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Highlight four duties of commercial attaches in trade promotion

23/3/2021

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​Highlight four duties of commercial attaches in trade promotion. (4 mks)

  1. Publish and advertise their country’s exports in business journals and magazines.
  2. Select buyers, agents and distributors of the home country’s exports.
  3. Explore and identify new markets for more exports opportunities.
  4. Research and analyze markets for exports from their home countries.
  5. Keep statistics of products such as volume s, packaging sizes and methods of manufacturing.
  6. Assist sales missions from home countries by organizing educational tours for them.
  7. Inform traders in their home countries of standards required for exports.
Highlight four duties of commercial attaches in trade promotion

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​Outline four advantages of using celebrities in product promotion

23/3/2021

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​Outline four advantages of using celebrities in product promotion. (4 mks)

  1. They help in increasing recognition.
  2. They influence consumer purchases.
  3. Build awareness
  4. Attract new users / customers.
  5. Breathe life into failing brand.
  6. Help people in remembering advertisement.
  7. Makes people believe that the products contributes to superstar stats.
  8. Helps the product in getting a better position in the market.
  9. Build brand equity
  10. Helps the product in getting a better position in the market.

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​Highlight four features of perfect competition market

20/3/2021

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​Highlight four features of perfect competition market. (4 mks)

  1. Uniformity of buyers and sellers.
  2. Perfect mobility of factors of production.
  3. There is no government interference or intervention.
  4. Large number of buyers and sellers.
  5. There is freedom of entry and exit into the industry.
  6. Both buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge of what is happening in the market.
  7. There is excess demand or excessive supply.

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PRODUCT PROMOTION - KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES, SCHEMES OF WORK, OBJECTIVES, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

5/12/2017

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  • OBJECTIVES
  • NOTES
  • QUESTIONS
  • PRINTABLES
<
>

​PRODUCT PROMOTION (12 LESSONS)
TOPIC/ SUB-TOPIC OUTLINES

  1. Meaning of a product
  2. Meaning and importance of product promotion
  3. Methods of product promotion
  4. Advantages and disadvantages of each method of product promotion
  5. Choice of promotion method
  6. Ethical issues in product promotion
  7. Trends in product promotion

​SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
  1. explain the meaning of a product
  2. explain the meaning and importance of product promotion
  3. explain the various methods of product promotion
  4. explain the advantages and disadvantages of each method of product promotion
  5. discuss factors which influence choice of promotion method
  6. recognize the need for ethical practices in product promotion
  7. discuss trends in product promotion.

introduction to Product Promotion.

​Product is an item or service offered to the consumers at a price. Therefore, product promotion is the communication or any activity undertaken to inform the consumers, persuade and remind them to buy the product from the market.
Picture

The purpose/Importance of product promotion

  • It informs the customer of the availability, price, and where to obtain the product to satisfy their wants
  • It persuade the buyer to buy their products a head of their competitors’ products in the market
  • It reminds the customers of the continued existence of a given product in the market
  • It educate the consumers of the usage of the product to satisfy their needs fully
  • It informs them on any improvement that has been made on the product
  • It stimulates the demand of the product being promoted in the market
  • It brings out the positive features of the product
  • It opens new market for the product in the environment

Methods of product promotion

Product promotion may be carried out in the following ways:
  1. Personal selling
  2. Advertising
  3. Sales promotion
  4. Publicity

1. Personal selling

​This is a method of promotion where there is an oral presentation in the conversation with the prospective customer. It is done by with the use of salesmen who informs the prospective buyer of all the aspects of the product

​Methods of personal selling

Personal selling can be carried out in the following ways;
Through sales person approaching the customers
A case where the sales person approaches the prospective customers after drawing their attention, explaining details of the product and even demonstrating how the product works in order to persuade the customer to buy.

​Steps involved in personal selling through sales person

  1. Identify prospective customers who could possibly require the product
  2. Preparing the presentation by gathering all the possible information about the product , as well as designing an appropriate methods that he will be used to present to the customer
  3. Establishing the customers contact, as well as choosing an appropriate time to meet the customer to be. That is the time when the customer may receive him
  4. Arousing the consumers interest in the product by attracting his/her attention through approach and languages, as well as making the prospective customer develop interest in the product
  5. Dealing with the objections on the product which may have been brought about by the customer to be
  6. Closing the sale by inquiring whether the prospective customer will be interested in the product or not. This should be done in a polite manner
  7. Offering after sale service to the customer on the product that has been sold

​Shows, trade fairs and exhibitions

​This is where the manufacturer of a given product gets a chance to display publicly to the prospective customer to inform them about the product. The prospective customers’ attention is then drawn to the product and more information is given to him about the product at the point where it is displayed.

