Water dispersed fruit / seeds

• Mesocarp / seed has air spaces thus light / buoyant to float.
• Therefore carried away by water.
• The fruit / seeds are protected from soaking by water proud pericarp.

Animal dispersed fruits / seeds

• Presence of hooks for attachment to animals; thus carried to other placed
• Fruits are brightly coloured; succulent; aromatic attract animals, which feed on them.
• The seed coats are registrant to digestive enzymes; thus carried to other places on them.
• The seeds are dropped always from parent plant in faeces/ droppings.

Self dispersed fruits / seeds / explosive mechanisms

• The dry pods / fruit split (along lines of weakness / satures)
• Scattering seeds away from parent plant

Wind dispersed fruits / seeds

• Censer mechanism
• Perforated capsule is usually loosely attached to stalk / the long stalk is swayed by wind scattering seeds.
• Presence of hairs / wing – like structure, floss / extensions which increase surface area / for buoyancy making is easy for fruits / seeds to be blown away
• Fruits / seeds are light due to small size; therefore easily carried a ways by wind.

Sclerotic layer – (made up of collagen fibres thus) protects the eye  maintains shape of eyeball.
Cornea

• Allows light to enter the eye
• Refracts light towards retina

Conjunctive - Protects cornea
Eyelids

•  Protects cornea from mechanical & chemical damage / protects eye form entry of foreign particles.
• protects retina from bright light (by reflex action)

Choroids

• (Contains black pigment which)prevents reflection of light within the eye / absorbed light.
• Nourishes the eye / retina / supply oxygen / remove CO2

Ciliary muscles

•  Alter shape of lens during accommodation
•  Ciliary body produces aqueous humour.

Suspensory ligaments – adjusts shape of lens during accommodation
Lens – Refracts light rays / focuses light on retina
Vitrerous aqueous humour once.
Aqueous Humour – Nourishes cornea / lens Refracts light
Irus – ( pigmented thus) – gives the eye its colour / absorbs light controls amount of light entering the eye / adjusts size of pupil impulses.
Pupil – light enters the eyes through pupil.
Retina – has photoreceptor cells / rods / cones / image formation ;l generates impulses.
Fever / yellow spot – visual acuity / most sensitive part of retina with only cones.
Blind spot – point where nerve fibre emerges from the optic nerve / where the optic nerve leaves the eye / point where blood vessels & nerve fibres enter the eye.
Optic nerve – transmit impulses to brain.

​    b)     80 – 18 = 62; 2.48C /Min
            2.5            25                                      
 
    c)     Control
    d)     Rate was faster in tube A; because the film of methylated sprit evaporated; removing heat from the tube;
    e)     Convection ; radiation
    f)     Lower rate of heat loss;
    g)     i) birds
               Feather
            ii) Mammals?
                Fur
    h)     i) external temperature changes
                Temperature
            ii) Internal temperature changes
                 Hypothalamus

a) i) study of a single species within a community / ecosystem /habitat / environment.
ii) Synecology?
Study of natural communities within an ecosystem
b) Leaf                     Habitat
A                               aquatic / fresh water
B                               Forest; Terrestrial
C                               Arid / semi arid; desert.
c) Sunken
Hairy
Reserved rhythm
Small stomatal pore

• Less ADH secreted (by pituitary gland); causing less reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules; thus resulting in dilute urine. 

a) i) Thigmotropism / haptotropism
ii) Contact with support; causes migration of auxine to enter the side; causing faster growth on the side away from centre of surface (causing tendrils curl around support.)
 b) Escape injurious stimuli / seek favorable habitats; move towards light / stimuli.
c) Induce foot growth in stem cutting

• Selective weed killers
• Encourage apical dominance
• Encourage sprouting of side brances
• Breaking seeds dormancy
• Induce pathencarpy
• Promotes flowering
• Induce fruit fall
• Accelerates ripening of fruits.

• Swallow plenty of sea water to increase amount of water in the body 
• Have chloride secretory cells in the gills to remove excess salts
• Eliminate nitrogenous wastes in form of trimthylamine exide which requires little water for elimination.
• Few / small glomeruli; thus slow filtration rate in the kidneys.

​a) i) Oxygen
ii) Carbon dioxide
b) Oxyhaemoglobin
c) i) The blood plasma except blood cells and proteins; that has
 filtered out of the capillaries.
ii) It is a medium of exchange of substances/ materials 
between capillaries and body cells; supply nutrients to cells / supply oxygen to cells / remove waste products from cells.
d) i) Hepatic portal vein
ii) Pulmonary artery

• Colour blindness
• Hair ears / pinna
• Haemophila
• Baldness

• ​Genes are located on the sex chromosomes; they are transmitted along with those determining sex.

• Numerous chloroplasts to absorb light / epidermis have chloroplasts to absorb light.
• Deeply divided / truncated leaves / branched leaves to increase surface area.
• Large air spaces for storage of air / buoyancy; acc parenchyma tissue for storage of air
  
• Have no cuticle to facilitate exchange of gases

• Salmonella typhi; Acc.Bacteria / salmonella alone

a) lignin
b) Phloem

• ​Absorption of water; accept absorption of salts / calcium / iron; secretion of mucus