ATIKA SCHOOL
  • Start
    • SITEMAP
    • KNEC Portal
    • ZERAKI HELP AND SUPPORT
    • Academic Environment
    • KNEC KCSE PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
  • BLOGS
    • About Us? >
      • Learn more about us
    • CUSTOMER CARE >
      • PRICING
      • Help & Support
    • News and Opinions
    • JOBS IN KENYA AND ABROAD FOR KENYANS AND BEYOND
    • How its Done
  • OUR PRODUCTS
    • All Categories >
      • MORE PRODUCTS >
        • SECONDARY CRE NOTES
        • COURSE BOOKS
        • KCSE KISWAHILI SETBOOKS
        • Backed Up Files and Archives
        • FREE DOCUMENTS
        • PRIMARY 8-4-4 BASED RESOURCES
        • STANDARD 8 RESOURCES
        • HIGH SCHOOL RESOURCES >
          • Biology Paper 3 Exams
          • Secondary Examinations
        • PRIMARY CBC BASED RESOURCES
        • COLLEGE & VARSITY RESOURCES
      • PRIMARY RESOURCES CBC
      • PRIMARY RESOURCES 8-4-4
      • SECONDARY RESOURCES
      • NOTES & TUTORIALS
      • COLLEGE RESOURCES
      • NOVELS and OTHER BOOKS
    • EXAMINATIONS >
      • MOCKS AND JOINT EXAMS >
        • FORM 1 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
        • FORM 2 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
        • FORM 3 EXAMINATIONS, QUESTION PAPERS AND ANSWERS
        • FORM 4 MOCKS PAST EXAMS BY REGION
        • TOP SECONDARY EXAMS ALL SUBJECTS
      • KPSEA NATIONAL EXAMS
      • KCPE >
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS AND ANSWERS >
          • KCPE 2020 RESULTS, REPORTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCPE PAST PAPERS 2019 REPORTS, RESULTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS PER SUBJECT
      • KCSE >
        • KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT
        • KNEC KCSE PAST PAPERS, MARKING SCHEMES, QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
        • Free KCSE Past Papers Mathematics
        • Free KCSE Biology Questions and Answers
      • QUESTIONS & ANSWERS >
        • SECONDARY >
          • LANGUAGES >
            • Secondary English Questions and Answers
          • TECHNICALS >
            • COMPUTER STUDIES >
              • COMPUTER STUDIES Q & A
              • kcse computer studies paper 2 AND 3 Questions & Answers
            • BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
            • KCSE AGRICULTURE TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE HOME SCIENCE DIRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • SCIENCES >
            • KCSE Mathematics Topical Questions
            • KCSE Biology Topical Questions and Answers
            • CHEMISTRY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE Physics Topical Questions
            • KCSE physics Practical Sample Quiz
          • HUMANITIES >
            • C.R.E (CRE) QUESTION AND ANSWERS
            • ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (IRE) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE History Topical Questions and Answers
            • GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • PRIMARY >
          • Standard 4-8 Mathematics Topical Questions from Mocks and KCPE
          • Std 6 Mathematics Notes
    • TUTORIALS >
      • SECONDARY >
        • SCIENCES >
          • FOCUS MATHEMATICS TUTORIALS AND EXAMS FREE
          • KCSE BIOLOGY NOTES
          • FREE KCSE CHEMISTRY NOTES
          • KCSE PHYSICS NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS AND MORE
        • LANGUAGES >
          • ENGLISH >
            • A GUIDE TO SILENT SONG AND OTHER STORIES
            • English KCSE Set Books
            • ENGLISH POETRY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS FOR K.C.S.E CANDIDATES
            • ENGLISH GRAMMAR #KCSE
          • KISWAHILI >
            • Bembea ya Maisha
            • CHOZI LA HERI - MWONGOZO
            • KIGOGO - MWONGOZO
            • MASWALI NA MAJIBU YA TUMBO LISILOSHIBA
            • USHAIRI MASWALI NA MAJIBU
            • KCSE Kiswahili Fasihi
        • TECHNICALS >
          • HOME SCIENCE NOTES
          • KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
          • COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES LATEST
          • kcse Computer Studies Notes
          • KCSE AGRICULTURE NOTES, SYLLABUS, QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, SCHEMES OF WORK AND OTHERS
        • HUMANITIES >
          • KCSE History Notes Form 1 to 4
          • FREE KCSE CRE NOTES
          • KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES
          • IRE NOTES, AUDIOVISUAL, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • PRIMARY >
        • STANDARD 4: SOCIAL STUDIES
        • NOTES >
          • KISWAHILI
          • SOCIAL STUDIES
        • EXAMINATIONS
        • DecaTurbo Online Series Examinations
        • KCPE Mathematics Notes
        • KCPE and Primary Level Compositions
      • Other Supportive Documents >
        • SYLLABUS >
          • Primary 8-4-4 based Syllabus, Objectives and Lessons
          • Primary Mathematics Syllabus
        • MASOMO VIDEOS
    • CURRICULUM >
      • NEW CURRICULUM DESIGNS >
        • PRIMARY >
          • PRE PRIMARY ONE CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
          • PRE PRIMARY TWO CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
        • SECONDARY >
          • KNEC KCSE SYLLABUS AND COURSE OUTLINES
        • COLLEGE >
          • Regulations for the TIVET Craft and Diploma Business Examinations
    • HIGH INSTITUTIONS >
      • EXAMINATIONS >
        • College and Varsity Past Papers online
      • TUTORIALS >
        • COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY NOTES AND TUTORIALS
  • MEMBERS RESOURCES
    • Primary >
      • CBC AND 8-4-4 LATEST EXAMS
      • CBC PROFFESSIONAL TOOLS
      • CBC NOTES PRIMARY
      • CBC KPSEA EXAMS
      • Standard 8 (std) English Topical Questions
      • KCPE MATHEMATICS TOPICAL QUESTIONS FROM 1989 TO LAST YEAR
      • STANDARD 8 PAST PAPERS 8-4-4 BASED
    • Secondary >
      • FORM 1 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 2 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 3 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 4 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • KCSE 2020 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • NOTES SECONDARY
      • MOCKS SECONDARY >
        • kcse form 2 mathematics questions
    • Free Schemes of Work
    • FOCUS A365 SERIES K.C.P.E EXAMINATIONS FOR PRIMARY
    • ALL GROUPS PRODUCTS
    • PREMIUM PRODUCTS 2

