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The diagram in the figure below represents a wheel and axle used as a machine, whose efficiency is 80% to raise 400N of building materials. The wheel and axles have diameters of 75cm and 15cm respectively.

19/10/2021

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​(a) The diagram in the figure below represents a wheel and axle used as a machine, whose efficiency is 80% to raise 400N of building materials. The wheel and axles have diameters of 75cm and 15cm respectively.



The diagram in the figure below represents a wheel and axle used as a machine, whose efficiency is 80% to raise 400N of building materials. The wheel and axles have diameters of 75cm and 15cm respectively.
The diagram in the figure below represents a wheel and axle used as a machine, whose efficiency is 80% to raise 400N of building materials. The wheel and axles have diameters of 75cm and 15cm respectively.

​(i) Mark on the diagram the correct position and direction of the load to be lifted (1mk)

Picture

​(ii) Name the principle on which this machine works (1mk)

​The principle of moments

​(iii) Calculate the effort needed to raise the load (3mks)

Picture

​(iv) The machine is operated manually and raises the load to a height of 5m in 20 seconds. Calculate the power developed by the operator (2mks)

Picture

(b)
​(i) State two factors that determines the efficiency of an inclined plane as a machine (2mks)



  1. ​Smoothness of plane
  2. angle of inclination

​(ii) Explain how these factors affect efficiency (2mks)

  • Smoothness: Efficiency increases with smoothness since loses due to friction and minimized
  • Angle –efficiency increases with the angle of inclination since normal reaction decreases and so does friction.

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Explain what you understand by each of the following terms

19/10/2021

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​Explain what you understand by each of the following terms: 

(​i) Angular velocity (1mk)

​The angle covered in radians per second by an object in circular motion

​(ii) Centripetal force (1mk)

​The force that keeps an object in circular motion


​b) A bicycle wheel with radius 28cm moves with a linear velocity of 8m/s, determine 

​(i) the angular velocity of the wheel (2mks)

Picture

​(ii) the centripetal acceleration of a point on the rim of the wheel (2mks)

Picture

​(c) To determine the relationship between angular velocity w and tension T, a student used a smooth disc with a hole at the centre,  a string and cylindrical object of mass m, as shown below

To determine the relationship between angular velocity w and tension T, a student used a smooth disc with a hole at the centre, a string and cylindrical object of mass m, as shown below
To determine the relationship between angular velocity w and tension T, a student used a smooth disc with a hole at the centre, a string and cylindrical object of mass m, as shown above

​Describe how the student went about determining the relationship, specifying any other necessary material or instrument not shown in the diagram (3mks)



​The cylindrical mass was attached to a known weight, T, hanging freely below the hole. The disc was rotated with an increasing angular velocity w, till the hanging weight was steady. The experiment was repeated to obtain other values of w and their corresponding hanging weights

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A student set-up the apparatus as shown below to determine the power of an electric heater.

19/10/2021

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A student set-up the apparatus as shown below to determine the power of an electric heater
A student set-up the apparatus as shown above to determine the power of an electric heater

(a)
​(i) Other than time, state the measurements that would be used to determine the quantity of heat P absorbed by ice in a unit time (2mks)

​Current, voltage (p.d) mass of water collected temperature of the melt

​(ii) Complete the circuit to show the connection of the essential circuit components (2mks)

Complete the circuit to show the connection of the essential circuit components

​(iii) Describe how the student would proceed to determine P (3mks)

  • Switch on the current and start the clock simultaneously
  • Record the steady venus current I and P.d.v 
  • Note the temperature of the melt( should be 0oC)
  • Weighs the melt to obtain its mass m, collected over a known length of time , t
Apply Ivt=mlf

​(iv) Give a reason why P may not be equal to the value indicated by the manufacturer (1mk)

​It may not be operating at its optimum conditions of p.d and temperature, T. the heater also absorbs heat


(b) In another experiment, 100g of hot water at 90oC was mixed with 20g of ice at 0oC in a lagged plastics colorimeter. After stirring, all the ice melted and the temperature of the mixture was found to be 61.5oC. Determine the latent heat of fusion of ice (3mks)

(Specific heat capacity of water  = 4200Jkg-1k-1)
Picture

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The readings tabulated below shows how the length of a helical spring varied with the load hanging on it

18/10/2021

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The readings tabulated below shows how the length of a helical spring varied with the load hanging on it
The readings tabulated below shows how the length of a helical spring varied with the load hanging on it

(a)
​(i) Complete the table to show the values of extension (2mks)

​0,4.5,9.2,13.8,18.5,23.2 cm


​(ii) Draw a graph of extension (y-axis) against load for the spring (5mks)

