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Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a mammal

22/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN08

Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a mammal

Picture
answers
Breathing in
External intercostals muscles contract; internal, intercostals muscles relax lifting/ raising the ribcage upwards and outwards; muscles of diaphragm contract. It flattens the volume of the thoracic cavity increases; pressure decrease; higher air pressure in the atmosphere forces air into the lungs
  Breathing out
External intercostals/ muscles relax; internal intercostals muscles contract moving the ribcage downwards and inwards; the muscles of diaphragm relax, the diaphragm assumes dome shape; volume of thoracic cavity decreases; while pressure increases; higher pressure forces air out of the lungs

Comments

State four characteristics of gaseous exchange surfaces

22/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN08

State four characteristics of gaseous exchange surfaces

Picture
answers
  • Highly vascularized/ network  of blood capillaries
  • L.S.A ( for G.E)
  • Thin membrane/ epithelium/ one cell thick wall/ thin lining; rej thin walls moist lining
Comments

Describe the nitrogen cycle

22/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN07

Describe the nitrogen cycle

Picture
answers
Picture
​During thunderstorm/ lightning; nitrogen gas  combines with O2 to form nitrogen  oxides; nitrogen  oxides dissolve in water to for nitric acid; acid is deposited in the soil by rain, nitric acid combines with chemical substance to  form  nitrates/ nitric acids dissolves to form nitrates which are  absorbed  by plants symbiotic bacteria/ such as rhizobium; which are  found in root nodules of leguminous  plants, fix free nitrogen to  nitrates.
Free living bacteria/ clatridium/ azotobacteria fix nitrogen to all rates
Nostoc algae/ chlorella/ anaemia/ ix nitrogen to nitrates.
Plants use Nitrates to form plant proteins
Animals feed on plants and convert  plant proteins into animal proteins
Plants/ animals die and decomposed by bacteria/ saprophytes/ fungi decomposing  plants/ animals/ release ammonia which is covered to nitrates/ by nitrosomomes nitrococcus bacteria 
Nitrates  are converted to nitrates; by  nitrobacteria
Nitrates in the soil can be converted to free nitrogen/ denitrification by some  fungi; pseudomonas/ hulobacillus denitrifying bacteria.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN06

22/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN06

An experiment was carried out to investigate transpiration and absorption of water in sunflower plants in their natural environment with adequate supply of water. The account of water was determined in two hour intervals. The results are as shown in the table below
Picture
​(a) Using the same axes, plot graphs to show transpiration and absorption of water in grammes against time of the day 
(b) At what time of the day was the amount of water the same for transpiration and absorption? 
(c) Account for the shape of graph of:
(i) Transpiration 
(ii) Absorption 
(d) What would happen to transpiration and absorption of water if the experiment was continued till 05 00 hours? 
(e) Name two factors that may affect transpiration and absorption at any given time 
(f) Explain how the factors you named in (e) above affect transpiration 
answers
Picture
​(b) 17.001- 19.99 hrs
(c) (i) Transpiration
1100 – 17000 (rapid) ( in the rate of transpiration) due to high  light intensity/ high temperature
(ii) 17000 – 0300 hrs decrease (in the rate of transpiration) due to low light intensity/ absence of light/ in temperature.
(iii) Absorption
11.00 – 1900 hrs. Increase (in the rate of atmosphere) of water to replace water lost- through transpiration
1900 – 0300 hrs; decrease ( in the rate  of  absorption of water) due to the fact  that rate  of transpiration has declined
(d) Both transpiration and absorption decrease accept decrease
(e) Wind; light, atmosphere pressure, humidity; temperature
Temperature - at high temperature the rate is higher/ at low temperature the rate is Low.
(f) Wind- rate of transpiration is high when it’s windy/ lower when air still 
Humidity – when humidity is low, the rate of transpiration is faster/ when its 
High the rate of transportation is low
Pressure- the rate is high at low atmosphere pressure at high atmosphere pressure  the rate is low.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN05

22/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN05

 A freshly obtained dandelion stem measuring 5 cm long was split lengthwise to obtain two similar pieces The pieces were placed in solutions of different concentrations in Petri dishes for 20 minutes.
The appearance after 20 minutes is as shown
Picture
​(a) Account for the appearance of the pieces in solutions L1 and L2
(b) State the significance of the biological process involved in the experiment 
answers
​(a) L1
Inner cells gained water by Osmosis; hence increased in length; epidermal cells did not gain water because they are covered by a water proof cuticle leading to currature.
L2
Inner cells lost water by osmosis; leading to (flaccidity) decrease in  length; epidermal cells did not  lose water due to waterproof  leading to  currature

