K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 1999PP1QN16

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 1999PP1QN16

Describe the:
a) Process of inhalation in mammals.
b) Mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata in plants.

answers

a) Muscles of diaphragm contract; causing the diaphragm to flatten (from dome position. The external intercostals muscles contract internal intercostals muscles relax pulling the ribcage upward/forward and outward in man. These movements increases the volume of the thoracic cavity; reducing the pressure; of the thoracic cavity; compared to atmospheric pressure; this causes the atmospheric air to rush into the lungs. (Through the nostrils, trachea bronchioles and alveoli).
b) Theory- photosynthesis
Guard cells have chloroplasts; in the presence of light; photosynthesis occurs in guard cells, producing sugar in guard cells; osmotic pressure increases/osmotic potential lowers; water from neighboring /adjacent cells enter into guard cells; causing turgidity of guard cells; causing turgidity of guard cells.
Theory 1.
Guard cells have chloplasts; in the presence of light photosynthesis occur in the guard cells of stomata; producing in the guard cells; osmotic pressure increases/lowers osmotic potential water from the neighboring /adjacent cells, enter into guard cells; causing turgidity of guard cells  The inner walls of the guard cells are thicker than outer walls; so during turgidity the inner walls stretch more; causing the guard cells to bulge outward; stomata opens.
Theory 2.
Guard cells have chloroplasts (Day) in light; photosynthesis occurs in the leaf/guard cells lowering the CO2 concentrations; this increases PH/alkalinity which triggers of enzymatic conversion of starch to sugar (glucose); leading to low osmotic potential/ increased osmotic pressure in guard cells; guard cells absorb water from epidermal cells; thus becoming turgid; the inner walls are thicker than the outer walls; outer walls stench more than inner walls; causing guard cells to bulge outwards, stomata opens;
In the absence of light (night); no photosynthesis; CO2 concentration increases due to respiration; PH lowered/ acidity increases; sugar converted to starch; osmotic pressure lowered/ osmotic potential increases; guard cells lose water to adjacent epidermal cell becoming flaccid; stomata close.
Day low H+ high PH opens stomata.
Starch glucose.
Theory 3
Guard cells have chloroplasts; in light AT produced; the energy drives K+ irons from adjacent epidermal cells into guard cells; accumulation of K+ raises osmotic pressure (lower osmotic potential) of guard cells; guard cells absorbs water from adjacent epidermal cells; becoming turgid; the inner walls are thicker than the outer walls so outer walls stretch more than inner walls causing guard cells to bulge outward. Stomata opens.
In the absence of light (night ) ATP rapidly decreases; no energy of potassium +ions pump ion; migrate by diffusion from guard cells to adjacent epidermal cells;  become flaccid; the thinner outer walls of guard cells shrink