pneumonia
It is an inflammation of the lungs.
Animals attacked include Calves, kids, lambs, piglets and poultry. Cause:
Bacteria (Mycoplasma mycoides) dust worms in the lungs.
Predisposing causes
Symptoms
Control
Aspergillosis (Brooder pneumonia) in Poultry
It has its name because the disease results in pneumonia in young chicks, which are reared under brooders. Occurs everywhere poultry are reared.
Species affected:
All species of poultry
Age affected:
Mainly seen in young birds.
Causes:
Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger.
[Aspergillus fumigatus is a species of fungus. It can be found throughout the environment, including in soil, plant matter, and household dust. The fungus can also produce airborne spores called conidia.] Effects:
Manly respiratory system, but fungi can spread to other parts of the body.
Signs include respiratory distress (dyspnea and gasping), central nervous dysfunction (tremors, ataxia, and torticollis), somnolence (sleepy), inappetence, and emaciation (very thin). Mode of transmission
It spreads by aerosol of spores, which are common in the hatchery. Spreads less commonly by contaminated dust and litter in the house.
Clinical signs
Signs include respiratory distress (dyspnea and gasping), central nervous dysfunction (tremors, ataxia, and torticollis), somnolence (sleepy), inappetence, and emaciation (very thin). Conjunctivitis, high mortality, and cloudy eyes can be seen.
Postmortem lesions
Yellowish‑green or whitish, caseous (cheesy) nodules and/or green, fur‑like down in mouth, palate, lungs, syrinx, viscera, air sacs, brain and eyes may be seen.
Diagnosis
Fungus can be identified microscopically (20% KOH stain) from culture or special stain of tissues (Hyphae, Mycelia, Conidiophores). Isolation of culture in 48 hours on Sabouraud dextrose agar is diagnostic. Lactophenol cotton blue staining of colony to see conidophores.
Prevention & treatment
Hatchery sanitation includes regular fumigation of eggs, machines and air ducts and regular (monthly) plating of hatchery with media to examine for the presence of fungi. Use clean dry litter and dry cups or nipples to reduce water spills. Antifungals in the feed or water.
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NEWCASTLE DISEASE (ND)
It’s a notifiable disease, very contagious and highly infectious disease.
Other names for this disease are ND and Avian pneumoencephalitis. Cause (Infectious Agents):
A Virus by the name avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PMV-1)
Newcastle disease is a contagious respiratory disease caused by a paramyxovirus. The virus can remain viable in infected litter for approximately 2 months and up to 12 months in infected poultry carcasses. The pathogenicity (ability of an organism to cause disease) of the virus ranges from mild to high. It is killed by disinfectants and direct sunlight. Susceptibility:
Birds of all ages are susceptible. especially young chickens. Humans and other mammals are also susceptible.
The virus has been known to cause eye infections in people who work with it in laboratories, or who rub their eyes after handling the vaccine. Transmission:
The incubation period for this virus is 5 to 7 days. During that time birds are
contagious and shed the virus in their bodily fluids and excretions. The virus can be transmitted by contaminated fomites (equipment, clothing, etc.) and via the air. The disease can also be spread through carriers such as wild birds, pets and insects. It spreads rapidly. Newcastle disease is passed from the hen to the egg, but the embryo will die before hatching. Clinical signs/Symptoms
Gasping, coughing, snicking, swollen eyes, nasal discharge, trembling, paralysis, recumbency, circling, respiratory stress, wheezing, depression, decreased appetite, decreased water consumption and drop in production are clinical signs, beaks remain wide open, strained neck, dullness, the bird's eyes are closed all the time, birds stagger in motion, watery yellow diarrhoea, beak and wings sag (bulge downwards)
Mortality will range from 10 percent to 80 percent, depending on the virulence of the virus. The disease will run its course in 10 days to 2 weeks; however, production will not come back for 5 to 6 weeks. Even after production has resumed, many eggs will have rough, thin shells and be of low grade. LesionsLesion means a region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease, such as a wound, ulcer, abscess, or tumour
Edema in the face is common, along with airway congestion and hemorrhaging in
body tissues. There may be infection in the brain (encephalitis) and exudates in the air sacs and lungs. The undeveloped eggs of infected laying hens will show deterioration. Diagnosis:
Tentative diagnosis is based on flock history and the presence of clinical signs and lesions. Confirmation is based on isolation of the virus and blood tests for the presence of antibodies. This disease has very similar symptoms to other respiratory diseases and should be differentiated by laboratory methods.
Treatment :
No treatment due to viral disease, but to avoid the secondary infection, we recommend the supportive therapy in drinking water.
Electrovit C plus Broilers: 5 gm/50 birds through drinking water Syp Brofin (ibuprofin) 120 mg/400 Litter water Enrofloxacin 10g/100 ml DW Also; Even though there is no specific treatment for this disease, antibiotics can be administered to prevent secondary infections. Prevention/Control:
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