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Portuguese Administration at the coast

28/10/2020

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Portuguese Administration at the coast

​
  • By 1510, the conquest of the East African coast was over and administration fell into the hands of the Portuguese. For easy administration, the coast was divided into two zones;
    • a. The area North of Cape Delgado was ruled by the Captain at Malindi 
    • b. The area South of Cape Delgado was ruled by Captain at Mozambique 
  • Both captains were answerable to the Portuguese viceroy at Goa on Indian coast at the General headquarters. Cape Delgado was made the midpoint of the East Africa possession. Sofala was made the regional headquarters but still under the charge of the captain who took his orders from the viceroy at Goa. Later, the Captain in the North was stationed at Mombasa after the construction of Fort Jesus in 1593 because they were rebellious. Other forts and garrisons were established at Sofala and Kilwa.
  • The Portuguese captains were responsible for the collections of tributes from coastal rulers. They imposed the customs dues on all imports and exports. They were also responsible for the suppression of rebellions on the coast. The Portuguese had problems with administration because they could not provide enough troops to all garrisons their strongholds.
  • The Portuguese were more interested in gold trade in Sofala. Unfortunately, they failed to develop this trade because of the following;
  • There were wars in the mining areas between the Portuguese and Coastal people.
  • As a result the Portuguese were so cruel that any sign of disobedience was punished with maximum brutality to serve as a warning to others who might choose to rebel. This partly explains the unpopularity of the Portuguese on the coast.
  • The Portuguese also applied the policy of divide and rule by setting one town against the other. For example Malindi against Mombasa.
  • The relationship with the subjects was not good. They lived in isolation of each other by race and religion. The Portuguese established their own settlements, built their own churches and had their own priest. This could be the reason why their religion was rejected and hatred increased.
  • In addition, the few Portuguese officials were corrupt, plundered and ordered destruction on the coastal town. All this earned them hatred and opposition from the people and it was not a surprise that they were nicknamed "AFRITI" meaning Devil.
  • The Portuguese did not mix freely with Africans because they considered themselves to be a special race.
  • During the Portuguese reign, the glory of the coastal states was no more. The high standards of living the coastal people had enjoyed were no more. The trade that had made them rich was declining. Many buildings were in ruins and there was widespread poverty and misery
Portuguese Administration at the coast

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The collapse of Portuguese rule

28/10/2020

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The collapse of Portuguese rule

The collapse of Portuguese rule
​
  • In 1585, a Turkish captain, Amir Ali Bey, arrived at the coast as an envoy of the sultan of turkey to free the coastal towns from the Portuguese. Rebellion then broke out between 1585 and 1588 between Ali Bey, the Portuguese, and the people of Mombasa and Zimba warriors. The towns of pate, Siyu and Pemba were attacked and forced to pay heavy fines while manda was completely destroyed
  • As a result of their ruthlessness, the coastal people became hostile to the Portuguese.
  • Mombasa for example resisted the humiliation they got from the Portuguese appointed sultan
  • The sultan’s heir Yusuf was treated as a servant who resented the people of Mombasa
  • On 15th august 1631, during the Christian feast of Assumption in Mombasa, Sultan Yusuf stabbed the captain with a knife, killing him instantly. This sparked off a rebellion where many Portuguese were killed.
  • Yusuf posed a threat to the Portuguese rule until his death in 1637.
  • The people of pate also revolted in 1666. However, their ruler was arrested and exiled to Goa where he was executed
  • In 1622, the Persians drove the Portuguese from Hormuz. In 1650, the Portuguese were expelled from their bases in Muscat by the Omani Arabs under sultan Saif
  • Britain, France and Holland also began to compete the Portuguese in trade.
  • The final blow to Portuguese rule was attack by the Omani Arabs and the seizure of fort Jesus. The coastal Arab towns had appealed to their brothers in Oman for assistance against the Portuguese brutality.
  • In 1652, an Oman fleet sailed to pate and Zanzibar, overpowered and killed the Portuguese.
  • In 1696, Imam Saif Ibn Sultan of Oman sailed to Mombasa with a large fleet and army. The Portuguese took refuge in Fort Jesus as battle raged on (about 2500 Portuguese men, women and children) the Portuguese were unfortunate as they could not get supplies to sustain the war with 3000 plus Arab soldiers with full packing of the coastal people.
  • In 1697, the Omani forces got access to the Fort and found most Portuguese afflicted with disease. By December 1698, the Omanis penetrated the Fort only to find all except twelve Portuguese dead. This marked the end of Portuguese rule though they made a temporary seizure of the fort in 1728 but were overpowered.
  • For the coastal people, it was however a mere change of guard from the Portuguese to the Arabs


