KCSE CRE QUESTION AND ANSWERS

Achievements of COMESA

27/3/2022

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Achievements of COMESA

It provides its members a wide, harmonized and more competitive market for internal and external trading.
It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare.
COMESA has established harmonized monetary, banking and financial policies in the region.
It has improved the administration of transport and communication to ease movement of goods, services and people.
It has ensured cooperation in the promotion of peace, security and stability among member states in order to enhance economic development in the region.
COMESA has strengthened relations between the Common Market and the rest of the world while ensuring that the members adopt a common position in international fora.
Through the Authority of Heads of State and Government, COMESA directs and controls the affairs of the common market.
Customs cooperation has been achieved through a unified computerized customs network that operates across the region. The harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies throughout the region has been achieved.
It has provided room for greater industrial productivity and competitiveness due to its large market.
It has encouraged member states to practice good governance, accountability and respect for human rights. Burundi and Rwanda were subjected to these demands before they were admitted to COMESA.
It has contributed to employment of many people in the region.
COMESA has promoted increased agricultural production and exploitation of natural resources.
The organization has ensured a more efficient and reliable transport and communication infrastructure.

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ACHIEVEMENTS OF ECOWAS

27/3/2022

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Achievements of ECOWAS

The defence Act adopted by ECOWAS in 1981 provided military support to any Member state attacked by outsiders. Their defence force known as ECOMOG was instrumental in quelling civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Economically, Member states benefit from ECOWAS. For example, Nigeria provides her oil to member states at a reduced price.
The community has enabled regular meeting of the Heads of State to tackle problems facing the region.
Socio-cultural exchanges within the West African region have promoted good relations among the people.
Improvement has been realized in transport, trade, agriculture and communication.
The organization has resolved political problems facing member states.
ECOWAS has enabled citizens of member states to move freely from one country to another through waiver of visa requirements.
There has been progress in education through the establishment of a Joint examination Syllabus for West African States.

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PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES THAT FACED OAU DURING ITS OPERATION

27/3/2022

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Problems that faced OAU during its operation

Differences in economic development levels and in history of member states militated against co-operation.
Ideological differences among member states, especially during the Cold war period, hampered the operations of the OAU.
It lacked sufficient funds to carry out its work efficiently. The members were poor given that all of them were third world countries.
The problem of sovereignty. Many countries disregarded the OAU resolutions in favour of their sovereignty and national interests.
It lacked an effective machinery to effect its decisions. It also lacked a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions hence the term ‘Toothless Bulldog’ coined by Gadaffi to refer to it.
Loyalty to other organizations. OAU members also belonged to other organizations like ECOWAS, COMESA, The Arab League etc; the interests of these organizations were not always in accord with those of the OAU.
The colonial legacy. Many problems arising from past colonial policies have rocked the organization. E.g. The land issue in Zimbabwe. There is also the problem of Neo-Colonialism in trade.
Interference by the big powers. This has caused dismay to the organization.
Emergence of dictators like Amin Dada of Uganda, Bakassa Jean Bedel of Central African Republic, And Mobutu of Congo.
Civil strife in various countries remained unresolved for a long time. E.g in Sudan, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Nigeria. This made cooperation difficult.

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ACHIEVEMENTS OF PAN-AFRICANISM

27/3/2022

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Achievements of Pan-Africanism

The movement created political awareness among people of African origin and a sense of deep concern for suffering of blacks all over the world.
It put in place Steps towards the restoration of status and dignity to the African people, which had been eroded by slave trade, colonialism and racism.
The movement provided an important forum where the people of African origin could discuss their problems. It promoted brotherhood among Africans.
The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent.
It laid the basis for the Formation of OAU, which later became the African Union (AU).
The movement enabled African leaders to be more committed to African issues. For example the black caucus in the USA played an important role in pressurizing the US congress to take drastic measures against the Apartheid regime in South Africa.
The movement laid the foundation for the interest in research on African culture, history, literature, music, religion, medicine, art, etc. this empowered Africans by enabling them to understand the status quo.
The movement played an important role in the advancement of African nationalism by encouraging peoples of African origin to take pride in their ancestry and demand their rights.
The movement condemned Mussolini’s attempt to colonize Ethiopia in 1935 by organizing protests in major towns like New York, London, Brussels and Paris.

