GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

The pyramids below represent the Population strucre of Kenya and Sweden in the year 2009.Use them to answer question (a).

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 10.

The pyramids below represent the Population structure of Kenya and Sweden in the year 2009.Use them to answer question (a).
POPULATION PYRAMIDS 2009

The pyramids below represent the Population strucre of Kenya and Sweden in the year 2009.Use them to answer question (a). POPULATION PYRAMIDS 2009

(a) Describe the characteristics of population of the two Countries as represented by the pyramids.

In both Kenya and Sweden the number of male and female is almost equal at all ages.
In Kenya the aging population is low/there is low life expectancy. In Sweden the aging population is high/the life expectancy is high.
In Kenya the dependency ratio is high. In Sweden the dependency ratio is low.
In Kenya, the number of infants from age 0 to 4 years is high. In Sweden the numbers of infants from age 0-4 years is low.
In Kenya the working population is low. In Sweden the working population is moderate/high.
In Kenya, the number of youthful population is high .In Sweden the number of youthful population is low.
In Kenya birth rate is high. In Sweden the birth rate is low.
In Kenya the death rate is high. In Sweden the birth rate is low.
The fertility rate is high in Kenya .In Sweden the fertility rate is low.

(b) (i) What is fertility rate?

Fertility rate is the number of live births in a given population in a year/the number of live births per thousand women of child bearing age in a given year.

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Explain each of the following methods of land rehabilitation:

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 9.

(a) Explain each of the following methods of land rehabilitation:
(i) Mulching
(ii) Bunds and gabions

(i) Mulching

This is the use of crop residues such as vegetable remains, plant litter, and grass and polythene sheets to cover the soil/crop.
It helps to retain soil moisture, reduce soil erosion and reduce the splashing effect of rain water on soil.
It increases water infiltration in to the soil by preventing it from surface runoff.
When the vegetative materials decompose it produces organic matter which increases the fertility of the soil.

(ii) Bunds and gabions

Bunds are soil piles across a slope constructed to control soil erosion.
Bunds are also built to check surface runoff which would cause soil erosion/influence water infiltration.
Gabions are wire mesh that are filled with soil, stones and other materials.
Gabions are constructed on slopes/across gullies to trap soils being carried by running water down slope.
Gabions encourage vegetation growth in the trapped soil.
Both are effective for controlling soil erosion/stabilizing slopes.

(b) Give three ways in which the government is trying to rehabilitate overgrazed lands in Kenya.

Livestock extension officers move around advising farmers on the importance of keeping livestock according to the carrying capacity of the land.
Introducing exotic breeds /cross breeds to emphasize quality and not quantity.
It has established / encouraged establishment of ranches in the livestock keeping regions to improve quality of animals.
It has encouraged farmers to grow fodder /introduced nourishing grass which is drought resistant.

(c) (i) Name four types of irrigation practised in Kenya.

Use of lifting devices.
Drip irrigation.
Overhead/sprinkler irrigation.
Furrow/canal irrigation.
Flood/basin irrigation.
Trickle irrigation

(a) Explain each of the following methods of land rehabilitation: (i) Mulching (ii) Bunds and gabions (b) Give three ways in which the government is trying to rehabilitate overgrazed lands in Kenya. (c) (i) Name four types of irrigation practised in Kenya. (ii) Explain two conditions that favour irrigation farming in Kenya. (d) Give the characteristics of land reclamation in Kenya.

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What is forestry?

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 8.

(a) (i) What is forestry?

Forestry is the science of developing and cultivating forests and utilizing them.

(ii) Apart from tropical hardwood forests, name two other types of natural forest.

Temperate hardwood.
Coniferous forests/temperate softwood.
Montane forest.
Mangrove forest.
Mixed forests.

(iii) State the problems experienced in exploitation of tropical hardwood forests.

Trees take long time to mature
Forests are dense! thick.
Trees do not mature at different times making harvesting difficult and expensive.
The forest have mixed tree species making exploitation difficult and almost impossible.
Tree trunks are huge, supported by buttress roots/presence of tree climbers/lianas hence difficult to exploit.
The trees are heavy /bulky making transportation difficult.
Impassable roads/some parts of the forests are inaccessible.

(a) (i) What is forestry? (ii) Apart from tropical hardwood forests, name two other types of natural forest. (iii) State the problems experienced in exploitation of tropical hardwood forests. (b) List the characteristics of planted forests in Kenya. (c) Explain three factors that favour forestry in Canada. (d) Give five measures that the government has taken to conserve and manage forests in Kenya.

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Define the term mining.

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 7.

(a) (i) Define the term mining.

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals from the earth crust.

(ii) State four factors that influence the occurrence of minerals.

