The Establishment and Impact of Omani Rule at the East African Coast

10/11/2020

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The Establishment and Impact of Omani Rule at the East African Coast

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The Omani Arabs (Imams of Omani) replaced the Portuguese as the rulers of the East African coast after the capture of fort Jesus in 1698.
The new rulers initially administered the region through some Arab families;
- The Mazrui (Mazaria) family which ruled Mombasa
- The Nabahan Family which ruled Lamu
The civil wars back home made it hard for the Omani Arabs to control the coast immediately. There were also threats of Persian invasion. Constant rebellion from coastal towns against Omani governors posed a serious challenge to Omani rule. Pate for example refused to pay tax and even murdered the imam’s messengers. Towns they were loyal to Oman were attacked. The Mazrui established themselves as independent rulers of Mombasa and ordered towns like pate, Pemba and Malindi to pay allegiance to them. Their greatest allies were the Mijikenda who promised them support in case of Omani attack.

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The Slave Trade in East Africa

10/11/2020

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Introduction to the Slave Trade in East Africa

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The Slave Trade in East Africa

Slave trade: The buying and selling of human beings
Slavery: The state of being enslaved: It’s a system where by some people are owned by others and are forced to work for others without being paid for the work they have done.

It involves capturing, transporting of human beings who become the ‘property’ of the buyer.
The slave trade was one of the worst crimes against humanity.
The trade was started by Arabs who wanted labour for domestic use and for their plantations. However, they were later joined by Europeans..

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Portuguese Administration at the coast

28/10/2020

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Portuguese Administration at the coast

By 1510, the conquest of the East African coast was over and administration fell into the hands of the Portuguese. For easy administration, the coast was divided into two zones;
- a. The area North of Cape Delgado was ruled by the Captain at Malindi
- b. The area South of Cape Delgado was ruled by Captain at Mozambique
Both captains were answerable to the Portuguese viceroy at Goa on Indian coast at the General headquarters. Cape Delgado was made the midpoint of the East Africa possession. Sofala was made the regional headquarters but still under the charge of the captain who took his orders from the viceroy at Goa. Later, the Captain in the North was stationed at Mombasa after the construction of Fort Jesus in 1593 because they were rebellious. Other forts and garrisons were established at Sofala and Kilwa.
The Portuguese captains were responsible for the collections of tributes from coastal rulers. They imposed the customs dues on all imports and exports. They were also responsible for the suppression of rebellions on the coast. The Portuguese had problems with administration because they could not provide enough troops to all garrisons their strongholds.
The Portuguese were more interested in gold trade in Sofala. Unfortunately, they failed to develop this trade because of the following;
There were wars in the mining areas between the Portuguese and Coastal people.
As a result the Portuguese were so cruel that any sign of disobedience was punished with maximum brutality to serve as a warning to others who might choose to rebel. This partly explains the unpopularity of the Portuguese on the coast.
The Portuguese also applied the policy of divide and rule by setting one town against the other. For example Malindi against Mombasa.
The relationship with the subjects was not good. They lived in isolation of each other by race and religion. The Portuguese established their own settlements, built their own churches and had their own priest. This could be the reason why their religion was rejected and hatred increased.
In addition, the few Portuguese officials were corrupt, plundered and ordered destruction on the coastal town. All this earned them hatred and opposition from the people and it was not a surprise that they were nicknamed "AFRITI" meaning Devil.
The Portuguese did not mix freely with Africans because they considered themselves to be a special race.
During the Portuguese reign, the glory of the coastal states was no more. The high standards of living the coastal people had enjoyed were no more. The trade that had made them rich was declining. Many buildings were in ruins and there was widespread poverty and misery

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The collapse of Portuguese rule

28/10/2020

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The collapse of Portuguese rule

