ATIKA SCHOOL
  • Start
    • SITEMAP
    • KNEC Portal
    • ZERAKI HELP AND SUPPORT
    • Academic Environment
    • KNEC KCSE PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
  • BLOGS
    • About Us? >
      • Learn more about us
    • CUSTOMER CARE >
      • PRICING
      • Help & Support
    • News and Opinions
    • JOBS IN KENYA AND ABROAD FOR KENYANS AND BEYOND
    • How its Done
  • OUR PRODUCTS
    • All Categories >
      • MORE PRODUCTS >
        • SECONDARY CRE NOTES
        • COURSE BOOKS
        • KCSE KISWAHILI SETBOOKS
        • Backed Up Files and Archives
        • FREE DOCUMENTS
        • PRIMARY 8-4-4 BASED RESOURCES
        • STANDARD 8 RESOURCES
        • HIGH SCHOOL RESOURCES >
          • Biology Paper 3 Exams
          • Secondary Examinations
        • PRIMARY CBC BASED RESOURCES
        • COLLEGE & VARSITY RESOURCES
      • PRIMARY RESOURCES CBC
      • PRIMARY RESOURCES 8-4-4
      • SECONDARY RESOURCES
      • NOTES & TUTORIALS
      • COLLEGE RESOURCES
      • NOVELS and OTHER BOOKS
    • EXAMINATIONS >
      • MOCKS AND JOINT EXAMS >
        • FORM 1 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
        • FORM 2 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
        • FORM 3 EXAMINATIONS, QUESTION PAPERS AND ANSWERS
        • FORM 4 MOCKS PAST EXAMS BY REGION
        • TOP SECONDARY EXAMS ALL SUBJECTS
      • KPSEA NATIONAL EXAMS
      • KCPE >
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS AND ANSWERS >
          • KCPE 2020 RESULTS, REPORTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCPE PAST PAPERS 2019 REPORTS, RESULTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS PER SUBJECT
      • KCSE >
        • KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT
        • KNEC KCSE PAST PAPERS, MARKING SCHEMES, QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
        • Free KCSE Past Papers Mathematics
        • Free KCSE Biology Questions and Answers
      • QUESTIONS & ANSWERS >
        • SECONDARY >
          • LANGUAGES >
            • Secondary English Questions and Answers
          • TECHNICALS >
            • COMPUTER STUDIES >
              • COMPUTER STUDIES Q & A
              • kcse computer studies paper 2 AND 3 Questions & Answers
            • BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
            • KCSE AGRICULTURE TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE HOME SCIENCE DIRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • SCIENCES >
            • KCSE Mathematics Topical Questions
            • KCSE Biology Topical Questions and Answers
            • CHEMISTRY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE Physics Topical Questions
            • KCSE physics Practical Sample Quiz
          • HUMANITIES >
            • C.R.E (CRE) QUESTION AND ANSWERS
            • ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (IRE) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE History Topical Questions and Answers
            • GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • PRIMARY >
          • Standard 4-8 Mathematics Topical Questions from Mocks and KCPE
          • Std 6 Mathematics Notes
    • TUTORIALS >
      • SECONDARY >
        • SCIENCES >
          • FOCUS MATHEMATICS TUTORIALS AND EXAMS FREE
          • KCSE BIOLOGY NOTES
          • FREE KCSE CHEMISTRY NOTES
          • KCSE PHYSICS NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS AND MORE
        • LANGUAGES >
          • ENGLISH >
            • A GUIDE TO SILENT SONG AND OTHER STORIES
            • English KCSE Set Books
            • ENGLISH POETRY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS FOR K.C.S.E CANDIDATES
            • ENGLISH GRAMMAR #KCSE
          • KISWAHILI >
            • Bembea ya Maisha
            • CHOZI LA HERI - MWONGOZO
            • KIGOGO - MWONGOZO
            • MASWALI NA MAJIBU YA TUMBO LISILOSHIBA
            • USHAIRI MASWALI NA MAJIBU
            • KCSE Kiswahili Fasihi
        • TECHNICALS >
          • HOME SCIENCE NOTES
          • KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
          • COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES LATEST
          • kcse Computer Studies Notes
          • KCSE AGRICULTURE NOTES, SYLLABUS, QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, SCHEMES OF WORK AND OTHERS
        • HUMANITIES >
          • KCSE History Notes Form 1 to 4
          • FREE KCSE CRE NOTES
          • KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES
          • IRE NOTES, AUDIOVISUAL, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • PRIMARY >
        • STANDARD 4: SOCIAL STUDIES
        • NOTES >
          • KISWAHILI
          • SOCIAL STUDIES
        • EXAMINATIONS
        • DecaTurbo Online Series Examinations
        • KCPE Mathematics Notes
        • KCPE and Primary Level Compositions
      • Other Supportive Documents >
        • SYLLABUS >
          • Primary 8-4-4 based Syllabus, Objectives and Lessons
          • Primary Mathematics Syllabus
        • MASOMO VIDEOS
    • CURRICULUM >
      • NEW CURRICULUM DESIGNS >
        • PRIMARY >
          • PRE PRIMARY ONE CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
          • PRE PRIMARY TWO CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
        • SECONDARY >
          • KNEC KCSE SYLLABUS AND COURSE OUTLINES
        • COLLEGE >
          • Regulations for the TIVET Craft and Diploma Business Examinations
    • HIGH INSTITUTIONS >
      • EXAMINATIONS >
        • College and Varsity Past Papers online
      • TUTORIALS >
        • COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY NOTES AND TUTORIALS
  • MEMBERS RESOURCES
    • Primary >
      • CBC AND 8-4-4 LATEST EXAMS
      • CBC PROFFESSIONAL TOOLS
      • CBC NOTES PRIMARY
      • CBC KPSEA EXAMS
      • Standard 8 (std) English Topical Questions
      • KCPE MATHEMATICS TOPICAL QUESTIONS FROM 1989 TO LAST YEAR
      • STANDARD 8 PAST PAPERS 8-4-4 BASED
    • Secondary >
      • FORM 1 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 2 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 3 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 4 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • KCSE 2020 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • NOTES SECONDARY
      • MOCKS SECONDARY >
        • kcse form 2 mathematics questions
    • Free Schemes of Work
    • FOCUS A365 SERIES K.C.P.E EXAMINATIONS FOR PRIMARY
    • ALL GROUPS PRODUCTS
    • PREMIUM PRODUCTS 2