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The coming of the Portuguese

28/10/2020

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Introduction to the coming of the Portuguese

  • Since the 10th century Arabian influence along the coast had been strong. Most of the port towns along the East African coast had been built by Arab Sultans, who brought the Muslim religion to the coastal people.
  • The Portuguese explorer and soldier, Vasco da Gama, was the first European to make contact with the people of the East African Coast. He had been paid by the King of Portugal to find a sea route to India.
  • The Portuguese at the East African coast 1500 – 1700 A.D
  • The Portuguese were the first Europeans to have contacts with the people of the East African Coast.
  • They invaded the east African coast in 1498 at a time when the Ottoman Empire occupied most of the Middle East thus blocking the overland route to India from Europe.
  • They were adventurous and in search for the sea route to India. This led them to the East African Coast where they stayed for 200 years.
The coming of the Portuguese
The coming of the Portuguese

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The Coming of Arabs to East Africa by 650AD

27/10/2020

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The Coming of Arabs to East Africa by 650AD

The Coming of Arabs to East Africa by 650AD
  • The earliest Arab settlers to arrive were the Daybui from Daybul In north western India. They arrived along the east African coast by AD 650 for trade. The earliest Arab settlement was Qanbalu (Pemba). They later settled in manda, Kilwa. Lamu and Mombasa
  • The Arabs reffered to the Africans as the Zenj (Blacks)

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Introduction to Contacts between East Africa and the Outside World Up To the 19th Century

27/10/2020

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Contacts between East Africa and the Outside World Up To the 19th Century

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Introduction to Contacts between East Africa and the Outside World Up To the 19th Century
The early contacts were initially at the coast but later spread inland. The early visitors included the Arabs, Greeks, Chinese, Persians, Portuguese, British, French and the Dutch

​The East African coast

The existing documentaries and archaeological evidence about the historical information on the east African coast include;
  • The Graeco- Roman Documentary which only makes indirect references to the east African coast.
  • The Swahili chronicles written by the people of the coast. E.g the Kilwa chronicle gives account of achievements of coastal rulers before the arrival of the Portuguese.
  • Periplus of the Erythrean Sea; by a Greek merchant in 1st Century AD describes the people and places along the coast and the Indian Ocean Trade. (Erythrean Sea Trade).
  • Geopgraphia by Claudius Ptolemy makes reference to east African coast and the trade along Somalia and Kenyan coasts.
  • Christian Topography of Cosmos Indico of the 6TH Century describes the trading activities on the coast of East Africa.
  • Renowned travelers like Al-Mosudi, Al Idrisi and Ibn Battuta wrote firsthand accounts about the places they visited and the people they met at the coast in the 10th Century AD.
  • The existing archaeological evidence in east Africa include the remains of pottery , iron tools, beads and coins which prove the presence of international trade

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Industrial Revolution in Europe

23/10/2020

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Industrial Revolution in Europe

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Industrial Revolution in Europe
​The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, Northern America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. The industrial revolution in Europe occurred in two phases; The old phase was from 175-1850 and began in Britain and spread to other European countries like France (1825), Germany (1840), Belgium (1870) and Russia (1890). In USA, it began after the American civil war of 1861 to 1865. In Japan it began in 1900. In Kenya, it is hoped to be done by 2030.


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​The scientific Revolution.

