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The graph below represents a population growth of a certain herbivore in grassland ecosystem over a period of time.

3/8/2020

Comments

 
Suggest three factors that could have caused the population change between C and D
​Suggest three factors that could have caused the population change between C and D. 

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Comments

The table below shows a list of five human diseases. Complete the table by naming the causative agent of each.

3/8/2020

Comments

 
The first one has been completed for you.
The table below shows a list of five human diseases. Complete the table by naming the causative agent of each.

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Comments

State how excessive use of pesticides may affect soil fertility.

3/8/2020

Comments

 
Pesticides may kill soil micro-organisms that decompose humus to release mineral salts. In this
way they interfere with nutrient cycling.

how excessive use of pesticides may affect soil fertility
​Overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have effects on the soil organisms that are similar to human overuse of antibiotics. Indiscriminate use of chemicals might work for a few years, but after awhile, there aren't enough beneficial soil organisms to hold onto the nutrients” (Savonen, 1997).


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ECOLOGY: Topical Biology Questions and answers

3/8/2020

Comments

 
1.  1989 Q4 P1
State how excessive use of pesticides may affect soil fertility
2.  1989 Q8 P1
The table below shows a list of five human diseases. Complete the table by naming the causative agent of each.
The first one has been completed for you.
Human Diseases
Human Diseases

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Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2019PP2QN07

2/7/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2019PP2QN07

Giving examples, describe the following interactions among organisms: 
(a) predator-prey
(b) symbiosis
(c) parasitism.
Picture
answers
​.(a)       Predator-Prey
  • -Predator is an animal that hunts/kills another/ other animals(prey) for food;
  • -A dog and a hare; (acc. either correct examples)
  • Preys desire survival mechanism in their habitats not to be eaten/killed; to survive and reproduce/propagate this in linage; to this end (prey)(adaptations)
  • -They run faster (strong hind muscles);
  • -Camouflage with environments;
  • -Mimic the predators; (acc. some have a wider field of view/vision;)
  • -Some emits some chemical/smell that turn of predators;
  • -Others like porcupine use quills/ spikes/spines to fight off predators;
  • -Some have good sense of smell to detect predators; on the other hand, predators also evolve/desire means to be able to survive in such an ecosystem for instance.
  • -Running faster; strong jaws/long/sharp canine/talons;
  • -Camouflaging with the environment;
  • -Mimicking prey
  • -Sharp eyesight;
  • -Strong sense of smell
  • -Produce venom/poison that paralyze/kill prey.
(b) Symbiosis
  • A close (long term) association between two organisms of different species where the two mutually benefit from each other;
  • Example; The bacteria in the rumen/gut of herbivores; which help herbivores digest cellulose; as they are sheltered by the herbivores;
  • -The bacteria found in the human digestive system/gut/colon
  • -the bacteria are sheltered by humans;
  • -The bacteria aid human in synthesis of vitamin K/ B12/enzyme microbial balance;
  • -The nitrogen fixing bacteria on the root nodules of legumes;
  • -NFB benefits from shelter offered by the plant;
  • NFB facilitate conversion of free atmospheric Nitrogen into forms that can be readily used by the plants; 
(c) Parasitism
  • A kind of (inter-specific) relationship/Association where one member/organism, the parasite, benefits while the other the host is harmed/loses; Also called antagonistic symbiosis)
  • Example;
  • A tick (parasite) sucking blood /Nutrients from a cow (host); making the cow to be anaemiac/skin destroyed/malnourished/transmission of diseases;
  • Parasite can be external/Exo-Parasite; or internal/ endo-parasite; e.g. liver fluke
  • Example- Liver fluke sucks blood/Nutrients from host and cause death/bodily harm on the internal Organs of the host including blocking blood vessels
Comments

State two limitations of using a quadrat to estimate the population of organisms.

1/7/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2018PP1QN13

State two limitations of using a quadrat to estimate the population of organisms.