THE LEDGER AND THE CASHBOOK - KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS, QUESTION AND ANSWER

23/4/2018

0 Comments

 
  • CONTENT
  • NOTES
  • Q & A
<
>

THE LEDGER AND THE CASHBOOK

​CONTENT

  • ​Meaning and purpose of a ledger
  • Concept of double entry
  • Meaning and format of a ledger account
  • Rules of posting of various ledger accounts
    a) Assets accounts
    b) Liability accounts
    c) Expenses accounts
    d) Revenue accounts
    e) Capital accounts
  • Recording business transaction in the ledger accounts
  • Balancing a ledger account
  • The trial balance
  • Purpose and limitations of a trial balance
  • Classification of ledger accounts
  • Types of ledgers.
Picture

​THE CASH BOOK

  • Meaning and purpose of a cash book
  • Basic types of cash books
  • Contra entry
  • Preparation of a cash book
    a) Single - column
    b) Two - column
    ​c) Three - column

THE CASH BOOKS AND THE LEDGER

The cash book
This is a special ledger which is used to record cash and cheque transactions.
It contains only the cash in hand and cash at bank (i.e. cash and bank) accounts
Nominal ledger
This ledger is used to record business expenses and incomes (gains). It contains all the nominal accounts.
Private ledger
This ledger is used in recording private accounts i.e. confidential and valuable fixed assets and the personal accounts of the proprietors such as capital accounts and drawing accounts.
The general ledger
The general ledger contains all other accounts that are not kept in any other ledger e.g. buildings, furniture and stock accounts.
  1. Personal accounts of debtors or creditors who do not arise out of sale or purchase of goods on credit are found in the general ledger e.g. debtors as a result of sale of fixed asset on credit and expense creditors.
  2. Private accounts
    these are accounts that the business considers to be confidential and are not availed to everybody except the management and the owners.
    These accounts may be personal or impersonal.
    They include capital account, drawings accounts, trading, profit and loss accounts.

Types of ledgers

​The following are the main types of ledgers that are used to keep the various accounts
The sales ledger (Debtors ledger)
  • This is the ledger in which accounts of individual debtors are kept.
  • It is used to record the value of goods sold on credit and the customers to whom the credit sales are made, hence contains the personal names of the debtors.
  • It is called a sales ledger because the accounts of debtors kept herein are as a result of sale of goods on credit. An account is kept for each customer to which is debited the value of credit sale. Payment made by the debtor are credited to the account and debited in the cash book.
Purchases ledger (creditors ledger)
The purchases ledger contains accounts of creditors i.e. contains the records of the value of goods bought on credit and the suppliers of such goods.
It is a record of the debts payable by the business due to credit purchases.
An account is kept for each creditor to the credit side of which is posted the value of.
Impersonal accounts
This category of ledger accounts includes all other accounts that are not personal in nature e.g. buildings, purchases, rent, sales and discounts received.
Impersonal accounts fall into two types
  1. Real accounts
  2. Nominal accounts
Real accounts:
These are accounts of tangible assets or property e.g. buildings, land, furniture, fittings, machinery, stock, cash (at bank and in hand) etc.
These accounts are also used to draw up the balance sheet.
Nominal account:
These are accounts of items that relate to gains and losses and whose balances at the end of the accounting period. 
All expenses, revenues, sales and purchases are hence nominal accounts.
The main business expenses include:
purchases, sales, returns, insurance, stationary, repairs, depreciation, heating, discount allowed, lighting interests, printing, wages, rent, rates and advertising.     
The value of losses is included in the same side as the expenses when drawing up the final accounts though it is not an expense.   
The income (revenues) include sales, returns, claims out, interest receivable, dividends receivable and commission receivable. Profit is usually categorised together with these incomes when drawing up the final accounts.
Learn how to download pdf formats ... Make a Plan ...
​To serve you better, we charge a membership fee that we will use to purchase more resources and hire more manpower to create more resources. You and others who use this website will be happier if you find what you need at the right time. Please help us to help you succeed in your studies
  1. Want to be a member? please see membership plans. We charge a few coins to help us maintain this web resource site.
  2. If you are a member and can't download,
    1. Ensure that the email you subscribed with is the primary email with your browser
    2. Ensure your network connectivity is strong. Weak networks cause delays or malfunction the download procedure
For more inquiries, write to sales@manyamfranchise.com / +254-728-450-425
K.C.S.E Past Papers
KNEC KCSE PAST PAPERS, MARKING SCHEMES, QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
K.C.P.E Past Papers
KCPE PAST PAPERS AND ANSWERS

​Classification of ledger accounts 

Many businesses handle few transactions, hence they have few records to keep. Their accounts can thus be kept in a single ledger referred to as the general ledger
As a business grows the volume of transactions increases. This single ledger, therefore, becomes very bulky with accounts and it becomes difficult to make reference to it.
In order to simplify the recording of transactions and facilitate reference to the accounts, ledger accounts are usually classified and each category kept in a special ledger.
NOTE
(i) Since many transactions are cash transactions which are normally recorded in the bank and cash accounts a need arises to remove them from the main/general ledger to a separate ledger called the cash book.
(ii)  The number of ledgers kept depends on the size of the business.

Classes of accounts
All accounts can be classified into either personal or impersonal accounts.
Personal accounts
  • These are account of persons
  • They relate to personal, companies or associations.
  • They are mainly accounts of debtors and creditors.
NOTE: capital account is the proprietor’s personal account, showing the net worth of the business hence it is a personal account.
The account balances of these accounts are used to draw up the balance sheet.
In the ledger, the trial balance total is not affected.

Purpose of a trial balance
The purpose of a trial balance include:
  • Checking the accuracy in the ledger accounts as to whether;
    • The rule of double entry has been adhered to or observed/ complied with.
    • There are arithmetical errors in the ledger accounts
  1. Gives a summary of the ledger i.e. summary of the transactions which have taken place during a given period
  2. Provide information (account balances) for preparing final accounts such as the trading account, profit and loss account and the balance sheet.
  3. Test whether the ledger account balances have been posted to the right side of the trial balance.

