IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY
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The Meaning of GovernmentThe word government comes from the word 'govern' which means to control through regulations and a set of rules. Government means the way of ruling, administering and controlling a people. It deals with the exercising of authority and the directing of Electronic. people's lives as spelt out in their society.
Generally then, government is seen as the political organisation, structure and authority. It affects every aspect of man's life as a social being who is subject to some form of authority, starting from the home to schools and to all other organisations. The regulations and rules set in any social unit or organisation and the way they are implemented is an important aspect in government. In many cases, there are individuals or officers, assigned the duty of ensuring that all the rules, laws, customs, traditions and regulations are observed. These individuals have the power to punish those who break rules. Government is, therefore, a form of organised control in a defined geographical area, e.g., a country. The control is exercised. by a small body of people. It is this body that enforces laws for and on behalf of a larger section of the population or subjects. The government is therefore the small body of persons within a country who make and enforce laws. In conclusion, government deals with people's attempt at organised life, while History is the study of people's political, social and economic activities in relation to their environment. Government is therefore, part of history. It is people's attempt to govern themselves, their political activities Proverbs in relation to the rest of society. History and Government is therefore the study of people and society. Branches of HistoryHistory is divided into three branches. These are:
Political HistoryThis is the study of a people's way of ruling, people's leaders and the system of administration. It involves controlling, guiding, directing and managing people's activities and actions. Social HistoryThis is the study of people's beliefs, dressing, taboos, literature and religion. It involves the understanding of the cultural practices and ways of life of a people. Economic HistoryThis is the study of how people make their daily living. It is the study of the occupations of a people. It involves such activities as hunting and gathering, agriculture, industry, trade, transportation and communication.
Periods in HistoryThere are two basic periods in history:
The Meaning of HistoryHistory as a discipline is the study of man's past chronological account and record of events in relation to the environment. The study of which articulates, develops and encourages critical analysis of the social, political and economic aspects of man.
The word "History" is derived from a Greek word 'Historia' which means to ask, enquire or search for the truth and report the findings. There are many definitions put forward on the meaning of history. However, it is generally argued that history is man's attempt to answer the questions: What event? Who was involved? When, and why it took place as well as what effects the event had or has on the people involved. History is also a record, account, and analysis of human activities and relationships on earth in a given time. It is an important discipline that records, preserves and integrates both the physical and social developments as they affect man. Factors for the rise of nationalism in Africa.
NATIONALISM IN GHANA
The British annexed Gold Coast in 1874 after quelling a stiff resistance by the Asante. In response to the British imperialism, the Fonte Confederation was initiated in 1868, marking the birth of African Nationalism in Ghana. In 1897, the Aborigines Rights Protection Society was formed to guard against the alienation of African land.
In the 1930s, African elites like J.B. Danquah launched the Gold Coast Youth Conference in order to awaken the youth to the economic and social needs of the country.Their efforts bore fruits because in 1946, governor Burns embarked on constitutional reforms leading to increased African representation in the LegCo. (Of the 18 slots given to Africans in the LegCo, 13 were to drawn from among the chiefs while 5 were to be popularly elected). The elites formed the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) and invited Kwame Nkrumah, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, to come and lead it since most of them were professionals lacking time for political commitment. Nkrumah appeared to have more political experience having participated in the 1945 Manchester conference. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Ghana.
The peak of nationalism in Ghana.
On 28th February 1948, the ex-soldiers led the Accra riots, protesting to Governor Gerald Creasy the failed fulfillment of the government pledges while in service during the World War II. Two rioters were killed. The shooting incident sparked of chaos in the town leading to another 29 Africans being killed. Nkrumah was arrested together with his colleagues popularly known as the ‘Big Six’. (Nkrumah, Danquah, William Ofori, Addo, Adjei and Obetsebi Lamptey).
This arrest popularized Nkrumah among the Africans. The 1948 Alken Watson commission blamed the social-economic oppression for the riots. The governor ordered for constitutional reforms led by J.H Coussey. On 12th June 1949, Nkrumah broke ranks with the conservative UGCC senior members and formed the Convention People’s Party (CPP). His party gained support mainly from among the primary school leavers, store-keepers, artisans, peasants and cocoa farmers. Nkrumah advocated positive action through legitimate political action, newspaper and political campaigns and constitutional application of boycotts, strikes and non-cooperation based on the policy of absolute non-violence on the basis of Mahatma Gandhi teachings. He started a newspaper, The Accra Evening News to expound CPP views. He was arrested, but secured landslide victory in the February 1951 elections while in jail. He was released to become the leader of government business in the new cabinet. CPP also won in the 1954 elections in which a new party, the National Liberation Movement (NLM) had emerged to compete CPP. NLM membership mainly from the Ashanti, were uncomfortable with Nkrumah because;
Achievements of CPP under Kwame Nkrumah.