Picture
ANSWERS
  •  Cannot be used for most animals/plants;
  •  Assumes organisms are evenly distributed;
  •  Inaccuracy (over/under-estimation);
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2017PP2QN07

1/7/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2017PP2QN07

Explain the importance of protecting the forest ecosystem with reference to the following: 
(a) climate change
(b) biodiversity
(c) biotechnology
(d) water conservation
(e) pollution.
Picture
answers
 a) Climate change
  •  Promote(regular) rainfall/precipitation/prevent desertification;
  •  Act as wind breakers;
  •  Keep earth temperatures cool/reduce global warming;
  •  Keeps biogeochemical cycles going e.g. hydrological, carbon,nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur cycles;
b) Biodiversity
  •  Conserve diverse flora/ fauna;
  •  Conserve genetic variety;
  •  Prevent extinction of rare species;
  •  Source of research/employment;
  • Aesthetic/attracting tourism in foreign exchange;
  •  Have impact on culture/religion/politics;  ‘
  •  Food and shelter for other organisms and man;
  •  Source of oxygen;
c) Biotechnology
  •  Manufacture of medicines/directly used as medicinal;
  •  Source of food/food products;
  •  Provide fuel (when regulated);
  •  Provide paper and related by-products (when regulated);
  •  Provide timber (when regulated);
  •  Products used in other industries e.g. tannin, wax, rubber, oil, honey;
d) Water conservation
  •  Increased ground water/high water tables;
  •  Adds into rivers/lakes/permanency ¡n existing water bodies/reservoirs;
  •  Water towers/water catchment;
e) Pollution .
  •  Minimize soil pollution/ensuring cover against surface run-off/wind erosion/denudation;
  •  Trees/vegetation clean the soil surface by absorbing nutrients from decomposed matter e.g. sewage;
  •  Large scale clean-up of polluted air/dust;
  •  Muffle noise pollution;
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2016PP1QN21

30/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2016PP1QN21

​The figure below illustrates a food web in a certain ecosystem.
Picture
​From the food web:
(a) Draw the shortest food chain 
(b) Identify the organism with the highest:
(i) number of predators 
(ii) biomass 
answers
Comments

State three factors that contribute to the deceleration phase in the population curve of an organism.

30/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2016PP1QN20

State three factors that contribute to the deceleration phase in the population curve of an organism.

Picture
answers
  • Overcrowding
  •  Accumulation of toxic wastes
  •  Limited resources such as nutrients
Comments

Other than using the quadrant, give two methods of estimating population of grass.

30/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2016PP1QN12

Other than using the quadrant, give two methods of estimating population of grass.

Picture
answers
  • Belt transect
  •  Line transects
Comments

Name two benefits that a parasite derives from the host

30/6/2020

Comments

 
K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2016PP1QN11

Name two benefits that a parasite derives from the host

Picture
answers
  • Obtains food/ nutrients
  •  Shelter
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2015PP2QN06

29/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2015PP2QN06

The graph below shows the relative numbers of three main species of organisms in a pond.
Picture
​(a) Giving a reason for your answer, which of the species is a
(i)  producer?
 Reason 
(ii) secondary consumer? 
 Reason 
(b) State the depths at which each of the populations labelled L, M and N is at its optimum.
L
M
N  

(c) (i) Which method may have been used to determine the population of organisms labelled N in the pond? 
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (c) (j) above. 
(iii) State the assumptions made when using the method in (c) (i) above. 
(d) State two reasons why primary productivity in the pond decreases with depth. 
(e) Explain the ecological importance of fungi to plants.
(f) Why is flooding likely to lead to a cholera outbreak? 
ANSWERS
​(a) (i) Producer - M 
Reason Largest in number hence source of food for the other species
Abundant on the water surface to trap light for photosynthesis;
(ii) Secondary consumer - N 
Reason - Smaller in number than L and M 
(b) L -1.125m;
M- 0.75m;
N- 2.00m;  
(c) (i) Capture - Recapture (method) /Capture - mark - release - recapture; 
(ii) Animals are highly mobile; 
(iii) No migration during the period of survey/study;
No deaths/variation/reproductiori in population during the period;
 Method of marking does not affect the animal behaviour;
 Marked/released animals will freely mix with others in the pond;
 Released/marked animals will have enough time to mix with the others;
 There is uniform/random distribution of animals within the period.
(d) Decrease in light intensity as depth increases; 
Decrease in temperature as depth increases; 
(e) Breakdown of organic materials/decompose/rot/decay of materials; to release plant nutrients; 
(f) Flood water may mix with human waste contaminated with cholera bacteria; The flood water may then contaminate food / water sources; The contaminated water/food causes cholera infection when ingested;
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2015PP1QN12