Limitations of a trial balance

Even when the trial balance totals are equal, it does not mean that there are no errors made in the ledgers. This is because there are some errors that do not affect the trial balance.
A trial balance only assures the book keeper that the total of debit entries is equal to total credit entries.
The errors that do not affect the trial balances are:
  1. Error of total omission; This occurs when a transaction takes place and nothing about it is recorded in the books of accounts i.e. it is completely omitted such that neither a credit nor a debit entry is made in the ledgers.
  2. Error of original entry; this occurs where both the debit and credit entries are made using similar but erroneous figures. As the wrong amount is recorded in the two accounts.
  3. Error of commission; This occurs where double entry is completed but in the wrong persons accounts especially due to a confusion in names e.g. a debit entry of shs.2000 was made in Otieno’s account instead of Atieno’s account.
  4. Compensating errors; these are errors whose effects cancel out e.g. over debiting debtors account by sh.300 and under debiting cash account by sh.300.
  5. Complete reversal of entries; This occurs where the account to be debited is credited and the account to be credited is debited e.g. the sale of goods to Lydia on credit may be recorded as follows;
    Dr.sales a/c
    Cr.Lydius a/c  
    Instead of;
    Dr.Lydius a/c
    ​Cr.sales a/c
  6. Error of principle; this is where a transaction is recorded in the wrong account of a different class from the correct one e.g. repairs of machinery was debited in the machinery instead of debiting the repairs account.

Trial Balance

A trial balance is a statement prepared at a particular date showing all the debit balances on one column and all the credit balances on another column.
NOTE: A trial balance is not an account but merely a list of assets, expenses and losses on the left and capital liabilities and incomes (including profits) on the right.
The totals of a trial balance should agree if the double entry has been carried out correctly and there are no arithmetic errors both in the ledger as well as in the trial balance itself.
If the two sides of a trial balance are not equal, it means there is an error or errors either in the trial balance or in the ledger accounts or in both.

Errors that may cause a trial balance not to balance

  1. Partial omission: A transaction was recorded on only one account i.e. a debit or a credit entry might have been omitted in one of the affected accounts.
  2. Transferring (posting): a wrong balance to a trial balance.
  3. Different amounts for the same transaction might have been entered in the accounts
  4. Failure to post a balance to the trial balance (omission of a balance from the trial balance
  5. Posting a balance to the wrong side of the trial balance
  6. Recording a transaction on the same side of the affected accounts(partial reversal entry)
  7. Arithmetic mistakes might  have been made when balancing the ledger accounts
  8. Arithmetic errors in balancing the trial balance

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

the_ledger_and_the_cash_book_q_and_a.pdf
File Size: 236 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File

Topical Questions
  • ANSWERS
  • QUESTIONS
Geography Notes
KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES
C.R.E Notes
KCSE CRE NOTES
FORM 3-Topic 15-THEORY OF THE FIRM.pdf
View  |  Download 839k

FORM 3-Topic 17-PRODUCT MARKETS.pdf
View
  |  Download 375k

FORM 3-Topic 18-CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION.pdf
View
  |  Download 307k

FORM 3-Topic 19-NATIONAL INCOME.pdf
View
  |  Download 431k

FORM 3-Topic 21-THE LEDGER AND THE CASHBOOK.pdf
View
  | ​ Download

    reader's digest

Submit
0 Comments

NATIONAL INCOME - KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS, QUESTION AND ANSWER

21/4/2018

1 Comment

 
  • OBJECTIVES
  • NOTES
  • Q & A
<
>

NATIONAL INCOME

​NATIONAL INCOME CONTENT

  1. Meaning of national income
  2. The circular flow of income
  3. Methods of measuring national income
  4. Problems encountered in measuring national income
  5. Uses of national income statistics
  6. Factors which influence the level of national income
Picture

​NATIONAL INCOME SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
  1. explain the meaning of national income
  2. describe the circular flow of income
  3. explain the methods of measuring national income
  4. explain the problems encountered in measuring national income
  5. discuss the uses of national income statistics
  6. discuss the factors that influence the level of national income.

NATIONAL INCOME

This is the total income received by the providers/owners of the factors of production in a given country over a given time period.
Terms used in national income
  1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is the total monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country during a particular year. Such goods and services must have been produced within the country.
  2. Net Domestic Product (NDP). This is the GDP less depreciation. Depreciation is the loss in value of the assets such as machines used in the production of goods and services.
  3. Gross National Product (GNP). This measures the total monetary value of all the goods and services produced by the people of a country regardless of whether they in or outside the country. It takes into account exports and imports. The difference between exports and imports is called net Factor Income from abroad. GNP therefore is the sum of GDP and net factor income from abroad.
  4. Net National Product (NNP). This recognizes the loss in value of the capital used in the production of goods. Capital here refers to capital goods. NNP is the difference between GNP and the depreciation.
  5. Per capita income. This is the average income per head per year in a given country. It is also the national income divided by the population of the country.