(b)
Support in (herbaceous) plants
Absorption of water
Opening and closing of stomata
Movement of water from cell to cell
Leading in infectious plants
Folding of leaves in the Mimosa
Comments

Why is movement necessary in animals

22/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN04

Why is movement necessary in animals

Picture
answers
  • Enable animals to search for funds
  • Enable animals to search for shelter
  • Enable animals to search for water
  • Enables animals to search for breeding
  • Enables animals to escape predator/ harmful conditions
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN04

22/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN04

Give three reasons in each case why support is necessary in
(i) Plants 
(ii) animals 
Picture
answers
(i) Plants
  • Expose the surface area of  leaf to sun light for photosynthesis
  • Ensure flowers are exposed to pollution
  • Expose fruits seeds to disperse
  • To resist breakage ( due to their own weight and that of the organism)
(ii) Animals
  • Attachment of other body organs
  • To protect delicate organs
  • Maintain body shape/ form
  • Enable movement/ locomotion
  • Attachment of muscles
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN03

22/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN03

The equation below represents a process that takes place in plants
 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 602

(a) Name the process 
(b) State two conditions necessary for the process to take place 
(c) State what happens to the end- products of the process 
Picture
answers
(a)   Photosynthesis
 (b)   Light (energy)
      Chlorophyll
 (c)   Oxygen – used in respiration, oxidation
   Released into the atmosphere
   Glucose – used in respiration
  Converted to sucrose or starch for storage
  Used in formation of sturdiness allulose cell wall/ cytoplasm
Comments

What is a test – cross?

22/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN02

What is a test – cross?

Picture
answers
  • Cross between individuals of unknown genotype with a homozygous receive individual/ organisms
  • Cross both an individual showing a character for dominant gene  with a homozygone recessive individual/ organism
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN02

22/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN02

 A pea plant with round seeds was crossed with a pea plant that had Wrinkled seeds the gene for round seeds is dominant over that for wrinkled seeds
Using letter R to represent the dominant gene state:

(a) The genotype of parents if plant with round seed was heterozygous 
(b) The gametes produced by the round and wrinkled seed parents
  • Round seed parent
  • Wrinkled seed parent
(c) The genotype and phenotype of F1 generation. Show your working 
Picture
answers
(a) Round seed plants
Wrinkled seed plants
(b) R and r
    r and r / both r / r accept of the gamete are  circled
Picture
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN01

22/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP2QN01

The figure shows changes that take place during menstrual cycle in human
Picture
(a) Name the hormone whose concentrations are represented by curves F and G 
(b) State the effects of the hormones named in (a) above on the lining of the uterus 
(c) (i) Name the hormone which is released by the pituitary gland in high concentration on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle 
(ii) State two functions of the hormone named in (c) (I ) above 
(d) State the fertile period during the menstrual cycle 
answers
(a) Oestrogen
Progesterone
(b) Promotes healing (promotes repair (of the uterus)
Causes thickening (of the uterine lining) vasculation
(c) (i) Leutinizing hormone 
(ii) Causes ovulation
Induces graafian follicle to become corpus  iterum
Stimulates corpus inteum to release progesterone
(d) 12th , 16th ,   14 + 2
Comments

State a function of amniotic fluid.

22/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP1QN29

State a function of amniotic fluid.

Picture
answer
  • Cushions foetus against shock/ mechanical damage/ provide a suitable medium for embryo to grow/ allows movement of foetus/ support reduces friction/ lubrication/ suspends foetus providing support/ prevents desiccation/ drying of foetus.
Comments

Distinguish between protandry and protogyny.

22/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP1QN28

Distinguish between protandry and protogyny.

Picture
answers
  • Protandry - Male parts mature before carpels; Styameic
  • Protogyny - Carpels; pistil; female parts mature before stamen;  
  • Styme mature before anthers
Comments

State the mode of asexual reproduction in yeast.

22/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP1QN28

State the mode of asexual reproduction in yeast.

Picture
answer
  • Budding
Comments

Explain how anaerobic respiration is applied in sewage treatment.

22/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2008PP1QN27

Explain how anaerobic respiration is applied in sewage treatment.

Picture
answers
  • (Anaerobics) micro organism/ bacteria breakdown harmful substances in sewage
Comments
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