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Describe how accommodation in the human eye is brought about when focusing on a near object.

25/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN08

Describe how accommodation in the human eye is brought about when focusing on a near object.

Picture
answers
Light rays from a near object are more diverged and need to bend more; in order to be focused properly on the retina; ciliary muscles contract; suspensory ligaments attached to the ciliary muscles relax; the lens becomes thicker; increasing its curvature/becomes more convex; light from the object is refracted more; in order to be focused/more sharply on the retina to form an image.
Comments

Describe the exoskeleton and its functions in insects.

25/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN08

Describe the exoskeleton and its functions in insects.

Picture
answers
 The exoskeleton is made of chitin; chitin is not evenly distributed; hence it allows for movement; exoskeleton is secreted by the epidermal cells; when still soft it allows for growth of the insect; when in contact with the air it hardens limiting growth; It is shed regularly; thus regulating the growth of insects. It also supports the internal structures; Because it is hard; it protects; internal organs from mechanical damage. It is water proof; preventing water loss/dessication; of the insect. It also provides a surface for attachment of muscles; 
Comments

Explain how the human skin brings about cooling of the body on a hot day.

25/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN07

Explain how the human skin brings about cooling of the body on a hot day.

Picture
answers
 Erector pilli muscle relax; and hair lie flat; trapping less air; thus reducing insulation;
Blood capillaries under the skin vasodilate; and more blood is brought under the skin; increasing heat loss; sweat glands release more sweat to the skin surface; the sweat take away heat from the body when it evaporates;
Comments

Explain how structural features in terrestrial plants affect their rate of transpiration.

25/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN07

Explain how structural features in terrestrial plants affect their rate of transpiration.

Picture
answers
 Plants in arid, semi-arid and desert habitats have leaves covered with thick/waxy cuticles; that are waterproof/impermeable to water; allowing for reduced rate of transpiration; Sunken stomata; in some desert/semi arid areas plants have water vapour accumulating in the pits; reducing rate of transpiration (as the moisture in the pit is  carried away by wind.) Most plants have few or no stomata on the upper surface of leaf; the fewer the stomata the less the water lost from the plant. Some plants have small stomata/stomatal size decrease when guard cells are flaccid; thus reducing transpiration rate. Plants with small/folding leaves; expose less surface area; hence reduce the rate of transpiration. Leaves with shinny surfaces; reflect light resulting
reduced leaf temperatures; thus reducing the rate of transpiration. Some plants have leaves covered with hairs/scales; which trap a layer of moisture;  the leaf surface reducing rate of transpiration. Mesophyte have a thin layer of cuticle; to facilitate high transpiration rate; brad lenses exposing large area to transpiration; Many stomata on both leaf surfaces provide many apartunes to enhance transpiration.
Comments

Explain how the osmotic pressure in the human blood is maintained at normal level.

25/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN06

Explain how the osmotic pressure in the human blood is maintained at normal level.

Picture
answers
  •  When the osmotic pressure of the blood increases beyond the normal level the hypothalamus detects this and stimulates the pituitary gland; to secrete more ADH; hormone which make kidney tubules more permeable to water; and more water is re-absorbed into the blood; reducing the osmotic pressure to the normal level.;
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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN06

25/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN06

 An experiment was carried out to investigate the population of a certain micro-organism. Two petri-dishes were used. Into the petri-dish label led M, 60cm3 of a culture medium was placed while 30cm3 of the same culture medium was placed in petri-dish labelled N. Equal numbers of the micro-organisms were introduced in both petri-dishes. The set-ups were then incubated at 35°C. The number of micro-organisms in each petri-dish was determined at irregular intervals for a period of 60 hours. The results were as shown in the table below.
Picture
(i)On the same axes, draw the graphs of relative number of micro-organisms against time on the grid provided. 
(ii) After how many hours was the difference between the two populations greatest? 
(iii) Work out the difference between the two populations at 50 hours. 
(iv) With a reason state the effect on the population of micro-organisms in petri-dish M if the temperature was raised to 60°C after 20 hours. 
(v) Account for the shape of the curve for population in petri-dish N between 46 hours and 59 hours.
answers
​(ii) 42 hours; 
(iii) Graph M at 50 hrs is 1220 ± 20.
Graph N at 50 hrs is 540 ± 20 (2 m
1220-540=680±4;
(iv) Population growth stops; .
High temperatures kill the microorganisms/denature enzymes; 
(v) 46 hours to 59 hours death rate of the microorganisms is higher, than their population growth rate; due to exhaustion of nutrients; and accumulation of toxic wastes; 
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN05