Circular Flow of Income

  • This is the continuous movement of income between the households (providers of factors of production) and the firms (producers of goods and services).
  • The factors of production are received from households.
  • The firms pay the rewards of such factors to the households (expenditure to the firms and income to the households).
  • The households in turn use the income to buy the goods and services produced by the firms (expenditure to households and income to firms).
Assumptions/features of circular flow of income
  1. Existence of two sectors only. It is assumed that the economy has only two sectors that is households and firms. The households provide the factors of production while firms are involved in the production of goods and services.
  2. Total spending by households. It is assumed that the households spend all their income on the goods and services produced by the firms i.e. no savings.
  3. Total spending by the firms. It is assumed that the firms spend the money received from the sale of goods and services to pay for the rewards of production factors.
  4. Lack of government intervention. The government does not influence how the firms and households carry out their activities. Such interventions are in the form of taxes, price controls among others.
  5. Closed economy. Exports and imports do not exist in such an economy.
Factors affecting the circular flow of income
  • The factors can either lead to increase in income and expenditure (injections) or lead to a reduction in the volume of flow (withdrawals).
The factors include the following:
  1. Savings.  This takes place when the households do not spend all their income on the purchase of goods and services. This reduces the income to be received by firms hence savings is a withdrawal from the circular flow of income.
  2. Taxation. Taxation reduces the amount of money available for spending therefore it is a withdrawal/leakage from the circular flow of income.
  3. Government expenditure. The government may buy goods from the firms or provide subsidies. This will translate in to an injection into the circular flow of income.
  4. Investments. When firms put more capital into the production, output will increase hence an increase in income (injection).
  5. Imports. When goods and services are bought from other countries, money will be spent hence a reduction in the circular flow of income (withdrawal).
  6. Exports. Through exports, a country is able to receive money from other countries (injections)
Injections
  1. Investments
  2. Government spending
  3. Exports
Withdrawals
  1. Savings
  2. Taxation
  3. Imports
K.C.S.E Past Papers
knec kcse past papers, marking schemes and reports
K.C.P.E Past Papers
KCPE PAST PAPERS AND ANSWERS
Geography Notes, Q & A
KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES

Approaches Used In Measuring National Income

Expenditure Approach
National income is arrived at summing expenditure on all final goods and services (that have reached the final stage of production). Such expenditure is divided into:
  1. Expenditure on consumer goods ( C)
  2. Expenditure on capital goods (I)
  3. Expenditure by government (G)
  4. Expenditure on net exports (X – M)
Therefore national income = C+I+G+(X – M)
Problems associated with expenditure approach
  • Lack of accurate records particularly in the private sector
  • Approximation of expenditure of the subsistence sector
  • Difficulty in differentiating between final expenditure and intermediate expenditure
  • Double counting may exist
  • Fluctuating exchange rates may cause problems in the valuation of imports and exports.
Income approach
  • In this method, the national income is arrived at by summing all the money received by those who participate in the production of goods and services.
  • Such incomes are in the form of rewards to the production factors (wages, rent, interest and profits).
  • Public income is also taken into account i.e. it is the income received by the government from its investments (Parastatals, joint ventures).
  • Transfer payments are excluded since they represent a redistribution of incomes from those who have earned them to the recipient’s e.g. National insurance schemes.
Problems related to this method
  1. Determination of what proportion of transfer payments constitute in the income of a country.
  2. Inaccurate data may exist since business people may not tell the truth about their income in order to evade tax.
  3. Price fluctuations may make national income determination difficult.
  4. Income from illegal activities is not captured.
  5. Valuation of income from subsistence economy may be difficult e.g. housewives.

Uses of National Income Statistics

  1. Indicators of standards of living. If the national income is equitably distributed, then the standards of living will be high.
  2. Measuring economic growth. The statistics of one year are compared with previous year to show whether there is improvement or not.
  3. Inter country comparison. They are used to compare the economic welfare among countries hence knowing which country is better off and by how much. However, the following challenges may be faced when carrying the comparisons: different in currencies, different goods and services, disparity in income distribution and difference in tastes and preferences.
  4. Investment decisions. They assist the government and other investors to know the sectors to put their money. The statistics provide relevant information concerning the performance of each sector.
  5. Basis of equitable distribution of income. The statistics can be used to spread income to the hands of majority of the citizens in case a few individuals control the economy.
  6. Planning purposes. The statistics will show the contribution of each sector thus helping the government in allocating the funds to the various sectors.
Factors which influences the level of national income.
  • Quantity and quality of production. If the factors are more in terms of quantity of good quality, the output will be high hence increasing in national income.
  • State of technology. A country with high level of technology will produce goods in large volumes hence high national income.
  • Political stability. Countries which are relatively stable politically experience high production hence high national income level.
  • Accuracy of accounting systems. If the methods used to gather data are accurate, then the overall statistical figures will the accurate hence reliable.
  • Proportion of the subsistence sector. Subsistence sector’s output is not normally included in the statistical figures. If it represents a large proportion, therefore the national income level will be low.
Reasons why high per capita income is not an indicator of a better living standard in a country
  • Statistical problems. The collection of the national income data may be inaccurate meaning that the national income figures might be incorrect hence wrong per capita income.
  • Changes in money value. If the currency has been devalued, there can be change in the value of money without necessarily representing any changes in the welfare of the people.
  • Income distribution. The per capita may be high even though the income is in the hands of very few people thus it is not a representative of the majority.
  • Nature of products. If the products are not meant to satisfy immediate wants of the people, then an increase in per capita income may not lead to a higher economic welfare.
  • Peoples’ hard work and attitude. Increased national income may mean less sleep and more worries. People have no time to enjoy what they produce and their welfare may be low despite the rise in national income.
  • Social costs. People may migrate from rural areas to urban areas straining family relationships while an increase in industries may create pollution, congestion and other environmental disruptions.

questions and answers session

  1. Outline four reasons why an increase in per capita income may not necessarily lead to a rise in the standard of living of the citizens
  2. State four factors that affect the circular flow of income in an economy
  3. Identify four factors that may be contributing to income disparity between the rich and poor citizens in Kenya
  4. Account for the difference between the gross National Income figures between Kenya and Uganda
  5. Name three approaches for measuring national income
  6. Highlight four problems associated with income approach
  7. Highlight four problems associated with the output approach in computation of National income
  8. Highlight four uses of National Income statistics in any given country
  9. Outline four circumstances under which per capita income would be a good indicator