Graph
  • Labeling of axes 
  • Straight line 
  • Location of points 
  • Scale used 
Picture

​(ii) Determining form the graph the proportionality constant of the spring (2mks)

Picture

​(b) Two springs Q and R have proportionality constants 20N/M and 25N/M respectively. Q weighs 0.2 N while the weight of R is negligible. The two springs are arranged to support a load of 3.0N as shown in the diagram below

Picture

Determine the extension in 
(i)  Q……………………………………………..(1mk)

Picture


ii)  R ……………………………………………(1mk)

Picture

​(c) State two factors that determine the proportionality constant of a helical spring (2mks)

  • Diameter of spring, length of the spring/thickness of the wire coiled to make the spring
  • Diameter of wire used

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The diagram below shows two trolleys, A and B connected to each other by an elastic strip of negligible mass. The trolleys are pulled apart on a smooth plane till tension in the elastic strip is 4.0N and are then released suddenly

18/10/2021

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The diagram below shows two trolleys, A and B connected to each other by an elastic strip of negligible mass. The trolleys are pulled apart on a smooth plane till tension in the elastic strip is 4.0N and are then released suddenly
The diagram below shows two trolleys, A and B connected to each other by an elastic strip of negligible mass. The trolleys are pulled apart on a smooth plane till tension in the elastic strip is 4.0N and are then released suddenly

​(a) State with reason the total momentum of the trolleys when they are just released (2mks)

​Zero (0) –It is because their velocities are still zero/ They are still stationary


​(b) Calculate the initial acceleration of trolley A when released (3mks)

Picture

(c) The velocity of the trolley B is 0.9ms-1 just before it collides with A. Determine the velocity of A just before the collision

Picture

​(d) Which trolley covers a longer distance before collision? Explain (2mks)

​trolley A, because of it moves with high velocity 

​(e) Explain why the elastic strip may not stretch to the same original length after impact (2mks)

​Friction force



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A student holds a sheet of paper at an end so that it hangs in the position A as shown below

17/10/2021

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A student holds a sheet of paper at an end so that it hangs in the position A as shown below
A student holds a sheet of paper at an end so that it hangs in the position A as shown above

​Explain why the paper rises to the position B when the student blows  air in the direction shown by the arrow (2mks)

There is pressure difference created as a result of air blown above  the paper i.e. high velocity , low pressure

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN18

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN18

(a) Figure 9 shows a graph of pressure against temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume.
(a) Figure 9 shows a graph of pressure against temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume. From the graph, determine the values of n arid e given that P = nT + c where n and c are constants. (4 marks) (b) Explain why it is not possible to obtain zero pressure of a gas ”n real life situation.(2 marks) (c) A fixed mass of a gas occupies 1.5 X 10-3 m-3 at a pressure of 760 mmHg and a temperature of 273 K. Determine the volume the gas will occupy at a temperature of 290K and a pressure of 720 mmHg. (3 marks) (d) State any three assumptions made in kinetic theory of gases. (3 marks)

From the graph, determine the values of n arid e given that P = nT + c where n and c are constants.
(b) Explain why it is not possible to obtain zero pressure of a gas in real life situation.
(c) A fixed mass of a gas occupies 1.5 X 10-3 m-3 at a pressure of 760 mmHg and a temperature of 273 K. Determine the volume the gas will occupy at a temperature of 290K and a pressure of 720 mmHg.
(d) State any three assumptions made in kinetic theory of gases.

answers
(a) Figure 9 shows a graph of pressure against temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume. From the graph, determine the values of n arid e given that P = nT + c where n and c are constants. (4 marks) (b) Explain why it is not possible to obtain zero pressure of a gas ”n real life situation.(2 marks) (c) A fixed mass of a gas occupies 1.5 X 10-3 m-3 at a pressure of 760 mmHg and a temperature of 273 K. Determine the volume the gas will occupy at a temperature of 290K and a pressure of 720 mmHg. (3 marks) (d) State any three assumptions made in kinetic theory of gases. (3 marks)
(b) It is not possible to reduce the pressure of a gas to zero since by then most  of the temperatures are very low hence the  gas liquefies.
(a) Figure 9 shows a graph of pressure against temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume. From the graph, determine the values of n arid e given that P = nT + c where n and c are constants. (4 marks) (b) Explain why it is not possible to obtain zero pressure of a gas ”n real life situation.(2 marks) (c) A fixed mass of a gas occupies 1.5 X 10-3 m-3 at a pressure of 760 mmHg and a temperature of 273 K. Determine the volume the gas will occupy at a temperature of 290K and a pressure of 720 mmHg. (3 marks) (d) State any three assumptions made in kinetic theory of gases. (3 marks)
​(d) Assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases: 
 Attraction of between the molecules is negligible. 
 Volume of the molecule is negligible compared to the volume of the container occupied by the gas. 
 The molecules undergo elastic collisions. 
 The length of time of a collision is negligible compared to the time between collisions.
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN17