How Kwame Nkrumah contributed to the liberation struggle in Africa.
NATIONALISM IN MOZAMBIQUE.
Mozambique was among the last countries in Africa to attain independence from the Portuguese. Even before the Berlin conference, Mozambique and Angola were considered Portuguese colonies owing to the later’s interests in the region dating back to the pioneer years.
Reasons for slow process in decolonization process of Mozambique.
Factors for the growth of nationalism in Mozambique.
The peak of nationalism in Mozambique.
In early 1960, the Makonde people of Cabo Delgado province formed the Mozambican-Makonde Union (MANU).In June 1960 MANU organized a peaceful protest but in which over 600 Africans perished in police firepower. The government outlawed all African organizations with membership of over thirty people. African political activities went underground. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere inviting some of the liberation groups to relocate to Tanzania in 1962. The political groups united to form the Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO) with Eduardo Mondlane Chirambo, formerly a lecturer at Syracuse University in USA, as its first president.
From 1962 to 1964, FRELIMO undertook guerilla training in Bagamoyo and at the Mozambique institute in Dar es Salam in preparation for war. From September 1964, they began a full-scale war against the Portuguese along river Ruvuma and extending their attacks on the Cabo Delgado province. By 1967, the Portuguese forces numbered 65,000 soldiers. Mondlane Eduardo was assassinated in 1969. Samora Machel was elected to become the FRELIMO army commander in 1970. The coup d’etat in Lisbon in 1974 was a blessing to FRELIMO movement since soldiers who did not favour colonial wars by Marcello Caetano carried it out. The new military junta finally signed an agreement with FRELIMO the enabled the setting up of a transitional government in September 1974. He handed over power to the Africans in 1975 with Samora Machel becoming the first president. Machel died in 1986 in a plane crash blamed on the South African Apartheid regime, unhappy with his support for African nationalists in South Africa.Samora Machel’s widow, Graca Machel, married South African President Nelson Mandela in 1994. Reasons why the struggle for independence in Mozambique was violent.
Factors that facilitated the defeat of the Portuguese colonial armies by FRELIMO in Mozambique.
Problems that faced FRELIMO in the war against Portuguese.
SOUTH AFRICA.
The complex nature of nationalism in South Africa was due to the following reasons;
Afrikaner nationalism
Afrikaners were the Dutch speaking – speaking settlers. The Afrikaner nationalism emerged in the 19th century reaching its peak in 1948 when their Nationalist Party under Daniel F. Malan won the elections introducing the Apartheid policy.
Reasons for the birth of Afrikaner Nationalism in South Africa.
African Nationalism
Its roots are traced in the 17th century with the first Boer occupation of South Africa. Africans resisted strongly against the interference with their political freedom and economic resources. This was in form of the Xhosa and Ndebele wars of the 17th c and the Zulu wars of 1870s led by Cetewayo.
In 1906, a Zulu chief named Bambata staged another African uprising this time against the British who had annexed the Zululand in 1887. From 1910, when the union of South Africa was created and the Afrikaners gained political control of South Africa, Africans lost all the political privileges they previously enjoyed like ability to vote and contest parliamentary seats. Africans founded independent churches and formed organizations like the Orange River Organization. Factors for the growth of African nationalism in South Africa.
Formation of the African National Congress, 1912
Opposition to the Natives Land Act led to the formation of the South African Native National Congress (renamed the African National Congress [ANC] in 1923) by South Africa's educated African elite in a meeting at Bloemfontein on January 8, 1912.
As a result of the League’s activities, violent confrontations between ANC and the government broke out in 1952 in Witwatersrand, Kimberley and Eastern Cape. The Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter
In 1952, Albert Sisulu became the president of the organization and presided over the ‘congress of the people’ which adopted the ‘Freedom Charter’ on June 25 and June 26 1955.
The congress drew 3,000 delegates from;
After adoption of the charter, in 1956 the police arrested 156 leaders, including Luthuli, Mandela, Tambo, Sisulu, and others, and put them on trial for treason in a court case that dragged on for five years. The Pan-Africanist Congress and Sharpeville.
