GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. 1989 Q9 P1
           Explain why several auxillary buds sprout when a terminal bud in a young tree is
          removed.
2. 1990 Q11 P1
           In an experiment, a group of students set up four glass jars as shown in the diagram   
           below. Jar A, B and C were maintained at 25 for 7 days, while jar D was maintained at
           0 for the same period of time.

a. What was this set up supposed to investigate?
b. Why was pyrogallic acid included in glass jar A
c. Explain why glass jar C and D were included in the experiment?
d. What result would you expect in glass jar A and B at the end of the experiment?
e. State two artificial ways of breaking seed dormancy.
3.  1990 Q16 P1
         (a) Describe the secondary thickening in flowering plants.
         (b) Describe one method, which can be used to measure the average growth rate of a single leaf plant.
4. 1992 Q15 P1
         Removal of the apical bud from the shrub is a practice that the results in the   
         development of the lateral buds which later from the branches.
        (a) Give reasons for the development of the lateral branches after the removal of the Apical bud
        (b)Suggest one application of this practice?
        (c) What is the importance of this practice?
 5.  1993 Q16 P1
         In an experiment some germination seeds were placed in a large airtight flask left for four days.
         (a) Suggest the expected changes in the composition of gases in the flask on the fifth Day.
         (b) Give your reasons for your answer in (a) above.
         (c) Name two factors that cause dominance in seeds
 6. 1993 Q17 P1 
       In an experiment, maize grains were soaked in different concentrations of solutions X for24 hours. In the control experiment the seeds were soaked in distilled water for the same time. The seeds were placed on moist cotton wool in different Petri dishes. They germinated and grew for ten days. After which the percent germination was determined.
 The average lengths of shoots and roots were also determined. The results were as shown in the tables A and B below.

(a) What was the effect of solution X on
    1. Germination of the maize grains
    2. Growth maize seedlings
b) Compare the growth of seedlings whose grains were previously soaked in 80% of Solution Y
c) Explain how percent germination in this experiment was determined.
d) From the results in tables A and B what other conclusions can be drawn about solution X and Y?
e) Other than moisture and solution X and Y what other conditions were necessary for germination of the maize grains?
f) State two ways in which indoleacetic acid (IAA) influences growth in plants.
 7.   1994 Q7, 10, P1
         7.  Account for loss in dry weight of cotyledons in a germinating bean seed.
       10. What is the effect of gibberellins on shoots of plants?
 8.  1994 Q 18 P1
In an experiment to investigate the effect of heat on germination of seeds, eleven bags each containing 50 bean seeds was placed in a water bath maintained at 90%. After 2 minutes, a bag was removed and the seeds contained were planted. The number that germinated was recorded.
The procedure used for the beans was repeated for Acacia seeds.
The results obtained were as shown in the table below.

        (a) Using a suitable scale and on the same axes draw graphs of time in hot water against number of seeds that germinated for each plant. Use the horizontal axis for the seeds that germinated.
        (b) (i) After how many minutes would you expect 50% of acacia seeds exposed to the hot to germinate?
             (ii) What was the minimum number of minutes after exposure of beans to hot water was there no germination?
        (c) From the graphs, which one of the two types of seeds was more sensitive to heat influence on germination? Give reasons for your answer.
        (d) Explain why the ability for the
                      (i) Beans seeds to germinate declined with time of exposure to heat
                     (ii) Acacia seeds to germinate improved with time of exposure to heat.
       (e) What results would be expected if the temperature of water was maintained at
                        100oC
                        5oC                                            
9.  1995 Q12 P1
         The diagram below show an experiment set up to investigate aspect germination

(a)    Why is potassium hydroxide pellets used in this experiment?       (b)   Why is moist cotton wool used in this experiment?    
(c)    By means of an arrow indicate on the diagram the direction in which the red dye would move during the experiment.
          (i)                 Give reasons for your answer in (c) (i) above
10.  1995 Q15 P1
   The graph below represents the increase in the number of yeast cells over a period of 48 minute

