1996
7. What is the main function of opposition parties in Kenya?  (1mk)

​ 19(section B)
​4.a)What three factors have facilitated the formation of many political parties in Kenya since 1991? (3mks) Answer

​2006

17. Give one example of indirect taxes in Kenya                                                                (1 mk)

2007

16. State one type of government expenditure in Kenya.                                             (1 mk)

2008

17. Give one reason why the government of Kenya prepares a national budget. (1 mk)

​1997

• 14 Name the local government authority which is charged with the administration of rural areas in Kenya.   (1mks) (out of syllabus)
• 24. (b) Explain six factors which undermine the performance of local authorities (10 mks) (out of syllabus)

2006
16. Name two types of local authorities in Kenya (2 mks) (out of syllabus)

2009
14. State one way through which the Minister  for local Government exercises control  over  Municipal Councils in Kenya  ( 1mk) (out of syllabus)

2013
24 (a)   State three objectives of devolving the government of Kenya.                       (3 marks)

     (b)   Explain six ways in which the County governments raise their revenue.       (12 marks)

Evolution can be defined as the process of change in living organisms over a number of years, frequently involving the beginning of new species from earlier species.

According to Charles Darwin, man transformed from simple life slowly over millions of years through environmental mutation, natural selection, isolation and adaptation.

Evolution is “descent with modification”. – Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species Evolution is “the process by which organisms have changed over time.” Evolution can also be defined more narrowly as a change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

​is an instinct by which the stronger species out compete the weaker for resources.

​Natural selection is defined as the differential reproduction of organisms as a function of heritable traits that influence adaptation to the environment. There are three essential components to this definition

1. differential reproduction
2. heritable traits and
3. adaptation to the environment.

​Darwin noted that most species reproduce at a rate that, if unchecked, would lead to exponential population growth. However, such growth is seldom realized in nature because many organisms fail to reproduce. Darwin reasoned that if this differential reproduction was associated with adaptation to an environmental niche and if the adaptive traits were transmitted to a subsequent generation, then the physical and behavioral traits of a species will change over time in the direction of better adaptation.

​Isolation means that organisms of the same species are separated, and happens when there is something between the organisms that they can't cross. Organisms become isolated as a result of environmental change.

​Genetic drift, the effects of natural selection in adapting to a new environment, and their geographical isolation contributed to their evolution.

The amount of immigration and emigration among populations also influences allele and genotypic frequencies—large amounts of  immigration/emigration reduce the differences between local populations while small amounts of immigration/emigration permit the populations to diverge.

The evolution of human populations has been dramatically influenced by physical population structure. Even today, the physical separation of human populations maintains genetic diversity that would otherwise be absent. For example, people born and raised in the tropical rain forests of the Amazon basin are more likely to mate with other people born and raised in the same geographical area than they are with, say, North American Eskimos.

Even within national boundaries, there are local populations. Someone living in Kenya is more likely to mate with a fellow Kenyan than with an Egyptian from Cairo.

Adaptation is where the surviving species isolate themselves from others as they adapt to new environment through body changes and technological changes e.g. ability to grow crops and make shelter.

All organisms or creatures are uniquely different and this uniqueness is based on heredity factors which an organism has from birth.
Although many young organisms are produced, few manage to develop to maturity.

The organisms that manage to grow to maturity and reproduce are those that are able to constantly adapt to the existing environment.

In view of the limited resources, even after mutation, Darwin argued that only the fittest organisms survive as the weak species become extinct. This theory is popularly known as

‘Survival for the fittest’

According to Darwin, isolation and adaptation is the final stage in the evolution process. Having survived through mutation and natural selection, the merging species increase in number. This leads to search for basic needs and in the process a species may be isolated from the rest and then finally adapt to the new environment.

The theory of evolution holds that Humans belong to the animal kingdom and that man has evolved over the years. Man is a primate just as apes like gorillas, chimpanzees and monkeys. However, man belongs to the family of hominidae, while apes belong to the family of pongidae. Man according to Darwin developed over the years from his ape-like ancestors.
Evolution and adaptation of man
The earliest Mammals live on trees for two reasons;

1. There was more supply of food o trees such as insects , leaves and birds’ eggs
2. Security. Animals were more secure from their enemies while up on trees Man evolved from this kind of animals

Archaeological evidence points at East Africa as the cradle of mankind.

• The broadcasting method

​Broadcasting is the scattering or spreading of the seeds on the soil, which may or may not be incorporated into the soil.

Broadcasting of seeds may be done by hand,mechanical spreader or aeroplane.

Broadcasting is the easy, quick and cheap method of seeding.The difficulties observed in broadcasting are:

• uneven distribution,
• improper placement of seeds and
• less soil cover and compaction. As all the seeds are not placed in uniform density and depth,there is
• no uniformity of germination, seedling vigor and establishment.