21/10/2020

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The scientific Revolution

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Science is the systematic study of the nature and behaviour of the material and physical universe based on observation. The scientific revolution refers to the history of science in the early modern period, where sudden development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution

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Industrialization in Britain

21/10/2020

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Industrialization in Britain

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Industrialization in BritainIndustrialization in Britain
This change, which occurred between 1750 and 1830, happened because conditions were perfect in Britain for the Industrial Revolution. The transformation was facilitated by the following factors;
  1. Availability of coal and iron ore which served as a basis for heavy industries. Coal was a source of energy for use in the industries. Iron was used in the manufacture of machinery.
  2. The agrarian revolution ensured that important raw materials were available for the industries and also made food more available for the many factory centres
  3. Existence of a large population which provided steady internal market for the manufactured goods/domestic local markets. There was also Availability of external markets in her colonies for the industrial produce.
  4. Existence of cottage industries which acted as a base for industrial take-off in Britain. It was easier to turn to mass production of goods on the basis of the small scale production in cottage industries.
  5. Due to the enclosure act, many peasants became available to offer unskilled labour especially following their displacement from the rural areas.
  6. Political stability and strong leadership that existed at the time created a contusive environment for investments when compared to other European countries.
  7. Well developed transport and communication network e.g railway, canals, bridges, harbours and roads which promoted industrialization.
  8. Existence of good banking and insurance systems which gave financial help and security to the industries.
  9. Britain had a strong navy that guarded her trade routes thus protecting her merchants from foreign competition.
  10. Policy of free trade encouraged industrialization/ existence of the merchant and middle class who formed pressure groups that forced the government to adopt measures favoring their industries.britain had no internal customs barrier to hurt her industrial growth.
  11. Availability of wealth/capital that stimulated industrial revolution. Britain had accumulated a lot of wealth from her trade with other countries and her colonies in America and africa.e.g. The steam engine was made in Britain by a wealth Briton.
  12. Availability of industrial raw materials in her vast colonies.


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​Industrialization in the third world countries

20/10/2020

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​Industrialization in the third world countries (South Africa, Brazil, India)

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​The term ‘Third world’ refers to developing nations of Africa, Asia and South America. Most of them are former colonies of European powers and there resources were used to develop the mother countries during the colonial period.
​Industrialization in the third world countries.
Pretoria, South Africa

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Development of Industry: Introduction

20/10/2020

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Development of Industry

Industry is defined as the skill of making other products from raw materials. It involves extraction and processing into finished products of raw materials

Early Sources of Energy.

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Energy is the ability to do work. The following are the early sources of energy that can be identified.
Wood.
Wood was developed as a source of energy after the discovery of fire. It was used as follows;
  • a) Making fire which provides heat to warm people during cold seasons lighting, to cook roots and roast meat, for hunting(bushfires), tool-making to harden tips, means of communication, food preservation 
  • b) Charcoal made from wood fuel provided heat that was used for steaming water to provide steam power for steam engines during the industrial revolution. This is a form of energy still in use today since it is cheaper and easily available.
Development of Industry

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Emergence of selected world industrial powers

20/10/2020

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Emergence of selected world industrial powers

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United States of America

  • This is the third largest nation in the world after Russia and Canada respectively
  • Industrialization of the USA began in the mid 19th c and she had emerged as a major industrial power by mid 20th c. USA remains the only superpower in the world after collapse of USSR in 1990.
Industrialization in Europe
Industrialization in Europe

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Early Agriculture in Africa

17/10/2020

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Early Agriculture in Africa

​In Africa, agriculture first spread to Egypt along the Nile valley, where it was practiced as early as 700BC.

Featured Topics

  • Identify:
    • The animals  domesticated in ancient Egypt.
    • Crops grown in ancient Egypt.
  • Identify the farm implements  that were used in Egypt
  • Explain the factors that promoted (facilitated) agriculture in ancient Egypt
​EARLY AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA

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Agrarian Revolution in Continental Europe

16/10/2020

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Agrarian Revolution in Continental Europe

Reasons why farming in continental Europe was not as advanced as it was in Britain. Continental European countries learnt modern methods of farming from Britain. Initially, farming in continental Europe was not as advanced as it was in Britain because:
  • The French were affected by frequent wars
  • Italy was restricted to Spain, which was prospecting for minerals in South America
  • Holland, Denmark and Germany were involved in large scale world trade, which was more profitable at that time
  • Continental European farmers went for practical scientific and agricultural research in England
Agrarian Revolution in Continental Europe

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Early Agriculture in Asia and Europe

16/10/2020

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Early Agriculture in Asia and Europe

Places associated with early agriculture  in Asia.