In 1585, a Turkish captain, Amir Ali Bey, arrived at the coast as an envoy of the sultan of turkey to free the coastal towns from the Portuguese. Rebellion then broke out between 1585 and 1588 between Ali Bey, the Portuguese, and the people of Mombasa and Zimba warriors. The towns of pate, Siyu and Pemba were attacked and forced to pay heavy fines while manda was completely destroyed
As a result of their ruthlessness, the coastal people became hostile to the Portuguese.
Mombasa for example resisted the humiliation they got from the Portuguese appointed sultan
The sultan’s heir Yusuf was treated as a servant who resented the people of Mombasa
On 15th august 1631, during the Christian feast of Assumption in Mombasa, Sultan Yusuf stabbed the captain with a knife, killing him instantly. This sparked off a rebellion where many Portuguese were killed.
Yusuf posed a threat to the Portuguese rule until his death in 1637.
The people of pate also revolted in 1666. However, their ruler was arrested and exiled to Goa where he was executed
In 1622, the Persians drove the Portuguese from Hormuz. In 1650, the Portuguese were expelled from their bases in Muscat by the Omani Arabs under sultan Saif
Britain, France and Holland also began to compete the Portuguese in trade.
The final blow to Portuguese rule was attack by the Omani Arabs and the seizure of fort Jesus. The coastal Arab towns had appealed to their brothers in Oman for assistance against the Portuguese brutality.
In 1652, an Oman fleet sailed to pate and Zanzibar, overpowered and killed the Portuguese.
In 1696, Imam Saif Ibn Sultan of Oman sailed to Mombasa with a large fleet and army. The Portuguese took refuge in Fort Jesus as battle raged on (about 2500 Portuguese men, women and children) the Portuguese were unfortunate as they could not get supplies to sustain the war with 3000 plus Arab soldiers with full packing of the coastal people.
In 1697, the Omani forces got access to the Fort and found most Portuguese afflicted with disease. By December 1698, the Omanis penetrated the Fort only to find all except twelve Portuguese dead. This marked the end of Portuguese rule though they made a temporary seizure of the fort in 1728 but were overpowered.
For the coastal people, it was however a mere change of guard from the Portuguese to the Arabs

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The coming of the Portuguese

28/10/2020

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Introduction to the coming of the Portuguese

Since the 10th century Arabian influence along the coast had been strong. Most of the port towns along the East African coast had been built by Arab Sultans, who brought the Muslim religion to the coastal people.
The Portuguese explorer and soldier, Vasco da Gama, was the first European to make contact with the people of the East African Coast. He had been paid by the King of Portugal to find a sea route to India.
The Portuguese at the East African coast 1500 – 1700 A.D
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to have contacts with the people of the East African Coast.
They invaded the east African coast in 1498 at a time when the Ottoman Empire occupied most of the Middle East thus blocking the overland route to India from Europe.
They were adventurous and in search for the sea route to India. This led them to the East African Coast where they stayed for 200 years.

The coming of the Portuguese

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The Coming of Arabs to East Africa by 650AD

27/10/2020

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The Coming of Arabs to East Africa by 650AD

The earliest Arab settlers to arrive were the Daybui from Daybul In north western India. They arrived along the east African coast by AD 650 for trade. The earliest Arab settlement was Qanbalu (Pemba). They later settled in manda, Kilwa. Lamu and Mombasa
The Arabs reffered to the Africans as the Zenj (Blacks)

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Introduction to Contacts between East Africa and the Outside World Up To the 19th Century

27/10/2020

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Contacts between East Africa and the Outside World Up To the 19th Century

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The early contacts were initially at the coast but later spread inland. The early visitors included the Arabs, Greeks, Chinese, Persians, Portuguese, British, French and the Dutch

The East African coast

The existing documentaries and archaeological evidence about the historical information on the east African coast include;

The Graeco- Roman Documentary which only makes indirect references to the east African coast.
The Swahili chronicles written by the people of the coast. E.g the Kilwa chronicle gives account of achievements of coastal rulers before the arrival of the Portuguese.
Periplus of the Erythrean Sea; by a Greek merchant in 1st Century AD describes the people and places along the coast and the Indian Ocean Trade. (Erythrean Sea Trade).
Geopgraphia by Claudius Ptolemy makes reference to east African coast and the trade along Somalia and Kenyan coasts.
Christian Topography of Cosmos Indico of the 6TH Century describes the trading activities on the coast of East Africa.
Renowned travelers like Al-Mosudi, Al Idrisi and Ibn Battuta wrote firsthand accounts about the places they visited and the people they met at the coast in the 10th Century AD.
The existing archaeological evidence in east Africa include the remains of pottery , iron tools, beads and coins which prove the presence of international trade

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Industrial Revolution in Europe

23/10/2020

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Industrial Revolution in Europe

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The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, Northern America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. The industrial revolution in Europe occurred in two phases; The old phase was from 175-1850 and began in Britain and spread to other European countries like France (1825), Germany (1840), Belgium (1870) and Russia (1890). In USA, it began after the American civil war of 1861 to 1865. In Japan it began in 1900. In Kenya, it is hoped to be done by 2030.

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The scientific Revolution.