Follow us now to receive the latest updates @schoolatika

​Edaphic Factors Influencing Agriculture

22/10/2020

0 Comments

 


​Edaphic Factors Influencing Agriculture

Vertical Divider
  • ​These are soil factors.
  • Soil is the natural material that covers the surface of the earth,
  • Made of weathered rock particles and decomposed animal and plant tissues, and on which plants grow.
​Edaphic Factors Influencing Agriculture

​Importance of Soil

  • Provides anchorage to the plants by holding their roots firmly.
  • Provides plants with mineral salts/ nutrients which are necessary for their growth.
  • Provide the plants with water.
  • Contains oxygen necessary for respiration of the plants and soil micro-organisms.

​Soil Formation:

Soil is formed through weathering process.
Weathering is the breakdown and alteration of the parent rock near the surface of the earth to a stable substance.
Weathering process is a combination of disintegration (breakdown) and synthesis (build up) process.
Weathering process is continuous.

​Types of Weathering

  • Physical weathering
  • Chemical weathering
  • Biological weathering

Agents of Weathering
Physical Agents of Weathering

Include wind, water, moving ice and temperature.
  • Wind - carry materials which hit against each other to break into fragments.
  • Water - intensity of rainfall causes breakdown of rock.
  • Moving ice - has grinding effects which tear off rock particles.
  • Extreme temperature cause rocks to expand and contract suddenly peeling off their surface.

​Chemical Weathering

​Affects the chemical composition and structure of the rock.
Involves processes such as;
  1. Hydrolysis,
  2. Hydration,
  3. Carbonation
  4. Oxidation.
Hydration;
The process by which soluble minerals in the rocks absorb water and expand weakening the rock thus leading to disintegration.
Hydrolysis;
The process whereby water dissolves soluble minerals in the rock weakening it.
Oxidation;
The reaction of rock minerals with oxygen to form oxides which break easily.
Carbonation;
The process whereby carbonic acids formed when rainwater dissolves carbon dioxide,
It reacts with calcium carbonates in limestone causing it to disintegrate.