  • The Yellow River valley,
  • The Middle East,
  • The Indus River valley.
Early Agriculture in Asia and Europe
Map - Kingdoms of the Diadochi 200 BC

Animals that were domesticated in Asia.

  • Zebu cattle,
  • Water buffaloes,
  • Elephants,
  • Horses,
  • Goats,
  • Sheep,
  • Pigs.

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Agrarian Revolution In Britain

15/10/2020

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​​From mid 18th century onwards, scientific ideas and new techniques of farming were applied as a result of the scientific and industrial revolutions.
The changes that marked the Agrarian Revolution in Britain. (What were the characteristics of the agrarian revolution in Britain?)
Picture
  • The land enclosure system (fencing and hedging of plots), which replaced the Open Field system in 1750.
  • Mechanization, i.e. use of new farming methods, which required large farms as opposed to the previous small strips.
  • Abolition of fallows. Farmers could no longer leave the land fallow to regain its fertility as was the tradition. Increase in population meant demand for more food, which required most of the land to be put to use.
  • Introduction of crop rotation. Lord Viscount Townsend developed a four-course rotation system called the Norfolk, which consisted of barley, clover, turnips and wheat on the same plot of land over a four-year period, by which land retained or gained but would not lose its fertility.
  • The introduction of inter cropping. It was discovered that growing crops like maize and beans on a given piece of land at the same time enabled land to regain fertility, since such crops did not require the same nutrients from the soil and they gre w well if planted together.
  • Use of fertilizer. This was pioneered by Lord Viscount Townsend, who recommended manuring of land to increase yields per hectare.
  • Use of machines. This changed agriculture from a small scale subsistence activity to a large scale business for both subsistence and commercial purposes.
  • Selective breeding of livestock. This was invented between 1725-1795 by Robert Bakewell.
  • Introduction and all-time availability of cattle feed, which helped ensure supply of fresh meat all the year round.


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The Open Field System

15/10/2020

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​Describe the Open Field system as practiced by farmers in Western Europe before the 18th century (Explain farming in Britain as practiced under the Open Field system.)

Open Field system
​A piece of land was divided into three portions: one for growing corn and wheat, the second for beans, peas, barley, oats and bush wheat, while the third was left fallow to regain fertility. Sometimes, this third piece was left for grazing and homes.

Each portion of land was divided into several strips, depending on the number of peasants in a village.

​Each peasant had his own strip, on which he was meant to cultivate  just enough for the needs of his family since agriculture  had not yet been commercialized.


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Agrarian Revolution

15/10/2020

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Introduction to Agrarian Revolution

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Definition of the term Agrarian Revolution

Agrarian Revolution refers to radical changes and improvements in agriculture and animal domestication

Agrarian Revolution

​Describe the characteristics of agriculture  in Western Europe before the 18th century.

​Agrarian revolution started with invention and use of machines from mid 18th century, when food production increased as the number of workers on the farm reduced. By the Neolithic period, agriculture had reached Europe, particularly Switzerland, Spain, Italy and Turkey, where rice and barley were mainly grown.

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Food Situation in Africa and the Rest of the Third World

12/10/2020

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Food Situation in Africa and the Rest of the Third World

Food Situation in Africa and the Rest of the Third World
​Most third world countries underwent colonialism. This greatly weakened their economies, which explains why most of them had very poor food situations by the time they got their independence.

​The main causes of food shortage in Africa.

  • ​Population growth rate that is higher than that of food production.
  • Poor land use and inefficient agricultural  practices.

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Agrarian Revolution in North America

12/10/2020

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Agrarian Revolution in North America

​The Americas is the origin of many crops in the world today. Indigenous Americans (American Indians) were subsistence farmers. They grew a wide range of crops. From the 17th century, many people, particularly from Western Europe, migrated into America, bringing with them skills, enterprise and enthusiasm. They took and established animal breeds and crop varieties, which led to increased export trade.
Agrarian Revolution in North America

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The Beginning of Agriculture

11/10/2020

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The Beginning of Agriculture

​​What is agriculture?

