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Explain how a biotic factors affect plants

18/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN19

Explain how a biotic factors affect plants

Picture
answers
Wind.
In windy conditions the rate of transpiration increases; wind disperses fruits/ seeds; is an agent of pollination; acc. Spores for seed.
Temperature
Changes in temperatures affects the rate of photosynthesis  and other biochemical reactions/ metabolic reactions/ enzymatic reactions/ enzymatic reactions, temperature increases rate of transpiration;
Lights
Plants need light for  photosynthesis, some plants need light for flowering/ photoperiodism/ seeds like lettuce require  light for germination.
Humidity
When humidity is low, the rate  of transpiration increases;
PH
Each  plant  requires a specific pH to grow well/ acidic/ alkalinity/ neutral;
Salinity
Plants with salt tolerant tissues grow in saline area, plants in estuaries adjust to salt fluctuations;
Topography
North facing slopes in temperature  lands have more plants than south facing slope
Plants on windward side have  stunted/ distorted growth;
 Comparisons of mountains and valleys
 Description  of other areas with other topographies e.g. River valley rainfall/ water
- Fewer plants  in areas/ semi arid  and
- Water is needed for germination/ is a raw material for  photosynthesis/ dissolves/ minerals salts/ provides turgidity for support/ fruits/ seeds
Pressure;
Variation in atmospheric pressure affect availability of CO+2+ which affects  photosynthesis and low  pressure increase rate  of transpiration; and affect  amount  of oxygen; for respiration
Mineral salts/ trace  elements
- Affects distribution of plants  in the soils
- Plants thrive well where there are mineral salts in the soil
Plants living  in the soil deficient  in particular mineral element have special methods obtaining it; for example  legumes obtaining  from nitrogen by fixation or carnivorous. 
Comments

How is the mammalian skin adapted to its functions?

18/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN18

How is the mammalian skin adapted to its functions?

Picture
answers
  • ​The skin is made of epidermis and dermis. The epidermis  is made up of three layers. The outermost  layer is known as cornified layer; made  up of dead cells that protect against mechanical damage/ desiccation/ microbes; the granular layer; is made up of living cells that give rise to the cornified layer, the malpighian layer; contain actively dividing cells that rise to new epidermal cells, that contain melanin that protects the skin  against ultra violet rays.
  • The dermis has several components has  sweat glands’ sudondic glands that  produce sweat; sweat  evaporates carrying it with latent  of vaporization) thus reducing the body temperature; under cold  conditions little/ no.
  • Sweat is produced thus heat is conserved; the sweat contains water/ sodium chloride/ uric acid/ urea; the skin is excretory organ.
  • Has hair, the hair stands erect to trap air when temperature is low to reduce heat loss/ lies  flat to allow heat loss when the temperature is high.
  • Has nerve endings, which are sensitive to stimuli/ such as heat/ cold/ pain/ pressure/ touch
  • Has subcutaneous  fats/ adipose tissue, that insulate the body against heat loss.
  • Has arteriole; that vasodilate when temperature are high to lose heat by radiation/ convection ( see converse)
  • Has sebaceous gland; which secrete sebum, an antiseptic/ water repellant/ that prevent drying/ cracking  of  skin/ skin supple
  • acc blood vessels/ capillaries for arterioles to supply food/ nutrients/ oxygen/ remove excretory products.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN17

18/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN17

During germination and growth of a cereal, the dry weight of endosperm, the embryo and total dry weight were determined at two – day intervals. The results are shown in the table below.
Picture
a) Using the same axes, draw graphs of dry weigh of endosperm, embryo and the total dry weight against time 
b) What is the total dry weight on day 5?
c) Account for:
i) Decrease in dry weight of endosperm from day 0 to 10 
ii) Increase in dry weight of embryo from day 0 day 10 
iii) Decrease in total dry weight from day 0 to day 8 
iv) Increase in total dry weight after day 8 
d)Dormancy.
i) Within a seed
ii) Outside the seed
e) Give two characteristics of meristematic cells 
answers
Picture
​(b) 38.5 (mg); Acc. + 0.5 ( i.e. 38 – 39)
(c) (i) Hydrolysis of starch into  simple  sugars; which are translocated to the embryo;
Respiration/ to give energy/ heat/ gases
Acc. Simple sugar oxidized
(ii) New materials are  synthesized from protein); bringing about growth  of embryo; acc new cells/ protoplasm synthesized
(iii) The rate of respiration is faster than that of synthesis  of  materials for growth
(iv) First leaf (carried out photosynthesis) leading to growth
(d) (i) Presence  of absiscic acid/ germination inhibitors;
Embryo not fully developed
Absence of hormones/ enzymes that stimulate germination
Impermeable seed coat; rej hard seed coat
Acc. Inactive enzymes/ hormones/ absence of gibberellins/ cytokinins.
 (ii) – Unsuitable / unfavourable temperature
- absence  of light
- lack of water
- lack of  oxygen
(c) Dense cytoplasm
- Thin cell wall
- Absence of vacuoles ( cell sap)
Comments

