It is an inflammation of the lungs.
Animals attacked include Calves, kids, lambs, piglets and poultry.

Bacteria (Mycoplasma mycoides) dust worms in the lungs.

• Poor ventilation
• Lack of enough oxygen
• Overcrowding
• Age- young animals are more prone to the disease
• Effects of diarrhoea and other illnesses
• Dampness and chilliness.
• Cold winds

• The animal becomes dull and reluctant to move
• There is a rough hair coat
• Animal breathes rapidly
• Abnormal lung sounds when breathing i.e. bubbling
• If the chest is pressed the animal starts coughing
• Nasal mucous discharge.
• Anorexia/loss of appetite.
• Staring coat.
• Emaciation.
• Breathing rapidly.
• Fluctuating body temperature.

• Keeping young animals in warm pens.
• Proper sanitation.
• Isolation of the affected animals.
• Treating using antibiotics.
• Proper housing with good ventillation

It has its name because the disease results in pneumonia in young chicks, which are reared under brooders. Occurs everywhere poultry are reared. ​

All species of poultry

Mainly seen in young birds.

Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger.

Manly respiratory system, but fungi can spread to other parts of the body. 
Signs include respiratory distress (dyspnea and gasping), central nervous dysfunction (tremors, ataxia, and torticollis), somnolence (sleepy), inappetence, and emaciation (very thin).

It spreads by aerosol of spores, which are common in the hatchery. Spreads less commonly by contaminated dust and litter in the house.

Signs include respiratory distress (dyspnea and gasping), central nervous dysfunction (tremors, ataxia, and torticollis), somnolence (sleepy), inappetence, and emaciation (very thin). Conjunctivitis, high mortality, and cloudy eyes can be seen.

Yellowish‑green or whitish, caseous (cheesy) nodules and/or green, fur‑like down in mouth, palate, lungs, syrinx, viscera, air sacs, brain and eyes may be seen.

Fungus can be identified microscopically (20% KOH stain) from culture or special stain of tissues (Hyphae, Mycelia, Conidiophores). Isolation of culture in 48 hours on Sabouraud dextrose agar is diagnostic. Lactophenol cotton blue staining of colony to see conidophores.

Hatchery sanitation includes regular fumigation of eggs, machines and air ducts and regular (monthly) plating of hatchery with media to examine for the presence of fungi. Use clean dry litter and dry cups or nipples to reduce water spills. Antifungals in the feed or water.   

• Secondary Agriculture Form 3 KLB
• Daniel Murrell, MD via Healthline.com
• Jake Davies via Poultryworld.net

​It’s a notifiable disease, very contagious and highly infectious disease.
Other names for this disease are ND and Avian pneumoencephalitis. 

A Virus by the name avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PMV-1)
Newcastle disease is a contagious respiratory disease caused by a paramyxovirus.
The virus can remain viable in infected litter for approximately 2 months and up to 12 months in infected poultry carcasses. The pathogenicity (ability of an organism to cause disease) of the virus ranges from mild to high. It is killed by disinfectants and direct sunlight.

Birds of all ages are susceptible. especially young chickens. Humans and other mammals are also susceptible.
The virus has been known to cause eye infections in people who work with it in laboratories, or who rub their eyes after handling the vaccine.

The incubation period for this virus is 5 to 7 days. During that time birds are
contagious and shed the virus in their bodily fluids and excretions. The virus can be transmitted by contaminated fomites (equipment, clothing, etc.) and via the air.
The disease can also be spread through carriers such as wild birds, pets and insects.
It spreads rapidly.
​Newcastle disease is passed from the hen to the egg, but the embryo will die before hatching.

Gasping, coughing, snicking, swollen eyes, nasal discharge, trembling, paralysis, recumbency, circling, respiratory stress, wheezing, depression, decreased appetite, decreased water consumption and drop in production are clinical signs, beaks remain wide open, strained neck, dullness, the bird's eyes are closed all the time, birds stagger in motion, watery yellow diarrhoea, beak and wings sag (bulge downwards)
Mortality will range from 10 percent to 80 percent, depending on the virulence of the virus.
The disease will run its course in 10 days to 2 weeks; however, production will not come back for 5 to 6 weeks. Even after production has resumed, many eggs will have rough, thin shells and be of low grade.

Edema in the face is common, along with airway congestion and hemorrhaging in
body tissues. There may be infection in the brain (encephalitis) and exudates in the air sacs and lungs. The undeveloped eggs of infected laying hens will show deterioration. 

Tentative diagnosis is based on flock history and the presence of clinical signs and lesions. Confirmation is based on isolation of the virus and blood tests for the presence of antibodies. This disease has very similar symptoms to other respiratory diseases and should be differentiated by laboratory methods.

No treatment due to viral disease, but to avoid the secondary infection, we recommend the supportive therapy in drinking water.
Electrovit C plus
Broilers:
5 gm/50 birds through drinking water
Syp Brofin (ibuprofin)
120 mg/400 Litter water
Enrofloxacin
10g/100 ml DW

Also;

Even though there is no specific treatment for this disease,  antibiotics can be administered to prevent secondary infections.

• Newcastle disease can be prevented by following an annual vaccination schedule - see NCD Vaccine. Vaccines can be use to prevent  infections because they  contain a dead or weakened disease causing organisms and are injected into the animals’ blood stream the animal then produces antibodies to counter the disease.
• Quarantine (restricting movement)
• Culling (slaughter infected animals)
• Cleaning and disinfecting the houses before bringing in new stock