​Agriculture  is cultivation of crops to satisfy human needs.

​Identify the factors that made it necessary for human beings to discover agriculture. (Explain the factors that led to (facilitated)  development  of agriculture)

  • Increased human population, for which the natural environment could not provide adequate food
  • Climatic  changes,  which hindered pure reliance  on nature for livelihood
  • Competition for food among and between people and animals
  • Calamities  such as floods and bushfires, which cleared vegetation for wild animals
The Beginning of Agriculture

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Early Agriculture in Mesopotamia

10/10/2020

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Early Agriculture in Mesopotamia


​​In Mesopotamia, which today is part of Iraq, food production began around 8000 BC having been introduced by settlers from the Iranian plateau. Jarmo in the Kurdish foothills represents the earliest stage of Agriculture. As men went hunting and gathering, the women they left behind may have experimented  with wild grasses that grew around their compound until they found out and grew the edible plants, paving the way for organized  agriculture.
Picture

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​Beginning of Animal Domestication

10/10/2020

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​Beginning of Animal Domestication

  • Animal domestication started about 10,000 years ago in some regions of earliest civilizations like south-west Asia, Greece, Crete, Algeria, Egypt, North Africa, Sahara, the Lake Turkana region and southern Africa
  • Animal domestication started before crop growing. Development of both crop growing and animal domestication were by chance
  • Animal domestication was gradual. While hunting and fetching water, man established close ties with, caught, took care of and bred the animals  in captivity until they were tamed
  • Domestic animals like dogs, goats, sheep, cattle and camels were useful in various ways, e.g. provision of food and protection. The dog, which was the first animal to be domesticated, assisted in hunting, driving away dangerous wild animals and herding livestock
​Beginning of Animal Domestication

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Nilotes: The Peoples Of Kenya Up to The 19th Century [Reference Materials]

8/10/2020

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Nilotes: The Peoples Of Kenya Up to The 19th Century
TURKANA PEOPLE

​Who are the Nilotes?

  • The Nilotes are groups of people whose origin is associated with river Nile and who have similarities in the languages they speak. This is why they are referred to as Nilotic speakers.
  • They originated  from the South-western fringe of the Ethiopian highlands. In Kenya, they are the second largest language  group

List the classifications of the Nilotic speakers (Identify the groups into which the Nilotic speakers are divided)

  • The River-lake Nilotes,
  • The plain Nilotes
  • The Highland  Nilotes.

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Cushites: The Peoples of Kenya Up To the 19th Century [Copy of Reference Materials]

7/10/2020

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Describe two groups of the Kenyan Cushites

CUSHITES PEOPLE OF KenyaTHE PEOPLES OF KENYA UPTO THE 19TH CENTURY [CUSHITES]
  • The Southern Cushites, who moved southwards and settled in the highlands and plains of Kenya and northern Tanzania. They were later assimilated by the groups that found them in the region, such as the Irak, Boni, Burungi, Nilotes and Bantu. In Kenya, the only remaining Southern Cushites are the Dahalo, who live in the lower  course of River Tana
  • The Eastern Cushites, who may have first settled in the Horn of Africa i.e. somewhere to the north of Kenya: either in Ethiopia or Somalia  after migrating from Arabia in 1000BC. They then migrated  into Somalia  and reached northern Kenya in 1000AD


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Explain the results of the interactions between the various Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period.

6/10/2020

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Explain the results of the interactions between the various Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period.

  • Through the inter-tribal wars, there was loss of lives and destruction of property hence economic decline.
  • Many communities were displaced as new ones arrived. E.g when the Luos arrived, Abagusii and sections of the Abaluhyia were displaced. Etc.
  • The constant raids as a means of interaction led to some communities seeking for refugee in secure places. E.g the Abagusii too refugee in the present Kisii highland due to the Kipsigis, Nandi and Maasai raids in 1800AD.
  • A sense of unity developed among some communities e.g. among the Luo, as a means of Defence against attacks by the Maasai, Nandi and Abaluhyia.
Explain the results of the interactions between the various Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period

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