​Biological Weathering

  • This involves the action of living organisms, plants and animals on the rocks.
  • Burrowing animals, for example, termites and moles bring soil particles to the surface exposing them to other agents of weathering.
  • Big animals like, elephants, buffaloes, camels and cattle exert a lot of pressure on the rocks as they step on them due to their heavy weights causing the rocks to disintegrate.
  • Earthworms take part in the decomposition of plant matter with the soil particles.
  • Man's activities like, mining and quarrying expose rocks to the surface during excavation. These activities breakdown large rocks into smaller rock particles.
  • Plant roots force their way through the cracks in the rocks thus widening and splitting them.
  • Humic acids formed when plant tissues decompose react with the rocks weakening them further.
  • Plant remains decompose adding humus into the soil.

​Factors influencing soil formation

  1. Climate - (rainfall, temperature and wind)
  2. Biotic factors - living organisms.
  3. Parent material - Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed.
  4. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place.
  5. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials.

​Soil Profile

  • It is the vertical arrangement of different layers of soil from the ground surface to the bedrock.
  • These layers are also referred to as horizons.
  • The layers show differences in their contents and physical properties such as colour, texture and structure.
  • The layers include: organic matter region, top soil, sub-soil, weathered rocks and parent material.
​Organic Matter Region
  • ​First layer of the soil found on the surface.
  • Made up of leaves and other plant remains at various stages of decomposition.
  • Some soil organisms may also be found here.
Top Soil
  • Has a dark colour due to the presence of humus.
  • Is rich in plant nutrients and well aerated.
  • It is a zone of maximum leaching (zone of eluviation)
Subsoil
  • It is compact and less aerated.
  • It is a zone of accumulation of leached material (zone of aluviation) from the top layers.
  • Deep rooted crops have their roots growing up to this region.
  • Hard pans normally form in this layer
Weathered Rocks
  • It is also called substratum.
  • Rocks at various stages of disintegration are found in this zone.
  • Most of the materials found in this zone originate from the parent rock.
Parent Rock
  • It exists as a solid mass which is un-weathered.
  • It is the source of the inorganic composition of the soil.
  • The water table is on the surface of this rock.
  • Soils Formed in Situ and Soils Deposited
  • Soil formed in the same place and remains there is said to be in situ. However, soil can be formed due to deposition of soil particles carried from its original site of formation to another area which is usually in the lower areas of slopes. Such soils are said to have been formed through deposition.
Soil Formed in Site/Soil Deposited
  • Has the colour of the parent rock
  • ​Has the characteristics of when: it came from.
  • Shallower
  • Deeper
  • Less rich in plant nutrients
  • ​Richer in plant nutrients
  • Easily eroded​Not easily eroded
  • Less silty
  • More silty
  • Have the same chemical composition as that of the underlying parent rock.
  • ​Differ in chemical composition from the underlying parent rock.

​Soil Depth

  • This is the distance between top soil layer and the bottom soil layer in a profile.
  • It dictates root penetration and growth
  • Deep soils are more suitable for crop growth since they contain more nutrients.
  • Have a larger surface are for root expansion.
  • Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration.

​Soil Constituents

  • Organic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remains
  • Living Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots.
  • Micro-organisms (bacteria, protozoa and fungi)
  • Invertebrates -termites,
  • Earthworms and mollusks.
  • Higher animals - rodents and others.

​Inorganic or Mineral Matter

Formed from the parent materials.
  • Supply plant nutrients
  • Form the skeleton and framework of the soil.
Air
Found in the pore spaces of the soil.
  • Used for root and organism respiration
  • Used for germination of seeds.
  • Helps in decomposition of organic matter.
  • Regulates soil temperature.
  • Regulates the movement of water through capillary action.
Water
  • Dissolves mineral salts
  • Maintain turgidity in plants.
  • Used for germination of seeds
  • Used by soil organisms.
  • Regulate soil temperature
  • Dictates the amount of air in the soil.
Water in the soil exists in three forms namely:

Superfluous/Gravitational Water
  •  Found in the large spaces (macro-pores) in the soil particles.
  •  Held by gravitation forces.
  •  When the pores are saturated, the soil is said to be waterlogged.
  •  It moves and may cause leaching.
Hygroscopic Water
  •  Water found in thin films on the soil particles.
  •  Held by strong adhesive forces between water and soil particles.
  •  Does not move and hence not available for plant use.
Capillary Water
  • Occupy micro-pores in the soil particles.
  • Held by cohesive forces between water molecules.
  • Moves through capillary action
  • Available to plants for use.
  • Soil Structure
  • This is the arrangement of soil particles in a soil horizon.