​Advantages of shows, trade fair and exhibitions

  • It gives the customer an opportunity to compare various products before making a decision on what to buy
  • It gives the sales person an opportunity to explain in fine details the features of the product to the prospective customers
  • The manufacturers of the product gets a chance to receive immediate feedback from their customers through interactions during the shows
  • The number of people visiting their stall to assess their products will help them determine their potential market size for the product

​Disadvantages of shows, trade fairs and exhibitions

  • It is expensive to hire a stall for the exhibition of the product
  • The sales person may have to explain over and over again for the prospective customers as they may not enter into the stall at the same time
  • The trade fairs are not frequently organized, therefore an organization rely on it as the only means of product promotion may not succeed

​Showrooms

​These are large rooms where goods are displayed, especially bulky and durable goods like cars, furniture’s, etc. for the customer to see and be informed about them to stimulate their interest in them
The room allows the customer to get more information about the product from the sales person in the showroom

​Advantages of showrooms

  • They enables the seller to get immediate feedback on the product
  • They enable the customers to get clarification on the product they need to purchase
  • It is a cheap method of production
  • It provides an opportunity for the usage of goods to be demonstrated
  • The information the prospective customer get from the show room is more reliable

​Disadvantages of showrooms

  • They are usually located away from the town centers, making them not be accessible by many
  • It is expensive to hire showrooms
  • They require security to protect the goods inside them which may be very expensive
  • Some prospective customers may tamper with goods in the room while trying to operate them

​Free Gifts

​A gift is an item given to the customer free of charge after buying a product which it is pegged on or buying products of a given value. The gift may not necessarily be the same as the product bought, but they are meant to encourage the customer to buy more or give the customer opportunity to explore the product given as a gift.

​Advantages of free gifts

  • It enable the customer to enjoy the product given as a gift without paying for it
  • It persuades the customer to buy more of the product in order to get the gift
  • It is an additional product, and therefore increases the customers satisfaction
  • It may help in creating loyalty in the product being promoted

​Disadvantages of free gifts

  • It makes the customer buy including products they didn’t require in order to the said gift
  • The cost of the product may be very expensive for he customer
  • Some middlemen may remove the gift and keep or even sell to the customer to maximize profit

​Free Sample

​This is a product on trial given to the customers freely to influence their demand towards the product. It mainly used when the product is new and the customer may have not known about the existence of the product

​Advantages of free sample

  • It enables the customer try the product before making a decision to buy it
  • The customer is able to enjoy the product that otherwise he may have not enjoyed
  • The organization is able to get immediate feedback from the customer about their new product
  • It enables the organization to acquire more customers for their product

​Disadvantages of free sample

  • Some of those receiving the sample may not come back to buy
  • It may be an expensive method of promotion especially where many samples are to be given
  • Goods given for free may reduce the value of goods that may have been sold to earn profit
  • It is not suitable for expensive products

​Circumstances under which personal selling is appropriate

  1. When launching a new product in the market which requires a lot of awareness to the prospective customers to enable them make a choice
  2. When a product is tailored to meet the customer’s needs, as different consumers have different needs, taste and preferences to be addressed.
  3. When demonstration is required on how the product works, especially the technical products
  4. When the organization has the capacity to finance the sales force carrying out the personal selling.
  5. Where the market is concentrated within a given region that can easily be accessible by the task force.

​Advantages of personal selling

  • It is more flexible than any other method for the marketer is able to meet the needs of different people
  • It enable the prospective customer to know more details about the product before making a decision
  • The sales person is able to demonstrate the use of the product
  • The seller is able to get immediate feedback on the product
  • The seller is able to obtain the personal contact of the prospective buyer
  • It gives the buyer an opportunity to negotiate the terms of purchase
  • It takes care of both literate and illiterate prospective customer
  • The seller is able to persuade the prospective buyer to buy the product

​Disadvantages of personal selling

  • It is labour intensive and therefore very expensive when the area to be covered is wide method
  • It is time consuming as it involves explanation and demonstration
  • It may only target a particular group of people
  • The seller has to meet the travelling and other expenses involved which may be very expensive
  • Salespersons may misuse the resources allocated for them, making the target not to be achieved
  • The process may inconvenience the prospective buyer’s program
  • It may only cover a given region which may not be wide enough

1. Advertising

​This is the presentation of information about a product through public media such as newspapers, radios, billboards, etc.