answers

QUESTION 1
  • Collection of data of the national income may be inaccurate.
  • Changes in per capita income may be due to change in the value of money.
  • Income may be in the hands of only a few.
  • The products produces may not satisfy immediate wants of the people.
  • Increased national income may mean less sleep and more worries.
QUESTION 2
  1. Savings
  2. Investments
  3. Foreign trade
  4. Taxation (government interference)
QUESTION 3
  1. Individual talents and personal endowment
  2.  Inheritance from parents
QUESTION 4
  • Differences in natural resource endowment
  • Difference in stock capital equipment
  • Differences in entrepreneurial cultures in the two countries
  • Differences in stock of man power
  • Differences in general attitude of people towards work
  • Availability and states of technology
QUESTION 5
  • Income approach
  • Output approach
  • Expenditure approach
QUESTION 6
  1. Problem of inaccurate data
  2. Price fluctuations make it difficult to calculate national income
  3. Problem of handling illegal and unrecorded yield income to recipients
  4. Transfer payments pose a problem
  5. Income disclosures aren’t true because people and firms like evading tax
QUESTION 7
  1. Problems of valuation due to unavailability/inaccuracy of output figure especially in the private section
  2. Problem of deciding on the goods/services to include eg. Whether the output of a house wife should be included or not
  3. The problem of valuing output in the subsistence sector
  4. Problem of frequent changing process
  5. Problem of valuing government output since many of its services are not sold in the market
  6. Problems of differentiating primary inputs from intermediate inputs
  7. Valuing illegal activities like drug trafficking.
QUESTION 8
  1. It shows average standards of living of the people
  2. It determines the economic development of a country
  3. It shows the country’s network or actual income
  4. It is used for economic planning
  5. Helps to know the contribution of different sectors of the economy
  6. Used to compare economic performance of different countries- Used to compare economic performance of a country over the years
QUESTION 9
  1. When the national income is equitably distributed among the people
  2. When statistics obtained consider price changes in the economy
  3. When population size of the country is real and not more projections
  4. When statistics of output is based essential commodities consumed by the messes/large number of people
Download in PDF Format ...
FORM 3-Topic 15-THEORY OF THE FIRM.pdf
View Download 839k

FORM 3-Topic 17-PRODUCT MARKETS.pdf
View Download 375k

FORM 3-Topic 18-CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION.pdf
View Download 307k

FORM 3-Topic 19-NATIONAL INCOME.pdf
View Download
Get more business notes

    reader's digest

Submit
1 Comment

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION - KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS, QUESTION AND ANSWER

20/4/2018

0 Comments

 
  • CONTENT
  • NOTES
  • Q & A
<
>

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
  1. explain the meaning of distribution
  2. describe the various channels of distribution
  3. discuss the role of intermediaries in the distribution chain
  4. discuss the factors which may influence choice of a distribution channel.
Picture

​CONTENT

  1. Meaning o f distribution
  2. Channels of distribution
  3. Intermediaries in the distribution chain
  4. Distribution of various products
  5. Choosing a distribution channel

Introduction

Channels of distribution are the paths that goods and or services follow from the producers to the final users.
The persons involved in the distribution of goods from the producer to consumer are called middlemen or intermediaries.
There are different channels that different products follow. Some of the channels include the following:
  1. Producer to agent to wholesaler to retailer to consumer.
  2. Producer to co – operative society to marketing board to wholesaler to retailer to consumer.
  3. Producer to marketing board to wholesaler to retailer to consumer.
  4. Producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer.
  5. Producer to wholesaler to consumer
  6. Producer to retailer to consumer
  7. Producer to consumer

Costs incurred by middlemen while distributing goods

  1. Buying costs. They incur this cost by paying for them from the producers or other middlemen.
  2. Transport cost. Some middlemen do transport goods from the producer to other middlemen or to the final users.
  3. Storage costs. Middlemen do keep the goods until their demand arises. This will therefore require them to hire or construct their own warehouses.
  4. Advertising or marketing costs. Some middlemen do carry out marketing of goods on behalf of the producers and other middlemen. In the process, they pay for such services.
  5. Insurance costs. Middlemen do insure the goods they are trading in to ensure compensation in the event of loss.
  6. Operation costs. Middlemen just like other businesses do incur operating costs such as salaries to employees, electricity, maintenance among others.
  7. Preparation costs. Some middlemen to prepare goods before they are sold to the consumers. Such activities include packing, assembling and blending. They have to meet such costs on behalf the producer, other middlemen and consumers.

Roles of Middlemen

The following are some the roles performed by middlemen in the chain of distribution
  1. Bulk accumulation (assembling). They similar goods from different producers in small quantities and then offering the large amount gathered to buyers who may want to buy in large volumes.
  2. Reducing transactions. The interactions between the producers and the consumers will be reduced since the middlemen are the ones who will be communicating to the consumers.
  3. Bulk breaking. They buy in large quantities and then sell in small quantities as desired by the consumers.
  4. Risk taking. They assume all the risks related with the movement of goods from the producers to the consumers. Such risks include theft, damages, loss due to bad debts.
  5. Finance provision. Middlemen provide finance to the producers by buying goods in large quantities and paying for them in time.
  6. Provision of information. Middlemen gather market information from the consumers then pass to the producers who in turn produce goods in line with the tastes of consumers.
  7. Marketing/product promotion. Middlemen are involved in marketing of goods hence stimulating the interest of consumers.
  8. Provision of transport. Middlemen do transport goods from the producers up to the where the consumers can access them. Both the producers and consumers are hence relieved of transport costs.
  9. Storage
  10. Variety provision
  11. Availing goods to consumers

Factors to Consider Before Selecting a Distribution Channel

Factors that influence the choice of a distribution channel include the following:
  1. Product nature. Perishable products should be sold directly to the consumers because delays may result to losses since they go bad fast. In addition, bulky products need direct selling in order to reduce transportation and stock handling costs.
  2. Nature of the market. Where the market is concentrated in one area, direct selling is appropriate. A longer channel of distribution is preferred where the market is widely spread.
  3. Role of intermediary. The channel chosen should be able to perform the services related to the product being sold e.g. for technical goods, the middleman should be able to offer technical support to the customers.
  4. Resources and size of the firm/producer. If the producer is small, then direct selling would be appropriate. Large firms with sufficient financial resources can opt for long channels of distribution.
  5. Channels used by competitors. If a firm wants its products to compete with those of the competitors, then is it prudent to use similar channels. A firm that wants to avoid competition should use a different channel of distribution.
  6. Government policy. The channel chosen should be able to meet government regulations such as all middlemen distributing pharmaceutical products must be recognized by the relevant government bodies (Pharmacy and Poisons Board).
  7. Marketing risks. In the event the firm wants to avoid risks related to distribution, it will opt for middlemen.
  8. Questions