​Types of Soil Structure

  • Single-grained
  • Crumby
  • Granular
  • Prismatic
  • Columnar
  • Platy
  • Blocky
​Importance of Soil Structure on Crop ProductionSoil Structure Influences
  • Soil aeration
  • Soil drainage and water holding capacity.
  • Plants root penetrability and anchorage.
  • Microbial activities in the soil.
  • Circulation of gases in the soil.
Farming practices which improve the soil structure are:
  • Application of inorganic manure into the soil.
  • Tilling the land at the right moisture content.
  • Crop rotation.
  • Minimum tillage.
  • Cover cropping.
  • Mulching.

​Soil Texture

It refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of the mineral particles of soil.
Importance of Soil Texture on Crop Production;
Influences soil fertility
  • Affects the organic matter content
  • Influences the drainage of the soil.
  • Influences soil aeration.
  • Influences water holding capacity.
  • Influences the capillarity or movement of water in the soil.

​Soil Textural Classes

Sandy Soils
  • Made up largely of sand particles.
  • Have large pore spaces hence poor in water retention.
  • Easy to till (light soils).
  • Freely draining.
  • Low fertility due to leaching of minerals.
  • Easily erodible.
Clay Soils
  • Made up largely of clayey particles.
  • Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention.
  • Difficult to till (heavy soils).
  • Poorly 'drained.
  • Expand when wet, crack when dry.
  • High capillary.
  • Rich in plant nutrients.
Loam Soils
  • About equal amounts of sand and clay.
  • Moderately good in both moisture and air retention.
  • Fertile soils.

​Soil Colour

  • This depends on the, mineral composition of the parent rock and the organic matter content.
  • Soils containing a lot of iron are brownish, yellowing and reddish in colour.
  • Soils with a lot of silica are white.
  • Soils with a lot of humus are dark or grey.

​Soil pH

This refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution/the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution.

Soil pH is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) or the hydroxyl ions (OH) in the soil solution.
  • A pH of less than 7 means that the soil is acidic.
  • A pH of more than 7 means that the soil is alkaline.
  • As the hydroxyl ions (OH) in the soil increase the soil becomes more alkaline.

​Influence of Soil pH Crop Growth​It determines the type of crop to be grown in a particular area.

Most crops are affected by either very acidic or very basic soil PH.
Soil pH affects the choice of fertilizers and the availability of nutrients to crops.

At low PH the concentration of available iron and aluminium in the soil solution may increase to toxic levels, which is harmful to plants.
​
Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms.

Related Searches ...



0 Comments



Leave a Reply.

    Categories

    All
    AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 1
    Cover Cropping
    CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)
    Factors Influencing Agriculture
    Farm Tools And Equipment
    Form 1 Level
    FORM 3
    Intro. To Agriculture
    IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
    KCSE Agric Topics
    KCSE Agric-Topics
    LIVESTOCK HEALTH & DISEASES
    LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 1 [COMMON BREEDS]
    PDF NOTES
    POULTRY DISEASES
    SOIL FERTILITY I (ORGANIC MANURES)
    Specific Objectives
    SYSTEMS OF FARMING
    Water Supply

    Archives

    May 2021
    November 2020
    October 2020
    July 2020
    December 2019
    November 2019
    October 2019
    December 2018
    April 2018
    December 2017

    Quick Agriculture ​Revision Notes

    1._introduction_to_agriculture.pdf
    File Size: 228 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    2._soils_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 104 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    3._soil_fertility_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 142 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    4._soil_and_water_conservation_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 166 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    5._land_reclamation_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 32 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    6._farm_tools_and_equipment_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 143 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    7._farm_records_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 107 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    8._principles_of_crop_production_and_crop_pests_and_diseases_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 337 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    10._crop_production_i_and_ii_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 464 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    10._crop_production_i_and_ii_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 464 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    11._crop_production_ii_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 957 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    12._forage_crops_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 165 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    13._principles_of_livestock_production_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 718 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    14._livestock_production_practices_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 615 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    15._livestock_health_and_diseases_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 289 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    16._land_tenure_and_land_reforms_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 187 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    17._farm_machinery_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 471 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    18._agricultural_economics_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 687 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    19._farm_layout_and_structures_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 265 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    20._agricultural_organisations_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 149 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    21._farm_water_supply_and_irrigation_-_agriculture_notes.pdf
    File Size: 136 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File