25/6/2020

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K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN05

The diagram below represents a flower.
Picture
(i) On the diagram, name two structures where meiosis occurs. 
(ii) How is the flower adapted to prevent self-pollination? 
(ii) How is the flower adapted to prevent self-pollination? 
(b) The diagram below represents a human reproductive organ.
Picture
​(i) Explain two adaptations of the structure labelled L to its functions. 
(ii) Explain the role of the gland labelled K.
answers
​(a) (i) Anthers; Ovary; 
(ii) Anthers are below the stigma to minimise self pollination;
  • petals are large/conspicuous, for insects to land on/ to attract insects encouraging cross pollination;
  • presence of interstitial cells that secrete androgens. 
(b) (i) L is hanging outside the body to ensure optimal temperature for sperm
production; it has many, long and coiled seminiferous tubules to increase the
surface area for production/storage of sperms; 
(ii) K produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acid in the vagina; this fluid
contain nutrients for the sperms; and also activates sperms; 
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN04

25/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN04

The diagram below represents a section of the human brain.
Picture
(i)Name the structures labelled P and R. 
P
R
(ii) State two functions of the part labelled Q. 
(b) (i) Name two reproductive hormones secreted by the pituitary gland in women. 
(ii) State one function of each of the hormones named in (b)(i) above. 
answers
(a) (i) - is cerebral hemisphere/cerebrum;
R - medulla oblongata; 
(ii) Muscular co-ordination; maintaining body posture; manual/motar dexterity;
(b) (i) Follicle stimulation hormone; luteinizing hormone; oxytocin; prolactin;
(ii) FSH - stimulates secretion of oestrogen; stimulates development of the Graafìan follicle;
LH - Brings about ovulation; causes development of corpus luteum;
Oxytocin - causes contraction of uterus; causes expulsion of milk from mammary glands;
Prolactin - stimulates milk production/secretion; 
Comments

How are the pneumatophores adapted to their function?

25/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN03

How are the pneumatophores adapted to their function?

Picture
answers
  • Pneumatophores - grow into the air above mud/water; their lenticel for gaseous exchange;
Comments

Describe how oxygen in the alveolus reaches the red blood cells.

25/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN03

Describe how oxygen in the alveolus reaches the red blood cells.

Picture
answers
  • Inhaled oxygen dissolves in moisture in the alveolus; since the oxygen concentration
  • in blood is lower; than in the alveolus, oxygen diffuses; through the alveolus
  • epithelium, the capillary wall into the plasma; and finally into the red blood cells.
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN03

25/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN03

Name the causative agents for the following respiratory diseases. 
(i) Whooping cough.
(ii) Pneumonia.
Picture
answers
(a) (i) Bordetella pertussis;
(ii) Streptococcus pneumoniae;
(iii) Micoplasma pneumoniae;
Comments

Explain how comparative embryology is an evidence for organic evolution.

25/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN02

Explain how comparative embryology is an evidence for organic evolution.

Picture
answer
  •  Vertebrate embryos have similar morphological features; which suggest a common ancestry;
Comments

Name two disorders in humans that are determined by sex-linked genes.

25/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN02

Name two disorders in humans that are determined by sex-linked genes.

Picture
answers
  • Haemophilia;
  • Colour blindness;
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN02

25/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN02

In humans, hairy ears is controlled by a gene on the Y Chromosome.
(a) Using letter Y^H to represent the chromosome carrying the gene for hairy ears, work out a cross between a hairy eared man and his wife. 
(b) (i) What is the probability of the girls having hairy ears? 
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b(i) above. 
Picture
ANSWERS
Picture
(b) (i) Probability of girls having hairy ears is zero ‘O’;
(ii) The gene for hairy ears is on the Y chromosomes which girls do not inherit from their father;
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN01

25/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2011PP2QN01

The set-up below illustrates a procedure that was carried out in the laboratory with a leaf plucked from a green plant that had been growing in sunlight.
Picture
(i) What was the purpose of the above procedure? 
(ii) Give reasons for carrying out steps A, B and C in this procedure. 
A
B
C
(iii) Name the reagent that was used at the step labelled D. 
(iv) State the expected result on the leaf after adding the reagent named in (iii) above. 
ANSWERS
​(i) - Testing a leaf for the presence of starch;
(ii) - A - kill the leaf/break down cells/stop enzymatic activity;
B - Removal of chlorophyll;
C - Soften leaf/makes leaf less brittle;
(iii) Iodine solution;
(iv) Areas where starch is present stain blue/blue black;
Comments
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