Question and Answer

  • 1. ​Identify the type of utility created in the following circumstances
Picture
  • 2. State four roles played by intermediaries in the chain of distribution
  • 3. Highlight four consequences of eliminating a wholesaler from a chain of distribution
  • 4. Outline four factors used to determine the distribution of Omo, as a common household detergent in Kenya
  • 5. State four circumstances under which it would be advisable for a manufacturer to sell directly to consumers
  • 6. Dady a traders at Kibigori trading centre wishes to import goods from Brand kamp , a Germany. Describe four channels of distribution that Dady’s goods are likely to take to reach his consumers at Kibgori
  • 7. Kenya co-operative creameries (KCC) sell its dairy products directly to retailers. Highlight four factors that were considered in the choice of this channel of Distribution

aNSWERS

QUESTION 1
ACTIVITY
UTILITY
Carpentry
Form
Selling bread to students
Possession
Warehousing of goods imported
Time
Carriage of cargo to the market
Place
QUESTION 2
  • Reducing transaction between producers and consumers
  • Breaking bulk
  • Accumulating bulk
  • Taking of holding goods
  • Providing finance to producers
  • Product promotion
  • Transporting goods
  • Storage goods
QUESTION 3
  • Reduces the range of goods offered to the retailers
  • Reduces the cost of goods acquired by retailers
  • Lowers the price of goods because of reduction in the length of distribution
QUESTION 4
  • Preparing to meet customers/locating prospective customers
  • Opening sale/presenting the product
  • Handling objections
  • Closing of sales
QUESTION 5
  • Where the commodity is perishable
  • Where the commodity is a service
  • Where the use of the commodity requires demonstration
  • Where the quantity of the commodity is small
  • Where technical advice is required
  • Where immediate feed back is required
  • Where the law requires to be done so
QUESTION 6
  1. Brand Kamp/ Exporter - Consumer
  2. Exporter / Brand Kamp-Government agent –Wholesaler- Consumer
  3. Exporter/ Brand Kamp-Government Agent – Wholesaler- Retail – Consumer
  4. Exporter / Brand Kamp-Wholesaler- Consumer
  5. Exporter / Brand Kamp- Import agent – Consumer
QUESTION 7
  • Nature of products - perishable
  • Availability of the channel
  • The cost of the channel
  • Channels used by competitors
  • Market concentration not in use area
  • Spread of the risk
MORE TOPICAL QUESTIONS
Subpage Listing
  • AGRICULTURE
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO
  • BIOLOGY
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO
  • BUSINESS
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO
  • CHEMISTRY
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO
  • CRE
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO
  • ENGLISH
  • GEOGRAPHY
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO
  • HISTORY
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO
  • KISWAHILI
  • MATHEMATICS
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO
  • PHYSICS
    • FORM FOUR
    • FORM ONE
    • FORM THREE
    • FORM TWO

QUESTIONS

FORM 1-Meaning of business studies
View

FORM 1-Topic 2-Business Environment.pdf
View  |  Download 577k

FORM 1-Topic 3-Satisfaction of Human Wants.pdf
View  |  Download 588k

FORM 1-Topic 4-Production.pdf
View  |  Download 534k

FORM 1-Topic 5-Entreprenuership.pdf
View  |  Download 721k

FORM 1-Topic 6-The Office.pdf
View  |  Download 973k

FORM 1-Topic 7-Home Trade.pdf
View  |  Download 2308k

FORM 2-Topic10-TRANSPORT.pdf
View  |  Download 551k

FORM 2-Topic11-COMMUNICATION.pdf
View Download 822k

FORM 2-Topic12-WAREHOUSING.pdf
View  |  Download 324k

FORM 2-Topic13-INSURANCE.pdf
View  |  Download 762k

FORM 2-Topic14-PRODUCT PROMOTION.pdf
View  |  Download 531k

FORM 2-Topic8-FORMS OF BUSINESS UNITS.pdf
View  |  Download 1310k

FORM 2-Topic 9-GOVERNMENT & BUSINESS.pdf
View  |  Download 747k

FORM 3-Topic 15-THEORY OF THE FIRM.pdf
View  |  Download 839k

FORM 3-Topic 17-PRODUCT MARKETS.pdf
View  |  Download 375k

FORM 3-Topic 18-CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION.pdf
View  |  Download

    READER'S DIGEST

Submit
0 Comments

PRODUCT MARKETS - KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS, QUESTION AND ANSWER

18/4/2018

1 Comment

 
  • CONTENTS AND OBJECTIVES
  • NOTES
  • Q & A
<
>

PRODUCT MARKETS - KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS, QUESTION AND ANSWER

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic the learner should be able to:
  1. explain the meaning of a market
  2. explain the meaning of product market
  3. discuss the features of various types of product markets.
Picture

cONTENTS

  1. Meaning of a market
  2. Meaning of product market
  3. Features of various types of product markets

PRODUCT MARKET

The term ‘market’ is usually used to mean the place where buyers and sellers meet to transact business. In Business studies, however, the term ‘market’ is used to refer to the interaction of buyers and sellers where there is an exchange of goods and services for a consideration.
NOTE: The contact between sellers and buyers may be physical or otherwise hence a market is not necessarily a place, but any situation in which buying and selling takes place. A market exists whenever opportunities for exchange of goods and services are available, made known and used regularly.
KCSE Past Papers
knec kcse past papers, marking schemes and reports
Biology Notes
KCSE BIOLOGY NOTES
Physics Notes
KCSE PHYSICS NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS AND MORE

Definition of Product market

​It is a particular market in which specific goods and services are sold and with particular features that distinguish it from the other markets. The features are mainly in terms of the number of sellers and buyers and whether the goods sold are homogeneous or heterogeneous. Product market is also referred to as market structure. Markets may be classified according to the number of firms in the industry or the type of products sold in them.