    22._agriculture_practical_answers.pdf
    File Size: 1059 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    23._agriculture_practical_questions.pdf
    File Size: 820 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    24._agriculture_theory_answers.pdf
    File Size: 3896 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    RSS Feed



Primary Resources
  • K.C.P.E Past Papers
  • ​Pri - Primary 1 Level
  • Pri  - Primary 2 Level
  • Grade 1
  • Grade 2
  • Grade 3
  • Grade 4
  • Standard 5
  • Standard 6
  • Standard 7
  • Standard 8
  • English
  • Kiswahili
  • Social Studies
  • Science
  • Mathematics
  • Kenya Sign Language
  • I.R.E
  • ​H.R.E
  • Notes
  • Termly Questions
  • Mocks
  • K.C.P.E Past Papers
College Resources
  • E.C.D.E
  • P.T.E
  • D.T.E
  • Technical Diploma
  • Technical Certificate
  • Business Diploma
  • Business Certificate
  • Higher Diploma
  • K.A.S.N.E.B Resources
  • K.M.T.C Resources
  • Varsity Resources
Secondary Resources
  • K.C.S.E Past Papers
  • Form 1
  • Form 2
  • Form 3
  • Form 4
  • Term 1
  • Term 2
  • Term 3
  • English
  • Geography
  • History
  • C.R.E
  • I.R.E
  • ​H.R.E
  • Home Science
  • Computer Studies
  • Business Studies
  • Agriculture
  • Chemistry
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Mathematics ALT A
  • Mathematics ALT B
  • Kiswahili
  • French
  • Germany
  • Arabic
  • Aviation
  • Art & Design
  • Drawing & Design
  • Building & Construction
  • Metal Works
  • Wood Work
  • Music
  • Kenya Sign Language
  • Electricity
Other Useful Links
  • Academic Environment
  • How its Done
  • News and Opinions
  • Manyam Franchise Support
  • About
  • SITEMAP
  • FOCUS A365 SERIES
  • Membership Details (KCPE/KCSE)
  • Secondary Mocks
  • SYLLABUS
Contact Us
Manyam Franchise
P.O Box 1189 - 40200 Kisii
Tel: 0728 450 424
Tel: 0738 619 279
Tel: 0763 450 425
E-mail - sales@manyamfranchise.com
Photos used under Creative Commons from DFAT photo library, Beegee49 (Thanks for 12m views, my account is lock, sloanpix, roseannadana, *_*
  • Start
    • SITEMAP
    • KNEC Portal
    • ZERAKI HELP AND SUPPORT
    • Academic Environment
    • KNEC KCSE PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
  • BLOGS
    • About Us? >
      • Learn more about us
    • CUSTOMER CARE >
      • PRICING
      • Help & Support
    • News and Opinions
    • JOBS IN KENYA AND ABROAD FOR KENYANS AND BEYOND
    • How its Done
  • OUR PRODUCTS
    • All Categories >
      • MORE PRODUCTS >
        • SECONDARY CRE NOTES
        • COURSE BOOKS
        • KCSE KISWAHILI SETBOOKS
        • Backed Up Files and Archives
        • FREE DOCUMENTS
        • PRIMARY 8-4-4 BASED RESOURCES
        • STANDARD 8 RESOURCES
        • HIGH SCHOOL RESOURCES >
          • Biology Paper 3 Exams
          • Secondary Examinations
        • PRIMARY CBC BASED RESOURCES
        • COLLEGE & VARSITY RESOURCES
      • PRIMARY RESOURCES CBC
      • PRIMARY RESOURCES 8-4-4
      • SECONDARY RESOURCES
      • NOTES & TUTORIALS
      • COLLEGE RESOURCES
      • NOVELS and OTHER BOOKS
    • EXAMINATIONS >
      • MOCKS AND JOINT EXAMS >
        • FORM 1 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
        • FORM 2 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
        • FORM 3 EXAMINATIONS, QUESTION PAPERS AND ANSWERS
        • FORM 4 MOCKS PAST EXAMS BY REGION
        • TOP SECONDARY EXAMS ALL SUBJECTS
      • KPSEA NATIONAL EXAMS
      • KCPE >
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS AND ANSWERS >
          • KCPE 2020 RESULTS, REPORTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCPE PAST PAPERS 2019 REPORTS, RESULTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS PER SUBJECT
      • KCSE >
        • KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT
        • KNEC KCSE PAST PAPERS, MARKING SCHEMES, QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
        • Free KCSE Past Papers Mathematics
        • Free KCSE Biology Questions and Answers
      • QUESTIONS & ANSWERS >
        • SECONDARY >
          • LANGUAGES >
            • Secondary English Questions and Answers
          • TECHNICALS >
            • COMPUTER STUDIES >
              • COMPUTER STUDIES Q & A
              • kcse computer studies paper 2 AND 3 Questions & Answers
            • BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
            • KCSE AGRICULTURE TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE HOME SCIENCE DIRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • SCIENCES >
            • KCSE Mathematics Topical Questions
            • KCSE Biology Topical Questions and Answers
            • CHEMISTRY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE Physics Topical Questions
            • KCSE physics Practical Sample Quiz
          • HUMANITIES >
            • C.R.E (CRE) QUESTION AND ANSWERS
            • ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (IRE) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE History Topical Questions and Answers
            • GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • PRIMARY >
          • Standard 4-8 Mathematics Topical Questions from Mocks and KCPE
          • Std 6 Mathematics Notes
    • TUTORIALS >
      • SECONDARY >
        • SCIENCES >
          • FOCUS MATHEMATICS TUTORIALS AND EXAMS FREE
          • KCSE BIOLOGY NOTES
          • FREE KCSE CHEMISTRY NOTES
          • KCSE PHYSICS NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS AND MORE
        • LANGUAGES >
          • ENGLISH >
            • A GUIDE TO SILENT SONG AND OTHER STORIES
            • English KCSE Set Books
            • ENGLISH POETRY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS FOR K.C.S.E CANDIDATES
            • ENGLISH GRAMMAR #KCSE
          • KISWAHILI >
            • Bembea ya Maisha
            • CHOZI LA HERI - MWONGOZO
            • KIGOGO - MWONGOZO
            • MASWALI NA MAJIBU YA TUMBO LISILOSHIBA
            • USHAIRI MASWALI NA MAJIBU
            • KCSE Kiswahili Fasihi
        • TECHNICALS >
          • HOME SCIENCE NOTES
          • KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
          • COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES LATEST
          • kcse Computer Studies Notes
          • KCSE AGRICULTURE NOTES, SYLLABUS, QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, SCHEMES OF WORK AND OTHERS
        • HUMANITIES >
          • KCSE History Notes Form 1 to 4
          • FREE KCSE CRE NOTES
          • KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES
          • IRE NOTES, AUDIOVISUAL, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • PRIMARY >
        • STANDARD 4: SOCIAL STUDIES
        • NOTES >
          • KISWAHILI
          • SOCIAL STUDIES
        • EXAMINATIONS
        • DecaTurbo Online Series Examinations
        • KCPE Mathematics Notes
        • KCPE and Primary Level Compositions
      • Other Supportive Documents >
        • SYLLABUS >
          • Primary 8-4-4 based Syllabus, Objectives and Lessons
          • Primary Mathematics Syllabus
        • MASOMO VIDEOS
    • CURRICULUM >
      • NEW CURRICULUM DESIGNS >
        • PRIMARY >
          • PRE PRIMARY ONE CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
          • PRE PRIMARY TWO CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
        • SECONDARY >
          • KNEC KCSE SYLLABUS AND COURSE OUTLINES
        • COLLEGE >
          • Regulations for the TIVET Craft and Diploma Business Examinations
    • HIGH INSTITUTIONS >
      • EXAMINATIONS >
        • College and Varsity Past Papers online
      • TUTORIALS >
        • COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY NOTES AND TUTORIALS
  • MEMBERS RESOURCES
    • Primary >
      • CBC AND 8-4-4 LATEST EXAMS
      • CBC PROFFESSIONAL TOOLS
      • CBC NOTES PRIMARY
      • CBC KPSEA EXAMS
      • Standard 8 (std) English Topical Questions
      • KCPE MATHEMATICS TOPICAL QUESTIONS FROM 1989 TO LAST YEAR
      • STANDARD 8 PAST PAPERS 8-4-4 BASED
    • Secondary >
      • FORM 1 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 2 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 3 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 4 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • KCSE 2020 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • NOTES SECONDARY
      • MOCKS SECONDARY >
        • kcse form 2 mathematics questions
    • Free Schemes of Work
    • FOCUS A365 SERIES K.C.P.E EXAMINATIONS FOR PRIMARY
    • ALL GROUPS PRODUCTS
    • PREMIUM PRODUCTS 2