Vulcanicity leads to solidification of minerals in cracks and crevices.
Metamorphism lead to change into new mineral/formation of minerals.
Leaching a weathering process results into concentration of minerals in the crust.
Erosion loosens minerals and transports them eventually depositing them as alluvial deposits.
Sedimentation deposits, accumulates and concentrates minerals in specific areas making them occur in layers, beds and seams.
Evaporation enhances crystallization leading to formation of salts.
Weathering exposes minerals near the earth’s surface.

(b) Describe the open cast method of mining.

The mineral deposits lie within a few metres from the ground.
The unwanted material on the top layer/overburden is removed.
Soft mineral deposits are removed by drilling/scooping.
Hard minerals are removed by blasting with explosives.
The mineral is then scooped by excavator.
The mineral is loaded into Lorries /conveyor belt to be transported for processing.

(c) The map below shows location of minerals in East Africa. Use it to answer question (c) (i).

(i) Name the minerals found in areas marked J, K, L and M

J—Tin
K — Salt/gypsium/limestone
L-Coal
M — Diamond

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Study the data provided below and answer the questions that follow.Value of export earnings of selected crops from Kenya (Ksh millions)

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 6.

Study the data provided below and answer the questions that follow.Value of export earnings of selected crops from Kenya (Ksh millions)

(a) (i)Using a scale of 1 cm to 50,000 million, draw proportional circles to represent the total export earnings between 2012 and 2014. Use the diameter method.

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List three environmental hazards that are caused by human activities.

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 5.

List three environmental hazards that are caused by human activities.

Air pollution/Toxic gases/land pollution/noise/sound pollution.
floods
Fires
Oil spills
Desertification/drought.
Soil erosion
Landslides.
Nuclear waste/radiation.
Pests.

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Give two trading blocs in Africa.

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 4.

(a) Give two trading blocs in Africa.

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
Southern African Development Community (SADC).
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
East African Community (EAC).

(b) Identify three political problems facing regional trading blocs in Africa.

Civil wars/insecurity in some countries.
Political differences among leaders.
Negative publicity of goods among countries.
Inadequate institutional/ policy framework.
Ideological differences among countries.
Many African countries are still aligned to their former colonial masters.

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Name three places in Kenya where geothermal energy has potential of being harnessed.

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 3.

(a) Name three places in Kenya where geothermal energy has potential of being harnessed.

Mt. Longonot/ Suswa/Homa hills.
Lake Bogoria/Baringo.
Eburru.
Menengai Crater/Mai-Mahiu.
Lake Turkana.
Lake Magadi.

(b) State three physical factors that have favoured high Hydro-Electric Power production in Uganda.

Large volume of water from River Nile/ other rivers/L. Victoria.
The Owen Falls provided a natural waterfall for power generation.
High rainfall/1000mm throughout the year to enable high volume of water.
The regular supply of water from rivers/lakes.
Presence of hard basement/rocks to form firm foundation.
Presence of deep valleys/gorges.
Presence of non-porous rocks /impervious prevent leakage of water.

(a) Name three places in Kenya where geothermal energy has potential of being harnessed. (b) State three physical factors that have favoured high Hydro-Electric Power production In Uganda.

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Give three tourist attractions found in the lake region of Kenya.

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 2.

(a) Give three tourist attractions found in the lake region of Kenya.

Wildlife in Ruma National Park/Impala Sanctuary/birds sanctuary at Orango /kakamega forest.
Lake Victoria./L.simbi/ox-bow lakes.
Culture of the people
Kisumu Museum/historical/archaeological sites.
Hot sunny weather.
Sport fishing.
Beautiful scenery/escarpments/ granitic tors/crying stones/rift valleys/hot springs/waterfalls/beaches.

(b) State three reasons why domestic tourism is encouraged in Kenya.

For people to appreciate the need to preserve wildlife/culture.
To utilize tourist facilities during low tourist season.
For the people to appreciate the tourist attraction features.
To earn revenue especially during the low tourist season.
To create employment opportunities/earn income to the people.
For education/ research.
To enhance national unity.
To provide market for local products.

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Name the three types of river erosion.

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 1 2018 Section B Question 10.

(a) (i) Name the three types of river erosion.

Head ward erosion /spring sapping.
Vertical erosion.
Lateral erosion.

(ii) Describe each of the following processes of river erosion:
I. Abrasion
II. Solution

Abrasion

The river transports the materials downstream.
The materials are used by the river as tools for scouring,
The load is hurled by the water against the banks and dragged along the river bed.
The load chips off the rocks on the bank and river bed.
The load being dragged smoothens the river bed.
The eddy currents rotate the load in the hollows on the river bed grinding the rocks widening into potholes.

. Solution

River water contains both organic and weak inorganic acids.
It reacts with some minerals in some rocks in the river bed to form soluble minerals.
The soluble minerals are carried downstream in solution form.