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN17

​(a) State what Ā”s meant by  Brownian Motion. 
(b) Figure 8 shows the graph of velocity against time For a small steel ball Falling in a viscous liquid.
(a) State what ”s meant by Brownian Motion. (1 mark) (b) Figure 8 shows the graph of velocity against time For a small steel ball Falling in a viscous liquid. (i) Describe the motion of the steel ball as represented by part OA (ii) Explain why the velocity of A and B is constant (c)A student throws a tennis ball vertically upwards from the ground and it lands back after 8 seconds.( acceleration due to gravity g =10ms-2) Determine the: (i) maximum height reached by the ball iii) velocity with which the ball hits the ground. (3 marks)
​(i) Describe the motion of the steel ball as represented by part OA
(ii) Explain why the velocity of A and B is constant
(c)A student throws a tennis ball vertically upwards from the ground and it lands back after 8 seconds.( acceleration due to gravity g =10m/s2)
Determine the:
(i) maximum height reached by the ball
iii) velocity with which the ball hits the ground.
answers
​(a) Continuous random motion of particles. 
(b) (i) It accelerates, velocity increases. 
(ii) As the ball falls through the fluid, the Viscous drag increases  until the sum of the Viscous drag and the upthrust becomes equal  the weight of the steel ball, hence the resultant force becomes zero. 
(a) State what ”s meant by Brownian Motion. (1 mark) (b) Figure 8 shows the graph of velocity against time For a small steel ball Falling in a viscous liquid. (i) Describe the motion of the steel ball as represented by part OA (ii) Explain why the velocity of A and B is constant (c)A student throws a tennis ball vertically upwards from the ground and it lands back after 8 seconds.( acceleration due to gravity g =10ms-2) Determine the: (i) maximum height reached by the ball iii) velocity with which the ball hits the ground. (3 marks)
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN16

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN16

​(a) State the meaning of the term ā€œheat capacity.ā€ 
(b) State how pressure affects the melting point of a substance. 
(c)Figure 7 shows a set tip of apparatus that may be used to apparatus the specific latent heat of  vaporization of steam
​(a) State the meaning of the term ā€œheat capacity.ā€ (b) State how pressure affects the melting point of a substance. (c)Figure 7 shows a set tip of apparatus that may be used to apparatus the specific latent heat of vaporization of steam
​(I) Describe how the mass of condensed steam is determined. 
(ii) Other than mass and time, state two other measurements that should be taken during the experiment. 
(iii) Show how the measurements in (c)(ii) can be used to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.
(iv) State the precaution that should be taken so that the mass of the condensed steam measured  corresponds to the actual mass of steam collected during the time recorded  in the experiment
(v) State  why it is not necessary to measure temperature in in the set up 
answers
​(a) Heat capacity is the quantity of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1K. 
(b) - Increase in pressure lowers the melting point while decrease in (1 mark) pressure raises/increases the melting point. 
(c) (i) - Measure the mass of the empty beaker M1.  
 Measure the mass of the beaker plus the condensed steam M2 
 Get the difference between the two masses (M2 —M1) = M 
(ii) - Voltage 
 Current 
​(a) State the meaning of the term ā€œheat capacity.ā€ (b) State how pressure affects the melting point of a substance. (c)Figure 7 shows a set tip of apparatus that may be used to apparatus the specific latent heat of vaporization of steam
​(iv) - Start timing when the steam drops start forming out steadily and Stop immediately the beaker is withdrawn. 
(V) Steam is produced at boiling point where temperature is constant.
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN15