TYPES OF PRODUCT MARKET

The number of firms operating in a particular market will determine the degree of competition that will exist in a given industry. In some markets there are many sellers meaning that the degree of competition is very high, where as in other markets there is no competition because only one firm exists.
When markets are classified according to the degree of competition, there are four main types, these are;
  1. Perfect competition
  2. Pure monopoly (monopoly)
  3. Monopolistic competition
  4. Oligopoly
Subscribe to read and download the full set of notes in PDF format

QUESTIONS ON ​PRODUCT MARKETS

  1. Explain five characteristic of a monopolistic market.
  2. By use of a diagram, explain how price and output are determined in a collusive oligopoly (centralized cartel) market situation
  3. Highlight five differences between perfect competition and monopolistic competition
  4. Using a well labeled diagram, explain how a monopolist enjoy a supernormal profit in both short and long run​

    1. With the aid of a diagram, explain how a firm under monopolistic competition is at equilibrium in the short run
    2. With the aid of a diagram, explain the difference between perfect competition and monopoly revenue curves

ANSWERS

QUESTION 1
  1. To check on the quality of goods produced by monopoly.
  2. Ensure there are a variety of goods in the market.
  3. Monopolist may resist emergence of new ideas or technology due to lack of competition.
  4. Monopolies tend to be inefficient in their operation due to lack of competition.
  5. The consumers may not enjoy quality goods and services because they can only consume what his monopolis produces.
  6. To control the prices charges by the monopolies
  7. Make sure monopolies operate at optimum capacity so as not to charge high prices.
QUESTION 2
Price Determination under Oligopoly: Non-Collusive and Collusive
QUESTION 3
PERFECT COMPETITION 
  1. Sellers deal in homogeneous products
  2. Are not involved in promotion of products.
  3. It’s a price taker
  4. Large number of sellers
  5. Activities of one firm does not influence the activities of other firms
MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
  1. Sellers deal in differentiated products
  2. incur heavy expenses in promotion of products
  3. it’s a price setter /giver
  4. Large number of sellers operating independently.
  5. Activities of one firm are closely monitored by the rest in the industry.
QUESTION 4
  1. When the product is a necessity
  2. When the product is the only one in the market
  3. When the consumers are not aware of the market changes
  4. When the price of the product makes an insignificant figure of the consumers income
QUESTION 5.1
QUESTION 5.2
more kcse topical questions & answers

FORM 3-Topic 17-PRODUCT MARKETS.pdf
View  |  Download

    reader's digest

Submit
1 Comment

    Business Studies Notes Form 1 - 4

    business_notes_form_1-4.pdf
    File Size: 3043 kb
    File Type: pdf
    Download File

    Categories

    All
    BUSINESS STUDIES FORM 3 NOTES
    BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
    CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION
    Communication
    Company
    Demand And Supply
    DOCUMENTS USED IN HOME TRADE
    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING
    Entrepreneurship
    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
    FORM 1 LEVEL
    FORM 3 BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
    FORM 4
    Forms Of Business Units
    Free On Board (FOB)
    Free On Rail (FOR)
    HOME TRADE
    In Bond
    INFLATION
    INSURANCE
    INTERNATIONAL TRADE
    Intro To BS
    Intro-to-BS
    KCSE NOTES
    Means Of Payments
    MONEY & BANKING
    NATIONAL INCOME
    On Nearest Offer (ONO)
    Pipeline
    PRODUCTION
    PRODUCT MARKETS
    PRODUCT PROMOTION
    PUBLIC FINANCE
    RETAIL TRADE
    SATISFACTION OF HUMAN WANTS
    Terms Of Payments
    THE LEDGER AND THE CASHBOOK
    THE OFFICE
    THEORY OF THE FIRM
    Transport
    Verbal Communication
    WAREHOUSING
    WHOLESALE TRADE

    Archives

    November 2022
    March 2021
    November 2020
    October 2020
    July 2020
    February 2019
    May 2018
    April 2018
    March 2018
    December 2017
    November 2017