River water flows over rocks with soluble minerals.
The water dissolves soluble minerals to a solution.
The minerals are carried away in solution.

(c) Describe the characteristics of the upper stage of a river.

The gradient is steep.
The river has a small load.
The flow of the river is fast.
Vertical erosion is dominant.
The cross profile of the valley is v-shaped.
It has interlocking spurs.
The river valley is deep.
The river channel is narrow.
Some parts of the river course have rapids/waterfalls/cataracts.
The river volume is low.
The river channel is winding.

(a) (i) Name the three types of river erosion. (ii) Describe each of the following processes of river erosion: I. Abrasion II. Solution (c) Describe the characteristics of the upper stage of a river. (d) (i) What is river rejuvenation? (ii) Give four causes of river rejuvenation. (iii) Identify three features that result from river rejuvenation.

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Name two categories of fish.

28/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 Section A Question 1.

(a) Name two categories of fish.

Pelagic
Demersal
Anadromous.
Fresh water.
Salt water/ marine fish.

(b) Identify three methods of fishing that are used for deep sea fishing.

Trawling
Long line
Purse seining
Drifting.
Whaling/harpooning.

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Name two types of landslides.

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 1 2018 Section B Question 9.

(a) Name two types of landslides.

Slump
Debris slide
Rock slide
Debris fall
Avalanche
Rock fall.

(b) Explain how each of the following factors influence mass wasting:
(i) Climate
(ii) Slope

Climate

(i)- Areas that receive high rainfall experience massive landslides on steep slopes areas that receive low rainfall have slow movement of rock materials down the slope.
- In areas with large diurnal range of temperature there is expansion and contraction of soil particles which leads to movement of the soil particles.
Alternate freezing and thawing encourage mass movement of rock and soil materials.

(ii) Slope

-Steep slopes encourage faster movement of material down the/ Gentle slopes have slow movement of materials down the

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Identify the two types of earthquake waves.

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 1 2018 Section B Question 8.

(a) (i) Identify the two types of earthquake waves.

Body waves/primary/secondary
Surface waves/love/Rayleigh

(ii) Describe the two ways through which the strength of an earthquake is measured.

The strength of an earthquake is measured by its intensity.
Intensity measures how strong and hard the earthquake shakes the ground.
It is measured on Mercalli scale.
The strength of an earthquake is measured by its magnitude.
Magnitude measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake.
It is measured on Richter scale correct method
Description
Identification of scale

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What is a rock?

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 1 2018 Section B Question 7.

(a) (i) What is a rock?

A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of mineral particles forming part of the earth’s crust

(ii) Give two examples of plutonic igneous rocks.

Granite
Diorite
Peridotite
Gabbro
Syenite.
Nepheline
Diabase.

(b) Describe the processes of formation of each of the following types of sedimentary rocks:
(i) Mechanically formed.

Sediments used to form the rocks are derived from weathering of existing rocks.
The weathered materials are transported by wind/ice/water.
The weathered materials are deposited in layers on land or sea.
They are then compacted, and cemented into sedimentary rocks.

(ii) Organically formed.

These rocks are formed from remains of dead plants and animals./fossils
These remains accumulate in the oceans/basins/land, in layers.
The materials are deposited in layers/strata.
The accumulated materials are compressed, compacted and cemented into sedimentary rocks

(a) (i) What is a rock? (ii) Give two examples of plutonic igneous rocks. (b) Describe the processes of formation of each of the following types of sedimentary rocks: (i) Mechanically formed. (ii) Organically formed. (c) State the characteristics of rocks. (d) You are planning to carry out a field study on rocks within the local environment. (i) List three methods you would use to record data. (ii) State three problems you are likely to encounter. (iii) Give two economic uses of rocks you are likely to identify.

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Study the map of Taita Hills 1:50,000 (sheet 189/4) provided and answer the following questions.

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 1 2018 Section B Question 6.

Study the map of Taita Hills 1:50,000 (sheet 189/4) provided and answer the following questions.
(a) (i) Give the four figure grid reference of the trigonometrical station (2208m).

(2208m) or 2122

(ii) What is the general direction of the flow of River Voi (Goshi)?

Eastwards/south eastwards

(b) (i) Measure the length of the road labelled A23. Give your answer in kilometres.

14.6km(+_0.1)

Study the map of Taita Hills 1:50,000 (sheet 189/4) provided and answer the following questions. (a) (i) Give the four figure grid reference of the trigonometrical station (2208m). (ii) What is the general direction of the flow of River Voi (Goshi)? (b) (i) Measure the length of the road labelled A23. Give your answer in kilometres. (ii) Citing evidence from the map, identify three social services offered in the area covered by the map. (c) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map. (d) Citing evidence from the map, explain four factors that may have influenced agricultural activities in the area.

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