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Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their functions.

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN20b

Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their functions.

Picture
answers
​ Cervical vertabrae
  • Vertebraterial canals for passage of ( vertebral) artery; atlas has ( broad) surfaces for  articulation with condylyses of skulls to permit nodding
  • Axis has adenoid process/ protein Centrum to permit rotary/ turning act as a pivot for atlas/ skull/ movement of atlas/ Branched / forked/ short/ broad transverse  processes, for attachment of ( neck) muscles; ace zygopophysis, for articulation between vertebrae ( acc. Vertebraterical canals and zygopophogen  if shown  on a diagram of the vertebrae
  • Has a short reduce neural spine, for attachment of ( neck) muscles, has wide / larger neural canal; for passage of spinal cord/ alternatively has wide neural for protection of spinal cord.
Lumbar
  • Broad/ long/ neural spine for attachment  of ( powerful  back) muscles  long/ large/ well  development/ transport processes for attachment of  muscles ( that maintain  posture and  flex the muscles)
  • Has  metamorphosis and hypothesis for muscle  attachment large/ thick centrums for support
  • Prezygapophysis/ post/ zygapophysis for articulation  between vertebrae ( acc. Anapophysis for hypopyses)
Sacral Vertebrae
  • Anterior vertebrae has a well developed transverse  process, which are fused to the  pelvis girdle/ articulate with pelvic girdle
  • Vertebrae fused, for strength transmit weight of the stationary animal to the rest of the body.
  • Sacrum has a broad base/ short neural spine; for attachment of (back)
Comments

Name three types of skeletons found in multicellular animals

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN20

Name three types of skeletons found in multicellular animals

Picture
answers
  •  Hydrostatic
  • Exoskeleton
  • Endoskeleton
Comments

Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants.

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN19

Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants.

Picture
answers
Indole acetic acid/IAA/ Auxins
  • Promote cell division  tropic responses, ( accept cell division in cambium)
  • Promote formation of absecission layers/ bring abrupt  leaf – fall
  • Promote fruit formation ( parthenocarpy)
  • Promotes cell differentiation ( of vascular tissue)
  • Causes apical dominance/ inhabit growth and development of lateral buds
  • Promote growth of adventitious roots ( on stems)
  • IAA + cytokine induce formation of callus tissue ( during healing of wounds)
GIBBECETINS ( accept GA3)
  • Promotes cell division  / cell  elongation in dwarf varieties
  • Parthenocapy/ initiating  formation of IAA/ setting of fruits after fertilization
  • Formation  of side  branches  ( of stems)  and dormancy ( in buds); inhibit growth of  adventitious roots.
  • Activates ( hydrolytic) enzymes during germination/ promotes germination of seeds/ breaks seed dormancy.
  • Affects  leaf expansion and shapes / retard leaf absecission
CYTOKININS’
  • Accept any correct example kinetin 8 zeatin
  • Breaks dormancy ( in some species); promotes flowering in some species
  • Promotes cell division  ( in presence of IAA)
  • Stabilizes proteins and chlorophyll
  • Promotes root formation
  • Low concentration encourages leaf senescence/ high concentration protein increased cell enlargement
  • Promotes flowering ( in some species)
  • Ethylene  / Ethene / C2114 ( reject ethane)
  • Stimulate  lateral bud development
  • Ripening of bananas/ fruits
  • Induces thickening of stem/ inhabits stem elongation
  • Promotes germination of certain seeds/ acc  promotes flowering in pineapples
  • Causes abscission pf leaves/ fruits/ leaf fall abscisic acid  / ABA
  • High concentration of ABA stomata closure ( by interfering with  uptake  of potassium ions
  • Inhibits germination/ growth  of  embryo/ cause seed dormancy
  • Causes abscission of leaves/ fruits / leaf fall
  • Inhibit elongation growth, inhibit sprouting of bud/ induces  dormancy  in buds ( accept Dormin causes/ dormancy in buds/ seeds
Traumatin
  • Heal wounds by callus tissue formation
Florigens
  • Promote flowering
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN18