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN15

​(a)Figure 6 shows n bottle top opener being used to open a bottle.
​Indicate on the diagram the direction of the load and the effort. (b) State two ways Ā”n which an inclined plane can be made to reduce the applied effort when pulling a Load along the plane. (c) A block and tackle system has three pulleys in the upper fixed block and two pulleys in the lower movable block. (i) Draw a diagram to show how the system can be set up in order to lift a load arid indicate the position of the load and effort. (ii) State the velocity ratio of the set up. (iii) In such a block and tackle system an effort of 200N is required to lift a load of 600N. Determine its efficiency
​Indicate on the diagram the direction of the load and the effort. 
(b) State two ways Ā”n which an inclined plane can be made to reduce the applied effort when pulling a Load along the plane. 
(c) A block and tackle system has three pulleys in the upper fixed block and two pulleys in the lower movable block.
(i) Draw a diagram to show how the system can be set up in order to lift a load arid indicate the position of the load and effort.
(ii) State the velocity ratio of the set up. 
(iii) In such a block and tackle system an effort of 200N is required to lift a load of 600N. Determine its efficiency 
answers
​Indicate on the diagram the direction of the load and the effort. (b) State two ways Ā”n which an inclined plane can be made to reduce the applied effort when pulling a Load along the plane. (c) A block and tackle system has three pulleys in the upper fixed block and two pulleys in the lower movable block. (i) Draw a diagram to show how the system can be set up in order to lift a load arid indicate the position of the load and effort. (ii) State the velocity ratio of the set up. (iii) In such a block and tackle system an effort of 200N is required to lift a load of 600N. Determine its efficiency
​(b)Reducing the angle of inclination. 
 Reducing the friction — using rollers, lubricants etc.
​Indicate on the diagram the direction of the load and the effort. (b) State two ways Ā”n which an inclined plane can be made to reduce the applied effort when pulling a Load along the plane. (c) A block and tackle system has three pulleys in the upper fixed block and two pulleys in the lower movable block. (i) Draw a diagram to show how the system can be set up in order to lift a load arid indicate the position of the load and effort. (ii) State the velocity ratio of the set up. (iii) In such a block and tackle system an effort of 200N is required to lift a load of 600N. Determine its efficiency
​Indicate on the diagram the direction of the load and the effort. (b) State two ways Ā”n which an inclined plane can be made to reduce the applied effort when pulling a Load along the plane. (c) A block and tackle system has three pulleys in the upper fixed block and two pulleys in the lower movable block. (i) Draw a diagram to show how the system can be set up in order to lift a load arid indicate the position of the load and effort. (ii) State the velocity ratio of the set up. (iii) In such a block and tackle system an effort of 200N is required to lift a load of 600N. Determine its efficiency
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN14

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN14

​(a) A student is provided with five 20g masses, a meter rule, a spring with a pointer, a stand a boss and a clamp.
(i) In the space provided, sketch a labelled diagram of the set up that may be used in order to verify Hooke’s law using these apparatus. 
(ii) State two measurements that should be recorded in order to plot a suitable graph so as to verify Hooke’s law. 
(iii) Describe how the measurements made in (ii) can be used to determine the spring constant.
​(a) A student is provided with five 20g masses, a meter rule, a spring with a pointer, a stand a boss and a clamp. (i) In the space provided, sketch a labelled diagram of the set up that may be used in order to verify Hooke’s law using these apparatus. (ii) State two measurements that should be recorded in order to plot a suitable graph so as to verify Hooke’s law. (iii) Describe how the measurements made in (ii) can be used to determine the spring constant.
​(b) A helical spring stretches by 0.6cm when Supporting a weight of 40 g. Determine the extension when the same spring Supports a weight of 65 g. 
answers
​(a) A student is provided with five 20g masses, a meter rule, a spring with a pointer, a stand a boss and a clamp. (i) In the space provided, sketch a labelled diagram of the set up that may be used in order to verify Hooke’s law using these apparatus. (ii) State two measurements that should be recorded in order to plot a suitable graph so as to verify Hooke’s law. (iii) Describe how the measurements made in (ii) can be used to determine the spring constant.
  • (ii)  Force due to total mass hung. 
  • Extension produced by hanging masses. 
  • (iii) — Plot a graph of force against extension. 
  • Determines the slope of the graph 
​(a) A student is provided with five 20g masses, a meter rule, a spring with a pointer, a stand a boss and a clamp. (i) In the space provided, sketch a labelled diagram of the set up that may be used in order to verify Hooke’s law using these apparatus. (ii) State two measurements that should be recorded in order to plot a suitable graph so as to verify Hooke’s law. (iii) Describe how the measurements made in (ii) can be used to determine the spring constant.
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN13

31/7/2020

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​

K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN13

Picture
​ Two boxes E and F of masses 2.0 kg and 4.0 kg respectively arc dragged along a frictionless surface using identical forces. State with a reason which box moves with a higher velocity.
answer
  • E (20N)
  • F = Ma, the smaller the mass, the higher the acceleration 
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN12

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN12

Figure 5 shows two springs C and D of the same length and equal number of turns made from the same wire.
Picture
​State with a reason which of the two springs can support a heavier load before attaining the elastic limit.
answer
  • C 
  • It has a smaller diameter hence a higher spring constant. 
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN11

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN11

Picture

A stone of volume 800 cm3 experiences an upthrust of 6.5N when fully immersed in a certain liquid. Determine the density of the liquid.

answer
Picture
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN10

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN10

​For a fluid flowing at a velocity V in a tube of cross-sectional area A, VA =constant. State two assumptions made in deriving this equation. 
Picture
answer
The assumptions are: the fluid is
  • (i) flowing steadily,
  • (ii) incompressible,
  • (iii) non-Viscous.
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State the meaning of the term ā€œradianā€ as a Unit of measurement.