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Reasons why Africa has been unable to achieve full economic integration

27/3/2022

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Reasons why Africa has been unable to achieve full economic integration

The problem of poor transport and communication has impeded flow of trade. This has affected all previous and existing economic groupings.
There is uneven distribution of resources in Africa. Some countries are endowed with strategic natural resources like oil and fertile soils while others are impoverished with no resources. This hinders integration.
All member states of economic co-operations suffer from budgetary deficit and balance of payment problems. They therefore lack adequate foreign exchange required for international trade.
There is constant political interference by unenlightened leaders
There has been rivalry among member states of trading co-operations.
Africa has had a poor share from world trade as prices on world market are dictated by industrialized countries.
The advent of multi-partism after the end of the cold war and the subsequent introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes has crippled the performance of economic integration in Africa.
Inability of member states to interfere in the internal affairs of other states even where there is need.
Failure by member states to contribute fully to the organizations.
The colonial legacy. Many member states still depend heavily on the West for manufactured goods, machinery, technology, donations and ideas.

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CHALLENGES THAT FACE COMESA IN ITS OPERATIONS

27/3/2022

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Challenges that face COMESA in its operations

Membership to other bodies. Members of COMESA are also members of EAC andSADC. This leads to divided loyalty.
Personality differences. For example, presidents Museveni of Uganda and El Bashirof Sudan were involved in disagreements in 2004 over rebel activities.
Boundary conflicts. This has been witnessed between Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Civil wars. Wars have been witnessed in DRC, Uganda, Sudan, Rwanda and Burundi.Such inevitable wars undermine the operations of the common markets.
Constant quarrels among member states over trading rights. For example Kenya and Egypt quarreled over duty-free cement dumped in Kenya by Egypt, on which Kenya wanted to charge duty.
Poor transport between member states. This hampers movement of goods in theregion.
Pulling out of Tanzania and Namibia. The two founder members have opted for theSouth African Development Cooperation (SADC). This has undermined COMESA.
Some members undermine their neighbours. For example Uganda and Rwanda havebeen accused of participating in the civil wars in the DRC.

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CHALLENGES THAT ECOWAS HAS FACED IN ITS OPERATION

27/3/2022

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Challenges that ECOWAS has faced in its operation

Political instability in member states. Countries like Nigeria and Ghana have witnessed Military coups. Civil wars have been fought in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast. These have been a hindrance to cooperation.
Nationalistic issues. Most member states give priority to their own domestic issues at the expense of the organization.
Language barrier. Countries in West Africa inherited the languages of their former colonial masters. The problem in communication has hindered the efficient operation of the organization.
Infrastructural problems. The state of roads, railway and communication linkages are poor. This has hampered economic progress of member states.
Ideological differences. The leaders of the member states view each other with suspicion and mistrust due to differences in ideologies.
Lack of uniform currency. Each country has its own currency. This creates a problem of rates of exchange thus hindering trade.
Foreign interference. The presence of Israeli and French soldiers in Cote D’Ivoire was viewed suspiciously by guinea.
Border closures. For example between Ghana and Togo and between Burkina Faso and Mali.

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ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 2001

27/3/2022

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Achievements of the East African Community-2001

It has boosted movement of citizens within the three member states of East Africa. An East African passport has been introduced.
It has provided a forum for the East African Leaders to discuss issues harmoniously.
It has facilitated the improvement and expansion of transport and communication networks between the three East African countries.
Tariffs for industrial goods produced in East Africa have been reduced.
Investment procedures have been eased to enable all citizens to invest more easily within the community.
It has enhanced cooperation of the civil society leading to formation of the Law Society of East Africa and the Business Council of East Africa.
The community has promoted trade among member states by encouraging citizens to conduct trade in all the countries.