17/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN18

Two person X and Y drunk volumes of concentrated solution of glucose. The amount of glucose in their food was determined at intervals. The results are shown in the table below:
Picture
​a) On the grid provided, plot graphs of glucose level in blood against time on the same axes.
b) What was the concentration of glucose in the blood of X and Y at the 20th minute?
X = 120 + -3)
Y = 140 +-3)
c) Suggest why the glucose level in person X stopped rising after 30 minutes while it continued rising in person Y.
d) Account for the decrease in glucose level in person X after 30 minutes and person Y after 60 minutes (3 minutes)
e) Name the compound that stores energy released during oxidation of glucose.
f) Explain what happens to excess amino acids and development of plants.
answers
(a) – For exchanged axis award maximum 3 marks for points x identity
The scale must however be correct. For graphs on separate axis mark both and award the highest mark.
(a) Axis = 2
(b) Scale = 1
(c) ( plotting) = 1
(d) curves) = 1
(b) X = 120 + -3)
      Y = 140 + -3
(c) Person X is capable of regulating glucose while person y is likely to be  diabetic.
   X – Insulin
(d) X insulin released, excess glucose is converted into glycogen ( in liver) must be mentioned if insulin is not mentioned
  Y Insulin not released, thus the decline is due to glucose being  released in urine.
(e) A.T.P / Adenosine triphosphate
(f) Deaminated; resulting in formation  of  ammonia
Ammonia  combines with CO2 to form urea ( and H20); Urea is passed out in Urine carbohydrate group is oxidized/ stored as glycogen
Comments

State four advantages of vegetation propagation.

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN17

State four advantages of vegetation propagation.

Picture
answers
  • ​Early maturity/ short life span
  • Good qualities of parents are retained 
  •  Independent of fertilization/ pollinated dispersal
  •  Large areas covered in a short time have large store of food
Comments

Give a reason for grafting in plants

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN17

Give a reason for grafting in plants

Picture
answers
  • Plant with desired qualities is able to grow on  an established root system  which lack desired qualities
Comments

What structures are produced by sisal for vegetative propagation?

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN17

What structures are produced by sisal for vegetative propagation?

Picture
answers
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN16

17/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN16

The diagram below represents part of phloem tissue.
Picture
​a) Name the structures labeled R and S and the cell labeled T.
R
S
Cell labeled T
b) State the function of the structure labeled S
c) Explain why xylem is a mechanical tissue
answers
​(a) R. Sieve pore
      S- cytoplasmic strand, cytoplasmic filaments rej. Proto plasmic strand)
      Cell labeled T
(b) Translocation (L is tied with structures)
(c) Thickened and lignified.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN15

17/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN15

 Ascaris lumbricoides in an example for an endo – parasite
a) The name Ascaris refers to
b) State the habitat of the organism
c) State three ways in which the organism is adapted to living in its habitat.
Picture
answers
(a) Genus
(b) Ileum/ colon/ duodenum/ intestines/ of humans or intestines of  pig
(c) Lack of elaborate elementary canal ( simple guts) can  tolerate raw corn
Thick cuticle  pellicle, reject the outer  covering lays many eggs
Mouthparts for sucking partly digested food
Comments

Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution giving example in each case.

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN14

Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution giving example in each case.

Picture
answers
​Divergent basic structural form is modified to serve different functions; e.g. vertebrate forelimbs, break structure in birds/ feet in birds’ convergent different structures are modified to pass or similar functions e.g. wings and birds and insects/ eye of human  and octopus, vertebrates for humans e.g. squeal, legs of vertebrae and insects .
Comments

State two ways in which Home sapiens differs from Homo habilis

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN14

State two ways in which Home sapiens differs from Homo habilis

Picture
answers
  • Standing upright/ erect posture. Higher intellectual capacity/ higher brain/bigger  capacity; communication through language speech.
Comments

What is organic evolution

17/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN14

What is organic evolution

Picture
answers
  • Emergence of present fauna and flora/ new life
  • Term/ species/ organisms from pre-existing forms gradually over a long period of time.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN13

17/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN13

The chart below shows the number of chromosomes before and after cell division and fertilization in a mammal.
Picture
a) What type of cell division takes place at Z
b) Where in the body of a female does process Z occur
c) On the chart, indicate the position of parents and gametes
d) Name the process that leads to addition or loss of one or more chromosomes.
e) State three benefits of polyploidy in plants to a farmer
answers
​a) Meiosis
b) Ovary
c) parent must be the 2n top; any ‘n’ is a gamete
d) Non – dysfunctions
e) increased yields / highbred Vigor, Resistance decreases
 Resistance to  drought.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN12

17/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN12

The chart below represents a simplified carbon cycle.
Picture
​(a)Name the process labeled A, B, and C
A
B
C
b) Name the organisms X and Y
      X       Y
c) State the importance of carbon cycle in nature
answers
​ a) A A photosynthesis
  B Decomposition / decay
  C Respiration
 b) X Bacterial
    Y Fungi
 c) Regulate the CO2 in the atmosphere.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN11

17/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2002PP1QN11

Give an example of a sex – linked trait in humans on:
Y CHROMOSOME.
X CHROMOSOME.
Picture
answers
​Y CHROMOSOME
Tuft and hair sprouting from pinna / baldness; hairy pinna;
X CHROMOSOME
Colour blindness / haemophilia.
Comments
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