​It is mostly suited for closely spaced and small seeded crops.

• It levies/collects taxes which enable the government to finance its operations
• It pays debts/loans extended to the government by institutions such as World Bank
• It admits new states into the union like Alaska which was last to be admitted
• It enacts/passes laws which regulate operations of the federal/state governments 
• It handles foreign affairs e.g.through ratifying treat with the other countries
• It declares war and makes peace
• It resolves disputes among states in order to enhance their corporation
• It establishes federal courts which determine cause which are beyond jurisdiction of state court
• It makes/issues currency/regulates its values
• It establishes federal postal services
• It gives grants to individuals states
• It regulates internal and external trade
• It establishes federal armed forces/defence

• It cannot make laws which overlook moral values.
• Decision made by the parliament must take into consideration public opinion.
• Local authorities are empowered to make by -laws without consulting the parliament.
• It must consider interest of institutions before making laws affecting them.
• Legislation passed by the parliament may be changed in the future.
• International law is also taken into account when laws are made
• Parliament cannot discuss what is before law court.

• Suspicion/mistrust among member states as some view others as more dominating its affairs/benefiting more.
• Some countries impose trade barriers for goods from member states which fuels animosity.
• There has been trans-border/across border smuggling of vehicles/other goods which creates economic mistrust among neighbours.
• Dispute over use of natural resources/water resources has led to arrest of Sonic fishermen thereby straining relationship among affected member states 
• Cross-border cattle rustling raids has fueled insecurity/tension among member states.
• Divided loyalty as member States belong to other regional/international organizations.
• Ideological differences among leaders had led to strained relations among them.
• Personal differences between leaders e.g. Kagame  vs Museveni
  National interests override that of the community 
  Inadequate funds for its operation
  Poor transport and communication
  Lack of common currency hinders trade
  Members states produce similar goods making it difficult to trade
  

• To achieve greater unity/cohesion/solidarity among African countries/nations
• To defend the sovereignty/territorial integrity/independence of its member states
• To accelerate the political/social-economic integration of the continent
• To promote/defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent/the people.
• To encourage international cooperation,taking due account of the charter of the UN and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• To promote peace/security/stability of the continent.

• They had advanced powerful weapons compared with the central powers
• They had more financial resources which enabled them to block supplies to the central powers from the sea.
• They were united unlike the Central powers who were disorganized
• Some members of the central powers decamped thereby weakening them to the advantage of the Allied powers
• The entry of the United State of America on the side of the Allied powers boosted their resources/skills
• The powers were led by leaders who were competent/focused hence inspired their members
• They had more manpower/soldiers who deployed during the war.

• Germany
• Austra- Hungary
• Itary

• Constant movement of the people/army denied them opportunities to carry out economic activities leading to Inadequate supply of necessary items/food.
• Lack of Support from other African rulers e.g. Ahamed Seku of Tukolor empire,Tieba of Sikasso demoralized him.
• Samori's second empire was difficult to defend as it was exposed to attacks from all sides/the British /the French.
• The scorched earth policy that he adopted lacked support from civilians who resisted against him.
• His inability to appease the conquered areas /people denied him the needed support.
• The British policy of non-interference denied him their support - against the French.
• The besieging of his capital by the French forced him to surrender/his  blockage from retreating to Liberia.

• Any European country laying claim on any part of Africa should inform others
• Those countries who signed the agreement declared their area of occupation/spheres of influence.
• The interior of the coast area claimed by a European power becomes its sphere of influence.
• That each European country must effectively occupy their area of occupation/sphere of influence
• European countries that acquire colonies in Africa must abolish slave trade
• River Congo, River Niger and Zambezi basins  were free for all European countries to navigate. 
• European countries should demonstrate their authority to protect  the  European in the area of occupation.

• The imposition of economic sections which preserved  her from trading with other countries
• The long period of apartheid created an unconducive environment for industrialization
• Competition from more developed countries such as western European countries whose manufactured goods were of better quality than ones from South Africa.
• Industrial strikes/demonstrations/boycotts which were organized by trade unions led to low purchasing power.
• Violence/xenophobia/aggression against foreigners has discouraged foreign investors/chased away the would be foreign investors
• High levels of poverty which created inadequate market for manufactured goods due to low purchasing power.
• HIV/AIDS has affected the working force in industries thereby undermining industrial production.
• High incidences of insecurity/criminal activities in South Africa which has been caused by unemployment.

• It has led to the discovery of preventative/curative medicine
• It has led to rise of living standards/life expectancy
• It has led to increase in population/reduction of mortality rates 
• It has led to production of advanced medical equipment
• It has led to manufacture of variety of drugs
• It has created job opportunities.