​Types of Advertising

  • Product advertising: - this is a form of advertisement meant to promote a given product or a particular brand of product
  • Institutional advertising: - this is a form of advertisement meant to improve the image of the institution or organization and not a particular product. It is meant to create confidence in the customers about the institution
  • Primary demand advertising: - a form of advertisement meant to a new product that has been introduced in the market for the first time. It is mainly to create awareness of the existence of that particular product
  • Celebrity advertising: - a form of advertisement where a famous/popular person is used to promote a particular product. It is meant to convince those who identify themselves with that personality to buy the product
  • Informative advertising: - a form of advertisement meant to give the customer more information about the product to enable them make an informed decision
  • Competitive/persuasive advertising: - a form of advertisement carried out with organizations producing similar product to persuade the customers to buy their products ahead of their competitors
  • Corrective advertising: - a form of advertising meant to correct a misleading information that may have been given out about the product
  • Reminder advertising: - a form of advertising meant to remind the customers that the product still exists in the market and is still capable of satisfying their needs.

​Advantages/Importance of advertising to the business

  1. It maintain the sales of an already existing product
  2. It create awareness in the customers about a new product in the market
  3. It informs the customers about the changes that may have been made in the product
  4. It helps in building image or reputation of the selling organization
  5. It may increase the volume of the existing sales of a product
  6. It reaches peoples who may have not been reached by the sales person
  7. It complements the effort of the sales person to enable them achieve their sales objectives
  8. It clears the customers misconception and prejudice about the product
  9. It opens up new markets for the products.

​Disadvantages of advertising to the business

  • It may be costly to the business in terms of money and other resources
  • It leads to increase in cost of production if at all it has to be done frequently
  • The cost of the advertisement will always reduce the profit margin of the business
  • Poorly planned advertisement may negatively affect the business
  • Misleading advertisement may reduce the level of business operation

​Advantages of advertising to the customer

  • They educate them on the usage of the product
  • They inform them on the products availability
  • They guide them on where to get the product
  • The outlines all the features about the product including prices to the customer
  • Competitive advertisement may lead to improved quality of goods to benefit the customer
  • Information on different prices through competitive advertisement makes the customer to benefit from the reduced prices

​Disadvantages of advertising to the consumer

  • The advertisement may not disclose the side effect of the product
  • The advertising cost may be passed to the consumers through increased price
  • Some advertisement may persuade customers to buy what they do not require leading to impulse buying
  • Some customers may buy substandard goods due to misleading advertisement

​Advertising media

​These are channels or agents through which an advertisement message is conveyed to the target group. They includes both the print and electronic media which includes; newspapers, journals, magazines, posters, billboards, brochures’, radio, television, neon signs, etc.

​Newspaper

​These are daily or regularly publications which contains advertisement. They includes, Daily nation, Standard, Taifa Leo, citizen, star, etc.

​Advantages of newspaper

  • The can reach areas that other means may not reach
  • Many people can afford them as they are relatively cheap
  • They cover a wider geographical area, leading to a wider market
  • The message on the newspaper can last for a longer period of time, making it to reach more customers
  • The advertisement appearing in the newspaper is readily acceptable by the reader
  • Colored print makes the advertisement to be more attractive to the reader who in turn gets the information

​Disadvantages of the newspaper

  • Many of them are written in English or Kiswahili, making them to only target those who can read and understand the language
  • It discriminate against the illiterate group who cannot read the information
  • They have short lifespan as they may be read only on the day it is circulated
  • It cannot be used to focus on a specific target as they are read by almost everybody
  • Some of the prospective customers are always in a hurry to read the newspaper and may not pay attention to the advertisement

​Magazines and Journals

​These are periodic publications meant to target a particular class or group of people. They may be published monthly, quarterly, annually, etc. The information reaches the targeted group as they read them

​Advantages of magazines and Journals

  • The specific information for the targeted people can be published
  • They can be read and re-read before the next publication may the information to last longer and plead with the prospective customer
  • Their publication is of high quality and colourful, making them to draw the attention of their targeted group easier and passing the information to them
  • The quality material they are made of makes them to last longer and can be accessed even by those who may have not been around during their publication

​Disadvantages of magazines and journals

  • If the time gap between the publication time and circulation time is wide, the advertisement may fail
  • They are a bit expensive which makes some of the potential customers not to afford them
  • The cost of advertising on them may be expensive for the organization
  • Their circulations may be limited to a small geographical region
  • The publications may not be available in the vernacular language to reach those who are not able to read either English or Kiswahili

​Posters and Billboards

​A form of advertising that may contain the information about the product either in words, pictures or both for the customer to see and read.