          (a)    Name the type of curve shown            (1 mark)
          (b)    Determine the number of yeast cells after 26 minutes          (1 mark)
          (c)    Work out the rate of cell division between 24 and 28 minutes          (2 marks)
          (d)   After how long was the population of yeast cells 128?      (1 mark)
          (e)    Name the phase of the curve labelled
                  (i)         A to B
                 (ii)        B to C
           (f)   Give reasons for the shape of the graph between points C and D     (3marks)
          (g)    State five factors, which would cause human population growth to assume the shape of the graph curve between  points B and C   (5 marks)
          (h)Describe how the quadrant method can be used to estimate the population of various species of plants in a given  habitat       (5 marks)
 11.  1996 Q10 P1
           A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagrams below

          (a) What was the aim of the experiment?         (1 mark)
          (b) What would be the expected results at the end of the experiment       (2 marks)
 12.  1997 Q18 P1
          An experiment was carried out to determine the growth rates of bamboo and a   variety
          of maize plants in two adjacent plots.  The average height and average dry weight of
           plants from the two populations were determined over a period of twenty weeks. The
           data is as shown in the  table below.

(a)    Between which two weeks did the greatest  increase in weight occur in
       (i)                 Bamboo plants
       (ii)               Maize plants
(b)  (i) Which of the two types of plants had a higher productivity by the end of the  experiment                       
       (ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i) above
(c)    Between weeks 14 and 18, the average height of the maize plants remained constant  while average  dry  weight increased.
             Explain this observation
(d)   Suggest how the  change  in the  average dry  weight  bamboo and  maize  Plants would have been at week 22 if the experiment was continued.
(e)    Why was it appropriate  for  this experiment to use
         (i) Dry weight instead of fresh weight
        (ii) Weight and height
(f)    Describe how the average height and weight of the plants were determined in this experiment.
         Average height
         Average dry Weight
(g)   Give a reason why secondary thickening does not occur in bamboo and  maize plants
13.  1999 Q12
         A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagram below.

       a)  i)          What is being investigated in the experiment?
            ii)          On the diagram below indicate the expected results after three days.

            iii)  Why was it necessary to have wet cotton wool in the container?
                 b)     What is the role of the following to a germinating seed
                        i)          Oxygen
                        ii)         Cotyledons.
14. 2001 Q15 P1
           The diagram below represents a set up to investigate the conditions necessary for seed germination.

The set up was left for 7 days
              (a) What conditions were being investigated in the experiment?
              (b) State three reasons for soaking seeds in set ups A and B
              (c) What were the expected results after seven days?
14. 2002 Q4 P1
            During germination and early growth, the day weight of the endosperm decreases while that of the embryo increases. Explain.
15. 2002 Q19 P1
Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants.
16. 2003 Q7 P1
     The diagram below represents regions of a root tip.

  a)      Name the two regions above X in ascending order
  b)      State the function of the part labelled X  
18.   2004 Q17 P1
During germination and growth of a cereal, the dry weight of endosperm, the embryo and total dry weight were determined at two – day intervals.
The results are shown in the table below.

     a)       Using the same axes, draw graphs of dry weigh of endosperm, embryo and the    total dry weight against time      (7marks)
     b)       What is the total dry weight on day 5?
     c)       Account for:
                 i)     Decrease in dry weight of endosperm from day 0 to 10    (2marks)
                 ii)     Increase in dry weight of embryo from day 0 day 10     (2marks)
                 iii)     Decrease in total dry weight from day 0 to day 8       (2marks)
                 iv)     Increase in total dry weight after day 8           (1marks)
(b)      Accounting for dormancy.
          i)           Within a seed
          ii)         Outside the seed
e)  Give two characteristics of meristematic cells     (2marks)
19.   2005 Q8 P1
        Name three factors in seeds that cause dormancy.     (3marks)
20.   2006 Q14 P1
        a) Distinguish between epigeal and hypogeal germination.      (1mark)
        b) Why is oxygen necessary in the germination of seeds?       (2marks)
21.  2006 Q6 P2
         An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of hormones on growth of lateral buds of three pea plants
         The shoots were treated as follows:
              Shoot A – Apical bud was removed.
              Shoot B – Apical bud was removed and gibberellic acid placed on the     cut shoot.
              Shoot C – Apical bud was left intact.
            The length of the branches developing from lateral buds were determined at regular intervals.
            The results obtained are as shown in the table below.