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EAST AFRICAN COMMISSION CHALLENGES IN 2001

27/3/2022

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Challenges that have faced the EAC-2001

Suspicion still exists over perceived dominance of Kenya in the community affairs.
Despite signing the treaty in 1999, Tanzania customs are still taxing Kenyan products.
Increased cross-border smuggling. The freedom of movement within the region sometimes results in smuggling of illegal arms and spread of crime and insecurity. E.g. the smuggling of a vehicle belonging to Kenya’s Chief of Staff, General Joseph Kibwana to Tanzania in 2004.
Cattle rustling across the borders. This is common on the Kenya Uganda border with the Pokot and Karamojong attacking each other
Arrest of Kenyan fishermen on Lake Victoria by either Tanzania or Ugandan policemen/navy accusing them of fishing in their waters.
Membership to other regional bodies e.g. COMESA, SADDC. This complicates the work of the EAC.
The recent wrangles between Kenya and Uganda over ownership of Migingo Island. Although this problem was resolved by Uganda conceding Kenya’s ownership of the Island, it raised tension between the two countries.
The use of different currencies by the three nations has made transaction difficult.
Political squabbles in the individual countries slow down the progress of the community
Individual national interests have slowed down the implementation of the activities of the community the deep-seated differences between the member states over the proposed taxes on imports from countries outside the region.

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CHALLENGES THAT FACED THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY UP TO 1977

27/3/2022

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Challenges that faced the East African Community up to 1977

Suspicion over perceived dominance among members. Tanzania and Uganda accused Kenya of acquiring the lion’s share of benefits from the community. Kenyan industries for example were protected more by the common external tariffs.
Personality differences. This was between individual leaders of the three countries, making it more difficult for them to hold meetings.
Ideological differences. Each of the three countries pursued different economies. Kenya followed capitalism and Tanzania socialism. Uganda had a mixed economy.
Political instability in Uganda. The coup d’état, which overthrew Milton Obote, undermined the unity that was desired for the organization. Nyerere for example refused to recognize Amin as the president of Uganda.
National pride and interests. National interests were given more priority than the regional interests were. E.g Tanzania favoured railway transport while Kenya favoured road transport.
Boundary closures .Tanzania closed its common border with Kenya in 1977, thereby halting the community activities. There was also boundary closure between Tanzania and Uganda during the war between the two in 1978.
Financial constraints resulting from failure by member states to remit funds to meet the organization’s needs.
The use of different currencies by the three nations made transaction difficult.

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CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE PAN AFRICAN MOVEMENT

27/3/2022

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Challenges encountered by the pan African movement.

Many European groups fought the activities of the pan Africanists. The fact that Marcus Garvey was arrested, tried and convicted of fraud (collecting funds unlawfully) and imprisoned for five years is a clear manifestation of this.
It was difficult for the Africans to participate in African affairs since majority of Africans were still under colonialism.
Due to lack of economic empowerment and lack of education, many of the pan African projects did not succeed. The Marcus Garvey project for instance collapsed due to mismanagement.
Illiteracy and ignorance amongst some people of African origin hindered them from offering constructive support.
The movement was restricted to the African continent after independence in 1960s.
The absence of African-Americans in the continents affairs dealt a big blow to its progress.
Division among Africans after independence e.g. Radical and the conservative leaders and between the francophone and the Anglophone countries.
The European powers domination of the international media was used to water down the importance of pan-Africans by spreading negative propaganda.
Some of the pan-African leaders could not agree on the best strategy of uplifting the welfare of the African origin peoples.
The deep economic connection between colonies and the mother countries hindered any meaningful cooperation.
Lack of venues to hold conferences in Africa especially before 1957 meant that the movement could not take root in Africa quickly. The far-away venues were inconveniencing.

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Achievements of COMESA

Achievements of COMESA

ACHIEVEMENTS OF ECOWAS

Achievements of ECOWAS

PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES THAT FACED OAU DURING ITS OPERATION

Problems that faced OAU during its operation

ACHIEVEMENTS OF PAN-AFRICANISM

Achievements of Pan-Africanism

Reasons why Africa has been unable to achieve full economic integration

Reasons why Africa has been unable to achieve full economic integration

CHALLENGES THAT FACE COMESA IN ITS OPERATIONS

Challenges that face COMESA in its operations

CHALLENGES THAT ECOWAS HAS FACED IN ITS OPERATION

Challenges that ECOWAS has faced in its operation

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 2001

Achievements of the East African Community-2001

EAST AFRICAN COMMISSION CHALLENGES IN 2001

Challenges that have faced the EAC-2001

CHALLENGES THAT FACED THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY UP TO 1977

Challenges that faced the East African Community up to 1977

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE PAN AFRICAN MOVEMENT

Challenges encountered by the pan African movement.

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