    RSS Feed

    Author

    Atika School Team



Primary Resources
  • K.C.P.E Past Papers
  • ​Pri - Primary 1 Level
  • Pri  - Primary 2 Level
  • Grade 1
  • Grade 2
  • Grade 3
  • Grade 4
  • Standard 5
  • Standard 6
  • Standard 7
  • Standard 8
  • English
  • Kiswahili
  • Social Studies
  • Science
  • Mathematics
  • Kenya Sign Language
  • I.R.E
  • ​H.R.E
  • Notes
  • Termly Questions
  • Mocks
  • K.C.P.E Past Papers
College Resources
  • E.C.D.E
  • P.T.E
  • D.T.E
  • Technical Diploma
  • Technical Certificate
  • Business Diploma
  • Business Certificate
  • Higher Diploma
  • K.A.S.N.E.B Resources
  • K.M.T.C Resources
  • Varsity Resources
Secondary Resources
  • K.C.S.E Past Papers
  • Form 1
  • Form 2
  • Form 3
  • Form 4
  • Term 1
  • Term 2
  • Term 3
  • English
  • Geography
  • History
  • C.R.E
  • I.R.E
  • ​H.R.E
  • Home Science
  • Computer Studies
  • Business Studies
  • Agriculture
  • Chemistry
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Mathematics ALT A
  • Mathematics ALT B
  • Kiswahili
  • French
  • Germany
  • Arabic
  • Aviation
  • Art & Design
  • Drawing & Design
  • Building & Construction
  • Metal Works
  • Wood Work
  • Music
  • Kenya Sign Language
  • Electricity
Other Useful Links
  • Academic Environment
  • How its Done
  • News and Opinions
  • Manyam Franchise Support
  • About
  • SITEMAP
  • FOCUS A365 SERIES
  • Membership Details (KCPE/KCSE)
  • Secondary Mocks
  • SYLLABUS
Contact Us
Manyam Franchise
P.O Box 1189 - 40200 Kisii
Tel: 0728 450 424
Tel: 0738 619 279
Tel: 0763 450 425
E-mail - sales@manyamfranchise.com
Photos used under Creative Commons from zolierdos, vaticanus, NCDOTcommunications, frankieleon, aaronparecki, Jan Tik, jnyemb, http://image4free.com, Michiel2005, Sumarie Slabber, wrcomms, marcoverch, Nick Saltmarsh, ~Twon~
  • Start
    • SITEMAP
    • KNEC Portal
    • ZERAKI HELP AND SUPPORT
    • Academic Environment
    • KNEC KCSE PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
  • BLOGS
    • About Us? >
      • Learn more about us
    • CUSTOMER CARE >
      • PRICING
      • Help & Support
    • News and Opinions
    • JOBS IN KENYA AND ABROAD FOR KENYANS AND BEYOND
    • How its Done
  • OUR PRODUCTS
    • All Categories >
      • MORE PRODUCTS >
        • SECONDARY CRE NOTES
        • COURSE BOOKS
        • KCSE KISWAHILI SETBOOKS
        • Backed Up Files and Archives
        • FREE DOCUMENTS
        • PRIMARY 8-4-4 BASED RESOURCES
        • STANDARD 8 RESOURCES
        • HIGH SCHOOL RESOURCES >
          • Biology Paper 3 Exams
          • Secondary Examinations
        • PRIMARY CBC BASED RESOURCES
        • COLLEGE & VARSITY RESOURCES
      • PRIMARY RESOURCES CBC
      • PRIMARY RESOURCES 8-4-4
      • SECONDARY RESOURCES
      • NOTES & TUTORIALS
      • COLLEGE RESOURCES
      • NOVELS and OTHER BOOKS
    • EXAMINATIONS >
      • MOCKS AND JOINT EXAMS >
        • FORM 1 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
        • FORM 2 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
        • FORM 3 EXAMINATIONS, QUESTION PAPERS AND ANSWERS
        • FORM 4 MOCKS PAST EXAMS BY REGION
        • TOP SECONDARY EXAMS ALL SUBJECTS
      • KPSEA NATIONAL EXAMS
      • KCPE >
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS AND ANSWERS >
          • KCPE 2020 RESULTS, REPORTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • KCPE PAST PAPERS 2019 REPORTS, RESULTS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • KCPE PAST PAPERS PER SUBJECT
      • KCSE >
        • KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT
        • KNEC KCSE PAST PAPERS, MARKING SCHEMES, QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
        • Free KCSE Past Papers Mathematics
        • Free KCSE Biology Questions and Answers
      • QUESTIONS & ANSWERS >
        • SECONDARY >
          • LANGUAGES >
            • Secondary English Questions and Answers
          • TECHNICALS >
            • COMPUTER STUDIES >
              • COMPUTER STUDIES Q & A
              • kcse computer studies paper 2 AND 3 Questions & Answers
            • BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
            • KCSE AGRICULTURE TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE HOME SCIENCE DIRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
          • SCIENCES >
            • KCSE Mathematics Topical Questions
            • KCSE Biology Topical Questions and Answers
            • CHEMISTRY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE Physics Topical Questions
            • KCSE physics Practical Sample Quiz
          • HUMANITIES >
            • C.R.E (CRE) QUESTION AND ANSWERS
            • ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (IRE) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
            • KCSE History Topical Questions and Answers
            • GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
        • PRIMARY >
          • Standard 4-8 Mathematics Topical Questions from Mocks and KCPE
          • Std 6 Mathematics Notes
    • TUTORIALS >
      • SECONDARY >
        • SCIENCES >
          • FOCUS MATHEMATICS TUTORIALS AND EXAMS FREE
          • KCSE BIOLOGY NOTES
          • FREE KCSE CHEMISTRY NOTES
          • KCSE PHYSICS NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS AND MORE
        • LANGUAGES >
          • ENGLISH >
            • A GUIDE TO SILENT SONG AND OTHER STORIES
            • English KCSE Set Books
            • ENGLISH POETRY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS FOR K.C.S.E CANDIDATES
            • ENGLISH GRAMMAR #KCSE
          • KISWAHILI >
            • Bembea ya Maisha
            • CHOZI LA HERI - MWONGOZO
            • KIGOGO - MWONGOZO
            • MASWALI NA MAJIBU YA TUMBO LISILOSHIBA
            • USHAIRI MASWALI NA MAJIBU
            • KCSE Kiswahili Fasihi
        • TECHNICALS >
          • HOME SCIENCE NOTES
          • KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
          • COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES LATEST
          • kcse Computer Studies Notes
          • KCSE AGRICULTURE NOTES, SYLLABUS, QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, SCHEMES OF WORK AND OTHERS
        • HUMANITIES >
          • KCSE History Notes Form 1 to 4
          • FREE KCSE CRE NOTES
          • KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES
          • IRE NOTES, AUDIOVISUAL, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • PRIMARY >
        • STANDARD 4: SOCIAL STUDIES
        • NOTES >
          • KISWAHILI
          • SOCIAL STUDIES
        • EXAMINATIONS
        • DecaTurbo Online Series Examinations
        • KCPE Mathematics Notes
        • KCPE and Primary Level Compositions
      • Other Supportive Documents >
        • SYLLABUS >
          • Primary 8-4-4 based Syllabus, Objectives and Lessons
          • Primary Mathematics Syllabus
        • MASOMO VIDEOS
    • CURRICULUM >
      • NEW CURRICULUM DESIGNS >
        • PRIMARY >
          • PRE PRIMARY ONE CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
          • PRE PRIMARY TWO CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
        • SECONDARY >
          • KNEC KCSE SYLLABUS AND COURSE OUTLINES
        • COLLEGE >
          • Regulations for the TIVET Craft and Diploma Business Examinations
    • HIGH INSTITUTIONS >
      • EXAMINATIONS >
        • College and Varsity Past Papers online
      • TUTORIALS >
        • COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY NOTES AND TUTORIALS
  • MEMBERS RESOURCES
    • Primary >
      • CBC AND 8-4-4 LATEST EXAMS
      • CBC PROFFESSIONAL TOOLS
      • CBC NOTES PRIMARY
      • CBC KPSEA EXAMS
      • Standard 8 (std) English Topical Questions
      • KCPE MATHEMATICS TOPICAL QUESTIONS FROM 1989 TO LAST YEAR
      • STANDARD 8 PAST PAPERS 8-4-4 BASED
    • Secondary >
      • FORM 1 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 2 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 3 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • FORM 4 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS
      • KCSE 2020 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
      • NOTES SECONDARY
      • MOCKS SECONDARY >
        • kcse form 2 mathematics questions
    • Free Schemes of Work
    • FOCUS A365 SERIES K.C.P.E EXAMINATIONS FOR PRIMARY
    • ALL GROUPS PRODUCTS
    • PREMIUM PRODUCTS 2