21/10/2020

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The scientific Revolution

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Science is the systematic study of the nature and behaviour of the material and physical universe based on observation. The scientific revolution refers to the history of science in the early modern period, where sudden development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

Scientific Revolution

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Industrialization in Britain

21/10/2020

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Industrialization in Britain

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Industrialization in Britain

This change, which occurred between 1750 and 1830, happened because conditions were perfect in Britain for the Industrial Revolution. The transformation was facilitated by the following factors;

Availability of coal and iron ore which served as a basis for heavy industries. Coal was a source of energy for use in the industries. Iron was used in the manufacture of machinery.
The agrarian revolution ensured that important raw materials were available for the industries and also made food more available for the many factory centres
Existence of a large population which provided steady internal market for the manufactured goods/domestic local markets. There was also Availability of external markets in her colonies for the industrial produce.
Existence of cottage industries which acted as a base for industrial take-off in Britain. It was easier to turn to mass production of goods on the basis of the small scale production in cottage industries.
Due to the enclosure act, many peasants became available to offer unskilled labour especially following their displacement from the rural areas.
Political stability and strong leadership that existed at the time created a contusive environment for investments when compared to other European countries.
Well developed transport and communication network e.g railway, canals, bridges, harbours and roads which promoted industrialization.
Existence of good banking and insurance systems which gave financial help and security to the industries.
Britain had a strong navy that guarded her trade routes thus protecting her merchants from foreign competition.
Policy of free trade encouraged industrialization/ existence of the merchant and middle class who formed pressure groups that forced the government to adopt measures favoring their industries.britain had no internal customs barrier to hurt her industrial growth.
Availability of wealth/capital that stimulated industrial revolution. Britain had accumulated a lot of wealth from her trade with other countries and her colonies in America and africa.e.g. The steam engine was made in Britain by a wealth Briton.
Availability of industrial raw materials in her vast colonies.

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Industrialization in the third world countries

20/10/2020

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Industrialization in the third world countries (South Africa, Brazil, India)

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The term ‘Third world’ refers to developing nations of Africa, Asia and South America. Most of them are former colonies of European powers and there resources were used to develop the mother countries during the colonial period.

Industrialization in the third world countries.

Pretoria, South Africa

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Development of Industry: Introduction

20/10/2020

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Development of Industry

Industry is defined as the skill of making other products from raw materials. It involves extraction and processing into finished products of raw materials

Early Sources of Energy.

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Energy is the ability to do work. The following are the early sources of energy that can be identified.
Wood.
Wood was developed as a source of energy after the discovery of fire. It was used as follows;

a) Making fire which provides heat to warm people during cold seasons lighting, to cook roots and roast meat, for hunting(bushfires), tool-making to harden tips, means of communication, food preservation
b) Charcoal made from wood fuel provided heat that was used for steaming water to provide steam power for steam engines during the industrial revolution. This is a form of energy still in use today since it is cheaper and easily available.

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Emergence of selected world industrial powers

20/10/2020

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Emergence of selected world industrial powers

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United States of America

This is the third largest nation in the world after Russia and Canada respectively
Industrialization of the USA began in the mid 19th c and she had emerged as a major industrial power by mid 20th c. USA remains the only superpower in the world after collapse of USSR in 1990.

Industrialization in Europe

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Early Agriculture in Africa

17/10/2020

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Early Agriculture in Africa

In Africa, agriculture first spread to Egypt along the Nile valley, where it was practiced as early as 700BC.

Agrarian Revolution in Continental Europe

16/10/2020

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Agrarian Revolution in Continental Europe

Reasons why farming in continental Europe was not as advanced as it was in Britain. Continental European countries learnt modern methods of farming from Britain. Initially, farming in continental Europe was not as advanced as it was in Britain because:

The French were affected by frequent wars
Italy was restricted to Spain, which was prospecting for minerals in South America
Holland, Denmark and Germany were involved in large scale world trade, which was more profitable at that time
Continental European farmers went for practical scientific and agricultural research in England

Agrarian Revolution in Continental Europe

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The Establishment and Impact of Omani Rule at the East African Coast

Introduction to the Slave Trade in East Africa

Portuguese Administration at the coast

The collapse of Portuguese rule

Introduction to the coming of the Portuguese

The Coming of Arabs to East Africa by 650AD

Contacts between East Africa and the Outside World Up To the 19th Century

​The East African coast

Industrial Revolution in Europe

The scientific Revolution

Industrialization in Britain

​Industrialization in the third world countries (South Africa, Brazil, India)

Development of Industry

Early Sources of Energy.

Emergence of selected world industrial powers

United States of America

Early Agriculture in Africa

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Agrarian Revolution in Continental Europe

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The East African coast

Industrialization in the third world countries (South Africa, Brazil, India)