Outliner three roles of active transport in the human body

18/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN16

Outliner three roles of active transport in the human body

Picture
answers
  • Reabsorption of glucose/ some salts in the kidney/ by  kidney tubules;
  • Absorption of digested food/ from the  alimentary canal
  • Reabsorption of useful  material in the blood stream
  • Accept sodium pump  mechanism in the nervous system, the nerve cell
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN16

18/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN16

how do the following factors affect the rate of diffusion?
i) Diffusion gradient 
ii) Surface area volume ratio 
iii) Temperature 
Picture
answers
(i) The higher diffusion gradient between ( two  points) the rate of diffusion; acc converse.
(ii) The higher the surface area:: Volume ratio, the faster is the rate of diffusion ; acc converse
(iii) Increasing temperature increases the rate of diffusion; acc converse.
Comments

What is diffusion

18/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN16

What is diffusion

Picture
answers
  • The movement of molecules; from a region of high concentration to a  region of low concentration; until the molecules are uniformly distributed in the medium) Acc. Particles for molecules;
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN15

18/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN15

 a) Give the differences between the following structures in wind and insect pollinated flowers. 
i) Anther
ii) Pollen grains
iii) Stigma 
b) What is the importance of cross pollination? 
c) Explain how a seed is formed after an ovule is fertilized 
Picture
answers
​(i) anther Insect Wind
Small short anther firmly Large/ long anthers/ loosely attached to 
Attached to elements filaments
(ii) Large heavy/ spiky small/ light/ smooth
(iii) Small/ sticky Long feathery
(b) Source of variation/ hybrid acc. Production of hybrid

Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN14

18/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN14

 What is meant by the following terms? Give an example in each case.
i) Homologous structures
ii) Example
iii) Vestigial structures Example 
Picture
answers
​(i) Have a common ( embryonic) origin modified to perform different  functions; vertebrae  for limb/ pentadactyl limb
Example
Vertebrate fore limb/ pretadactyl limb; acc beaks of birds ( fee of birds/ mouthparts in insects.
(ii) Have different (embryonic) origins ( but have evolved) to perform similar functions.
(iii) Are greatly reduced in size and therefore caused to function
   Acc. Third  digit of wing of bird
Halteres in flies
Presence of hind limb  ( buds) in python
Human ear muscles
Example
Human appendix / kiwi ( flightless bird) with reduced  wings/ vestigial wings in flies human  hair/ presence  of hind limbs in python; reduced pelvic girdle  of whale.
Comments

What is the difference between Darwinian and Lamarckian theories of evolution?

18/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN14

What is the difference between Darwinian and Lamarckian theories of evolution?

Picture
answers
Lamarckian
Inheritance of acquired characteristics/ Environment induces production of inheritable character which is then inherited.while
Darwinian
Inheritance of genetically acquired characteristics/ character happens to appear spontaneously which then gives advantage to organisms therefore better- adaptable characters are then inherited by natural selection.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN13

18/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN13

The diagram below shows a vertical section through a mammalian heart.
Picture
​a) Name the parts labeled A,B,E and F 
b) Use arrows to show the direction in which blood flows in the heart.
c) Give a reason why the wall of chamber C is thicker than chamber D 
answers
(a) A Pulmonary vein
B Left atrium I auricle
E Tricuspid valve
F Pulmonary artery
Picture
​(b) The left ventricle ‘C’ pumps blood a longer distance to all parts of the body; while the right  ventricle ‘D’ pumps blood to a shorter distance/ to the lungs; therefore the left ventricle has thicker walls to generate exert more pressure.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN12

18/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN12

Across between a red flowered plant and white flowered produced plants with pink flowers.
Using letter R to represent the gene for red colour , and W for white colour

a) What were the parental genotypes 
b) Workout a cross between F1 plants 
c) Give the i) Phenotypic ratio of F2 plants 
ii) Genotypic ratio of F2 plants 
d) Name a characteristic in humans, which is controlled through a mammalian heart?
Picture
answers
  (a) RR        WW
(b) Parental genotypes               R                     W
         Gametes                               R W     X       WW
                                                                R W
Fertilization
Offsprings                                       RR RW RW WW
(c) (i) Phenotypic ration Red Pink White
1 2 1
(ii) 1RR : 2RW; 1WW
(d) (ABO) blood grouping; blood groups;
Comments

Fruit formation without fertilization is called

18/6/2020

Comments

 
​K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN11

Fruit formation without fertilization is called

Picture
answer
  • ​Parthenocarpy
Comments

How are the xylem vessels adapted for support?

18/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN10

How are the xylem vessels adapted for support?

Picture
answer
  • Thickened  walls/ lignified accept lignin
Comments

Name two mineral elements that are necessary in the synthesis of chlorophyll.

18/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN09

Name two mineral elements that are necessary in the synthesis of chlorophyll.

Picture
answers
  • Nitrogen;
  • Magnesium;
  • Iron,
Comments

Name the class in the phylum arthropoda which has the largest number of individuals?

18/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2004PP1QN08

Name the class in the phylum arthropoda which has the largest number of individuals?

Picture
answer
  • Insecta; 
Comments
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