29/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2015PP1QN12

​(a) What is meant by each of the following:
(i) pyramid of biomass? 
(ii) pyramid of numbers’? 
(b) During an ecological visit to the Savanna Grassland, students were able to see lions, antelopes, vultures and pastoralists grazing their cattle. Construct a food chain with four consumer levels to illustrate the energy flow in the ecosystem.
Picture
answers
(a) (i) Pyramid of biomas represents total dry mass weight of organisms in each trophic level;
(ii) While pyramid of numbers represents the total number of organisms at each trophic level/feeding levels/nutrition levels; 
Picture
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2014PP2QN06

28/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2014PP2QN06

An experiment was done to determine the uptake of nitrogen from the soil by broad bean seedlings. The experiment was done with one set of seedlings M grown in the atmosphere enriched with carbon (IV) oxide and another set up of seedlings N grown in the normal atmosphere.
The amount of nitrogen in each seedling was measured in milligrams at intervals often days.
The table below shows the results obtained.
Picture
​(a) Using the same axis draw line graphs of nitrogen uptake by the two (M and N) sets of broad bean seedlings against time. 
(b) Determine the rate of uptake of nitrogen in Set M between 65 and 85 days. 
(c) (i) What is the relationship between carbon (IV) oxide concentration in the air and nitrogen uptake? 
(ii) Account for the relationship in (c)(i) above. 
(d) (i) What would happen to the concentration of nitrogen in the seedlings in set M, if after 75 days the seedlings are transferred to a normal atmosphere. 
(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i) above. 
(e) State three ways in which nitrogen fixation occurs.
answers
Picture
Picture
(c) (i) The higher the carbon UV) oxide content in air, the higher the nitrogen uptake and vice versa;
(ii) More Carbon (IV) oxide in the air makes the seedlings to photosynthesize more; hence more amino acids/protein; are formed in the dark stage; formation of amino acids/protein requires nitrogen; 
(d) (i) The concentration of nitrogen would remain constant; 
(ii) Despite decline in CO,; the nitrogen already absorbed/taken up by the plant will still remain: 
(iii) Lightning;
By free-living bacteria/micro organisms;
By Rhizobium (in root nodules of legumes);
Comments

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2013PP2QN06

28/6/2020

Comments

 

K.C.S.E Biology Q & A - MODEL 2013PP2QN06

A scientist carried out an investigation to find out the population growth of mice under laboratory conditions. Twenty young mice were placed in a cage. The results obtained from the investigation were as shown in the table below.
Picture
​(a) On the grid provided, draw a graph of the number of mice against time. 
   GRAPH PAPER
(b) Account for the changes in mice population between
(i) O to 2 months 
(ii) 2 to 6 months 
(iii) 6 to 10 months 
(iv) 10 to 12 months. 
(c) (i) Between which two months was the population change greatest? 
(ii) Calculate the rate of population change over the period in (c)(i) above. 
(d) What change in population would be expected if the investigation was continued to the 19th month? 
(e) To obtain the observed results state two variables that were kept constant during the investigation.
answers
Picture
(b) (i) No change in population/population is constant: mice still maturing/have not given birth:
(ii) Slow/gradual population growth; few mice have reached sexual maturity;
(iii) Faster/rapid rate of population growth/exponential;
Many mice sexually matured/reproducing/enough food/space/no competition birth rate higher than death/no diseases: 
(iv) Population decline;
Competition is high / food is limiting / space is limiting/accumulation of toxic waste/disease (outbreak) deathrate higher than birth rate.
(c) (i) 6 and 8; 
(ii) 310-115 = 195 mice per month;
(d) Population would increase; 
(e) Food; space ; cage size; water;
Comments
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