   a)        Using the same axes, draw graphs to show the lengths of branches against time.     (8marks)
   b) i)     What was the length of the branch in shoot B on the 7th day?      (1mark)
        ii)      What would be the expected length of the branch developing from shoot A on the   11th day?     (1mark)
   c)       Account for the results Obtained in the experiment           (6marks) 
   d)       Why was shoot C included in the Experiment?        (1mark)
   e)      What is the importance of gibberellic acid in agriculture?                  (1mark)
   f)      State two physiological processes that are brought about by the application of gibberellic acid on plants.    (2marks)
22.     2007 Q19 P1
              (a) State two environmental conditions that can cause seed dormancy     (2 marks)
              (b) Name the part of a bean that elongates to bring about epigeal germination      (1 mark)
23.  2007 Q23 P1
            (a) Name the hormone that is responsible for apical dominance        (1 mark)
            (b) What is thigmotropism?     (1 mark)
24.  2008 Q17 P1
          Account for the following phases of a sigmoid curve of a growth of an organism
 (a)       Lag phase     (1 mark)
 (b)        Plateau phase    (1 mark)
25.  2008 Q21 P1
          (a) What is seed dormancy    (1 mark)
          (b) Name a growth inhibitor in seeds    (1 mark)
26.  2009 Q4 P1
   (a)  The state during which a seed cannot germinate even when conditions for Germination are suitable is called        (1 mark)
   (b) The diagram below represents a stage during germination of a seed

 (i)      Name the type of germination illustrated in the diagram     (1mark)
 (ii)     State the role of the part labelled x during germination of the seed    (2 marks)
19.     2009 Q11 P1
          In an experiment the shoot tip of a young tomato plant was decapitated as shown in the diagram below

     (a) State the expected results after 2 weeks          (1 mark)
     (b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above      (2 marks)
28.   2010 Q30 P1
    What is meant by the apical dominance?     (3 marks)
29.  2010 Q1 P2
    In an experiment, disinfected soaked bean seeds were put in a vacuum flask which was then fitted with a thermometer as shown in the diagram below

The temperature readings were taken every morning for three consecutive days.
a)      Which process was being investigated?     (1 mark)
b)      i) what were the expected results?       (1 mark)
         ii) account for the answer in (b) (i) above?     (2 marks)
c)      Why were the seeds disinfected?     (2 marks)
d)     Why was a vacuum flask used in the set-up?      (1 mark)
e)      How would a control for this experiment be set?    ( 1mark)
29.  2011 Q28b , 29 P1
  28. State two ways by which auxins regulate growth in seedlings    (2marks)
  29. State four reasons why water is significant in seed germination    (4 marks)
30.  2011 Q5 P2
       (a) The diagram below represents a flower.

(i)     On the diagram, name two structures where meiosis occurs.     (2marks)
(ii)    How is the flower adapted to prevent self-pollination?         (2marks)
          (b) The diagram below represents a human reproductive organ.

       (i)    Explain two adaptations of the structure labelled L to its functions.   (2marks)
       (ii)   Explain the role of the gland labelled K.  (2marks)
29.  2011 Q8a P2
       Describe the exoskeleton and its functions in insects.     (13marks)
32.   2012 Q16 P1
The diagram below represents an experimental set-up used by students to investigate a certain process.

  Flower Q produced seeds while P did not. Account for the results.   (3marks)
29.  2012 Q20 P1
           State three aspects that can be used to estimate growth in seedlings.     (3 marks)
30.    2012 Q24 P1        
           State four characteristics of Apical meristem cells.      (4 marks)