The Africanists, led by Robert Sobukwe, criticized the ANC for allowing itself to be dominated by 'liberal-left-multi-racialists”. They formed their own organization, the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) in 1959. In March 1960, the PAC began a national campaign against the pass laws. One such demonstration outside the police station at Sharpeville, the police fired on the demonstrators, killing at least 76 of them and wounding 186. Approximately 18,000 demonstrators were arrested, including the leaders of the ANC and the PAC, and both organizations outlawed.
The ANC and the PAC Turn to Violence.
Prohibited from operating, both the ANC and the PAC established underground organizations in 1961. The militant wing of the ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), targeted strategic places such as police stations and power plants. Poqo (Blacks Only), the militant wing of the PAC, engaged in a campaign of terror, targeting in particular African chiefs and headmen believed to be collaborators with the government and killing them.
17 Umkhonto leaders, including Walter Sisulu were arrested at Rivonia farm house. Along with Nelson Mandela, they were tried for treason. Albert Luthuli was confined by government to his rural home in Zululand until his death in 1967. Tambo escaped from South Africa and became president of the ANC in exile. Robert Sobukwe of Poqo was jailed on Robben Island until 1969 and then placed under house arrest in Kimberley until his death in 1978. The Johannesburg railway station bomber, John Harris, was hanged. The Black conscious movement - Soweto, 1976.
The peak of African nationalism in South Africa.
In 1983, P.W. Botha's government proposed establishment of separate houses of parliament for each racial group. In place of the single House of Parliament were;
Black trade unions meanwhile resorted to economic and political protests. For example, The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), formed in 1983 by Cyril Ramaphosa, successfully brought work in mines to a stop in a dispute over wage increases. By end of 1985, 879, fatalities and 8000 arrests were linked to political unrest. ANC and UDF were banned. Meanwhile, Supporters of the Zulu-dominated Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the banned ANC clashed in an upsurge of "black-on-black" violence that would cause as many as 10,000 deaths by 1994. President Botha resigned under pressure on August 14, 1989, the Electoral College named de Klerk to succeed him in a five-year term as president. In October 1989, De Klerk released Walter Sisulu and others except Mandela. He announced on February 2, 1990, the impending release of Mandela and unbanning of the ANC, the PAC, and the SACP, and the removal of restrictions on the UDF and other legal political organizations. Mandela was released on February 11, 1990, at age 71 after 27 years in prison. ANC officials elected Mandela deputy president in March 1990, under ailing president, Oliver Tambo. Between June 5, 1991 and June 17, 1991, the government repealed the pillars of apartheid, the Land Act of 1913, the Group Areas Act of 1950 and Population Registration Act of 1950, (the most infamous, which had authorized the registration by race of newborn babies and immigrants). Most international sanctions were lifted soon after the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, and Land Acts were repealed. In mid-1992 due to escalating violence, by IFP supporters on ANC sympathizers in Boipatong delayed the process of negotiation for elections. On March 5, 1993, Chris Hani, the popular general secretary of the South African Communist Party (SACP), was murdered threatening the process again. On April 12, 1994, a team headed by former British foreign secretary Lord Carrington and former United States secretary of state Henry Kissinger attempted in vain to break the logjam that was keeping the IFP out of the elections. However, on April 19, Buthelezi--under intense pressure from trusted local and international figures—including a Kenyan diplomat professor Washington Okumu, relented and agreed to allow the IFP to be placed on the ballot. When the elections finally took place on schedule, beginning on April 26, 1994, ANC won 62.6 percent of the vote; the NP, 20.4 percent; and the IFP, 10.5 percent. Mandela was unanimously elected president by the National Assembly on May 9, 1994, in Cape Town. He was inaugurated on May 10 at ceremonies in Pretoria. Key South African Nationalists:
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SETTLER FARMING AND COLONIAL LAND POLICIESAs a means of raising revenue to meet the cost of administering the Kenya colony and maintain the Uganda railway, the colonial government encouraged the influx of white settlers to the ‘white Highlands’.The administration did this by;
Why the colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya.The reasons why the colonial administration led by Sir Charles Eliot (1900- 1904) and later Sir Edward Northey encouraged settler farming in the white highlands were;
Factors which promoted settler farming.
Problems experienced by settlers.
