achievements made in ECDE in Kenya since independence

Describe the various names used to refer to pre — school education before and after independence.

Various names used to refer to pre — school education before and after independence.

• Pre — school.

• Pre—primary.

• Pre — unit.

• Nursery.

• Kindergarten.

• Play group.

• Creche.

Explain the impact Of African resistance movements to colonial rule on ECDE

Impact of African resistance movement to colonial rule on ECDE.

• Most popular was Mau Mau resistance movement. From 1952, the movement was mostly active in Central and Eastern parts of Kenya.
• Armed conflicts led to detentions of many young parents. Harassment of parents and children had a psychological impact. Their self — esteem was negatively affected.
• Forced labour on the colonial plantations denied children the care they could have gotten from their parents. Parents had no time to train their children. This led to moral decay.
• In the plantations, ECDE centers were established. The centers served as rescue centers for children whose parents were taken to war, detained or fled for fear Of being terrorized by the colonial rule.
• The colonial masters banned many Of African customs, traditions and practices that were expected to instill cultural values in children.
• Children perception of their parents was affected by the armed conflicts e.g. Their parents and Older siblings were beaten, chained or killed in their This was traumatizing and disrupting in their psychosocial development. 

Discuss how HIV/AIDs, Changing Structure and Child abuse have affected the ECDE programmes in Kenya.

Effects of HIV/AIDs, Changing Structure and Child abuse in ECDE programmes in Kenya.

HIV/ AIDs:-

• Children are orphaned leaving them homeless and in need of basic needs.
• Lack of opportunities especially in the child — headed families.
• Children could be infected with HIV/ AIDS
• Children affected or infected are unlikely to join pre — schools.
• Frequent ailments are common among those infected. This will strain health care services for children.

Changing family structures:

• Has affected the child rearing practices.
• In nuclear and single parent families, children are lonely and live in crowded environments.
• No room for being creative and innovative as most of their play materials are ready made.
• Children from single parent homes may lack father or mother attentions, thus affecting their socialization.

Child Abuse.

• Some children engage in child labour and they begin to head their families.
• Common forms Of abuse e.g. Sexual molestation, Female Genital Mutilation (F. G. M), beatings, caning in schools, drug trafficking, using children to beg, unlawful confinements, witnessing killings, early marriages etc. These entire factors affect the enrolment in ECDE centers.
• Increased violence, ethnic and political violence, changing family structures, etc. have led to the abuse and trauma of many children.

Distinguishing the concepts of the child in International context of a child

Differentiating the concepts of the child In African Context

Difference between traditional and modern philosophy

Definition of philosophy In relation to early childhood

Roles of NGOs in ECDE

Impact of Free Primary Education on ECDE

Government policies on ECDE

Strategies that can be used to minimize problems emanating from Free Primary Education

The way forward towards the Improvement of the status of ECDE In Kenya

Similarities and differences between ECDE programmes in Kenya and Uganda.