​Advantages of posters and billboards

  • They are able to convey the information to the large audience, as they are placed in strategic position
  • Posters are cheap and easy to prepare
  • The use of different colors makes them to be more attractive and appealing to more audience
  • It can be used by both literate and illiterate group
  • The message may last for a longer period of time
  • Billboards are conspicuous and hence attractive to the audience

​Disadvantages of posters and billboards

  • May be affected by adverse weather condition, especially rain
  • If not placed strategically, it may not reach the targeted group
  • Incase destroyed by the passersby, the information may not meet the targeted group
  • Bill boards are expensive to make and maintain

​Transit/transport advertising

​A form of advertisement whereby vehicles such as trailers, matatus, buses, etc are used to carry and convey the advertisement message.

​Advantages of transit advertisement

  • The message reaches most of the people in the environment
  • They message last long as the paints always last on the vehicle
  • Transit vehicles may carry the message a long way to their final destination
  • It is captivating to the members of the public especially the promotion convoy, hence can easily reach the target

​Disadvantages of transit advertisement

  • During the rush hour, the crowd may hinder some from getting the information
  • It mainly relay the information to those served by the vehicles
  • The noise produced by the promotion convoy may be a nuisance to some members of the public

​Brochures

​These are small pamphlets carrying message and pictures about product being advertised. 

​Advantages of Brochures

  • They are easy to carry around as they are small in size
  • They are effective in meeting the targeted group
  • Their cost of production is not very high
  • They can be distributed at different places to meet the targeted group
  • Can be made attractive by the use of different colours
  • They have a long life and therefore can be used repeatedly
  • They can be used to direct others on where to get the product

​Disadvantages of Brochures

  • The information may not reach the illiterate group
  • They may be ignored by the intended users
  • They may require frequent updating if many changes are made on the product making it expensive

​Radio

​This is a channel that allows for the advertised messages to be conveyed through sound to the listeners, with some background music accompanying the message

​Advantages of Radio

  • Different languages may be used to reach different people
  • It is accessible even to the remote areas that is not covered by other media
  • One can choose the time to advertise to reach the targeted group
  • Able to serve many people at the same time
  • It can be used for both literate and illiterate members of the group
  • The advertisement can be repeated over and over again according to the advertisers needs
  • The music accompaniment may attract many people to listen to the information
  • Can reach even the blind as they are able to hear
  • The message can be conveyed in different languages

​Disadvantages of Radio

  • Their advertisement does not have any reference
  • It may be more expensive than the print media
  • Poor timing may make the message no to reach the targeted group
  • It may interrupt some programmes to the annoyance of the listener
  • It short and brief advertisement may be missed by the listeners
  • It is difficult for the listener to visualize the product

​Television (T.V) and Cinema

​Television is a form of media advertisement where the written words are combined with motion pictures and sound to pass the information
Cinema is where the advertised messaged is conveyed during film shows in the cinema halls. It may be before or after the movie.

​Advantages of Television (T.V) and Cinema

  • It appeals to most people as it is entertaining
  • It makes it possible for the demonstration of the use of the product
  • It is able to reach both the literate and illiterate viewers
  • The advertisement can be aired over and over again to meet the targeted group
  • The advertisement may be modified when need arise
  • It has wide appeal to many people
  • The message can be conveyed in different languages

​Disadvantages of Television (T.V) and Cinema

  • The cost of advertising through this media is high
  • The television sets are expensive to acquire, hence many people may not have them
  • Their uses are limited to places with electricity
  • The advertisement may not last longer
  • The time for airing the information may not suit the targeted audience

​Neon Signs

​This is a form of advertisement where the message is passed to the public through the use of electrical signals transmitted through neon lights. They are usually common in the banks, airlines, jewel shops, etc.