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THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSOrigin and organization of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was established by the victors of the First World War in 1920 at the treaty of Versailles with the main aim of preventing the occurrence of another war. The idea of its formation was mooted by Woodrow Wilson, the US president who was supported by Lord Robert Cecil of Britain, Jan Smuts of South Africa and Leon Bourgeois of France. The League of Nation came into force during the first meeting in London Britain, on 10th January 1920. Reasons for the formation of the League of Nations in 1920.
The Council.It was made up of permanent and Non-permanent members. The permanent members were France, Britain, Italy and Japan. Non permanent members were four, elected by the general assembly.The main role of the council which sat in Geneva was to appoint committees and secretary General with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. It also dealt with disputes amongst member states, reduction of armament, execution of arbitral awards and admittance and expulsion of members. The Assembly. It met once a year at Geneva and was comprised of three delegates from each member state. It elected non-permanent members to the council. The functions of the Assembly included;
The Secretariat.The Secretariat, based in Geneva, consisted of the secretary general and his staff. It was the administrative body of the League of Nations. It kept records of the organization and conducted correspondences including treaties by member states. It implemented thedecisions of the League of Nations. It provided continuity between one meeting of the council or the assembly and the next,The International Court of Justice. Set up between 1920 and 1922, it comprised of eleven judges and four deputy judges elected for nine years by the assembly and the council. It was based at the Hague-Holland. Decisions made by the court were binding on all parties in dispute. International Labour Organization. It consisted of 4 delegates- two for member states and two for workers from each member state. Its main aim was to maintain good working conditions for men, women and children. The Mandates Commission. It had then responsibility of supervising the administration of the trustee colonies. The League of Nations also had several specialized agencies. |
30/12/2021
This is the process by which people are attracted to live in towns or large settlements. An urban centre is any area with a human population of 20,000 people or more.
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History Paper 2 kcse past papers online and marking schemes
christian-attitude-towards-bribery-and-corruption.html
term-1-mathematics-tests.html
chapter-16-european-invasion-of-africa-and-the-process-of-colonization.html
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KCSE History Topical Questions
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How do proponents of violence look like?
History Paper 1 and 2 KCSE Past revision Papers
KCSE History Topical Questions
-social-and-economic-developments-during-the-colonial-period-in-kenya.html
ways-of-fighting-against-corruption-in-the-country-today.html
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KCSE History revision papers and answers; also Mocks
KCSE History Topical Questions
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Introduction
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19/4/2021
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April 2024
November 2023
August 2023
December 2022
May 2022
January 2022
December 2021
November 2021
October 2021
August 2021
June 2021
May 2021
April 2021
December 2020
November 2020
October 2020
August 2020
July 2020
June 2020
April 2020
December 2019
May 2019
May 2017
All
AFRICAN UNION
Agrarian Revolution
Britain
Chapter-10-development-of-transport-and-communication
Chapter 13 Social
Chapter-14-constitutions-and-constitution-making
CHAPTER 17: ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA.
CHAPTER 18: COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
CHAPTER 20: Political Developments And Struggle For Independence In Kenya (1919-1963)
CHAPTER 21: Rise Of African Nationalism
CHAPTER 22: EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN AFRICA
Chapter 28: Social
Christian Missionaries In East Africa
Citizenship
Colonial Period In Kenya
Constitutions-and-constitution-making
Contacts Between East Africa And The Outside World Up To The 19th Century
Co-Operation In Africa
Course Of The Cold War
Democracy And Human Rights
Development Of Industry
Dev. Of Early Agriculture
EARLY MAN
Economic And Political Developments And Challenges In Africa Since Independence
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
Economic-and-political-organization-of-african-societies-in-the-19th-century
Electoral Processes
European Invasion And The Process Of Colonization Of Africa
European Invasion Of Africa
FORM 1 LEVEL
FORM 2
Form 3 Level
FORM 4
Formation-of-government
Functions Of Governments
HISTORY FORM 1 TOPICS
India
International Relations
INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATURE.
LIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF KENYAN LEADERS
Local Authorities In Kenya
MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY IN KENYA SINCE 1991
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
National Philosophies (Kenya)
ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU)
Pre Colonial East Africa
Pre-Colonial East Africa
PUBLIC REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN KENYA
SOCIAL
Structure And Functions Of The Government Of Kenya
THE COMMON MARKETS FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
The Electoral Process
THE EXECUTIVE
THE JUDICIARY.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
THE PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESSES (1900-1945)
THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19TH CENTURY
THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Trade
TRANSPORT
United States
Urbanization
WORLD WARS
Primary Resources
College Resources
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Secondary Resources
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