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN09

State the meaning of the term ā€œradianā€ as a Unit of measurement.

State the meaning of the term ā€œradianā€ as a Unit of measurement. (1 mark)
answer
State the meaning of the term ā€œradianā€ as a Unit of measurement. (1 mark)
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN08

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN08

​Figure 4 shows a one meter long uniform rod of negligible weight supporting two weights.
Picture
​Determine the position of the fulcrum from 0 cm for the  rod to remain in equilibrium.
answer
Picture
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A student carrying a heavy box using the right hand is observed to lean towards the left hand side. Explain this observation.

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN07

A student carrying a heavy box using the right hand is observed to lean towards the left hand side. Explain this observation.

A student carrying a heavy box using the right hand is observed to lean towards the left hand side. Explain this observation.
answer
  • The box shifts the position of the center of gravity of the system towards the right hand to maintain equilibrium. The student leans in the opposite direction.
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN06

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN06

​On the axes provided, sketch a displacement — time graph for a trolley moving down a frictionless inclined plane till it reaches the end of the incline.
​On the axes provided, sketch a displacement -- time graph for a trolley moving down a frictionless inclined plane till it reaches the end of the incline.
answer
Picture
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN05

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN05

​Figure 3 shows two metal rods A and B of equal length made of the same material but different diameters wax is attached at one end  of each rod. A source of heat is placed between the two metal rods.
​Figure 3 shows two metal rods A and B of equal length made of the same material but different diameters wax is attached at one end of each rod. A source of heat is placed between the two metal rods.
​State with a reason, what is observed on the wax. 
answer
  • Wax on rod B drops off first. 
  • The thicker rod conducts heat faster than the thinner one.
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN04

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN04

​Figure 2 shows a round bottomed flask containing a coloured liquid. The flask is fitted with a capillary tube.
Picture
​It is observed that on holding the flask with bare hands, the level of the liquid in the capillary tube initially drops slightly and then rises. Explain this observation. 
answer
  • The flask absorbs heat from the hands and first expands hence level of liquid which expands more than the glass causing the rise.
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State two ways of reducing the surface tension of a liquid.

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN03

State two ways of reducing the surface tension of a liquid.

Picture
answer
  • Using detergents/impurities
  • Raising the temperature
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN02

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN02

​Figure 1 shows a defective straw used to suck milk from a glass.
Picture
​It was observed that upon sucking the straw, milk did not rise up the straw. Explain this observation. 
answer
  • On sucking air rushes into the straw through the hole making it difficult to reduce pressure in the straw by sucking.
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN01

31/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2019PP1QN01

A micrometer screw gauge has a -0.03 mm error. State the reading that is observed on the instrument when used to measure the diameter of a wire whose actual diameter is 0.38 mm. 
Picture
answer
Picture
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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2018PP1QN18

29/7/2020

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K.C.S.E Physics Q & A - MODEL 2018PP1QN18

​(a) State two quantities that must be kept constant in order to verify Boyle’s law. 
(b) An air bubble at the bottom of a beaker full of water becomes larger as it rises to the surface. State the reason why;
(i) the bubble rises to the surface,
(ii) It becomes larger as it rises. 
(c) State two assumptions made in explaining the gas laws using the kinetic theory of gases.
(d) Figure 11 shows an incomplete experimental set up that was prepared by a student to verify one of the gas laws.
Picture

(i) State with a reason which one of the laws may be verified using the set up.
(ii) State what the student left out in the diagram of the set up.
(c) The volume of a fixed mass of a gas reduced from 500 cm3 to 300 cm3 at constant pressure. The initial temperature was 90K. Determine the final temperature

answers
(a) Mass
 Temperature
(b)(i) The gas is less dense than the water. 
(ii) As it rises the pressure around the bubble reduces and since the temperature is the same, the volume increases. 
(c) The size of the molecules is assumed to be negligible. 
 Intermolecular forces are also assumed to be negligible. 
 Real gases can never have zero volume yet the gas laws assume presence of zero volume.
(d)(i) The pressure law. 
 Has ability to measure the temperature and the pressure while keeping the volume constant. 
(ii) Source of heating for the temperature to be changed. 
Picture
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