​Advantages of Neon Signs

  • The use of different colours makes them very attractive and catch attention of different people
  • They can be put strategically making them to be visible to many people
  • Can be used both at night and day
  • They direct the customer on where the goods are to be found

​Disadvantages of Neon Signs

  • Can only be used where there is electricity
  • They are expensive to buy and maintain
  • The message may not easily reach the illiterate

​Advertising Agencies

​These are businesses that specialize in advertising work and are hired to carry out the functions for other businesses. They are paid a commission for this

​Functions of Advertising Agencies

  1. They help the organizations in designing their trademarks, logos and advertising materials
  2. They book space and airtime for their clients in various media
  3. They offer advisory services to their client on selling techniques
  4. They advertise on behalf of their clients
  5. They choose on behalf of their clients the appropriate media to be used

3. Publicity

​This is the mentioning of the product or the organization in the mass media to make it be known to many people. There two types of publicity, that is free publicity (where the payment is not required) and Special featured publicity (where there is payment, for example sponsoring an event in the public)

Advantages of Publicity

  • It saves the organization money in case of free publicity
  • It is likely to cover a wider region as the publicity is in the media
  • The organization may earn credibility due to positive publicity
  • The information may be received positively by the customers as the message is likely to be more objective
  • It may improve the competitiveness of the firm

​Disadvantages of Publicity

  • Unfavourable information about the organization may reach the public especially in free publicity
  • It is irregular and short lived
  • Might require special occasion or event in order to attract the mass media
  • The firm does not have control on how the information will appear in the media and the extend of the coverage

4. Public relations

​A process of passing information with an intention of creating, promoting, or maintaining good will and a favourable image of the organization in the public. It involves informing the public about the firm’s achievement and how it is contributing to the community welfare and development, to get more approval of the public

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product promotion topical questions

1. 1995 P1
The following are types of advertising
  • Product advertising
  • Competitive advertising
  • Information advertising
  • Institutional advertising
In the table below, match each type with its appropriate description. (4 marks)
   Description                                                              Type
a) Create awareness about a product
b) Promotes the name of the manufacturer
c) Persuades a particular brand of a product
d) Promotes a particular brand of a product
2. 1995 P2
Abdullah, a manufacturer, exhibited his goods in a local trade shows. However his sales did not increase significantly thereafter. Outline five reasons that may have led to lack of significant sales increase.  (10 marks)
3. 1996 P1
State four ways in which consumers benefit from advertising by business people. (4 marks)
4. 1996 P2
Describe the procedures involved in personal selling methods of sales promotion. (10 marks)
5. 1997 P1
Give three reasons why manufacturer may offer after sales services to his customers (3 marks)
6. 1997 P2
Outline five ways of attracting customers that traders may put into use.  (10 marks)
7. 1998 P1
Outline four steps involved in personal selling process. (4 marks)
8. 1998 P2
Explain five benefits that a trader would get by advertising his goods through the radio.  (10 marks) 
9. 1999 P1
State four circumstances under which a trader would advertise his products over the radio instead of the television. (4 marks) 
10. 1999 P2
Explain the reasons why the firms with popular products find it necessary to continually advertise the same products. (10 marks)
11. 2000 P1
Identify four disadvantages of advertising through television in Kenya. (4 marks)
12. 2000 P1 
List four disadvantages of advertising through television in Kenya. (4 marks)
13. 2000 P2
A multinational company is planning to launch its products in the local Kenyan market. Highlight the factors that should be considered by the company when choosing the appropriate media through which to advertise the products. (10 marks)
14. 2001 P1
Highlight four limitations of after sales services as a method of promoting products.
15. 2001 P2
Explain the role of a sales department in a business firm (10 marks)
16. 2001 P2
What are the benefits accruing to a seller who uses personal selling methods to promote her products. (10 marks)
17. 2002 P1
Outline the advantages of after sales services as a method of sales promotion to a customer. (4 marks)
18. 2003 P1 
Highlight three reasons why traders may engage in sales promotion. (3 marks)
19. 2004 P1
State four advantages of personal selling method of promoting sales. (4 marks)
20. 2004 P2
Advertising in the newspaper is one way of promoting sales of goods. Highlight five limitations of advertising goods in newspapers. (10 marks)
21. 2006 Q6 P1
What are the advantages of personal selling as a method of sales promotion? (4 marks)
22. 2007 Q4 P1
A firm wishes to introduce a new product into the market. Outline four factors that should be considered in choosing an appropriate medium for promotion.
23. 2008 Q15 P1
State four reasons why ethical practice is necessary in Product promotion (4 marks)
24. 2009 Q3 P1
Amboseli Enterprises has been spending heavily on promotion of its products though its sales  have consistently declined. Outline four measurers that the company may take to reverse the trend. (4 marks)    
25. 2012 Q22 P1
Highlight four advantages of promoting sales through the internet. (4 marks)
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    Business Studies Notes Form 1 - 4

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