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GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

What is communication?

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 Section B Question 10.

(a) (i) What is communication? 

  • Communication is the process of passing information between two or more persons.

(ii) Name four types of mass communication.

  •  Radio
  • Television
  • Internet
  • Newspapers/ Magazines
  • Films/videos

(b) Explain the role of communication in the economic development of Africa. 

  • Communication enhances trade in that traders are able to communicate to get raw materials to sell their products
  • Many people are employed  in the communication sector leading to improvement in their standards of living
  • Communication has helped in promoting international/domestic tourism leading to gain in foreign exchange /revenue.
  • Governments are able to  disseminate information through the media(e.g. Information related to environmental conservation/educational programming
  • Communication promotes international relations which enhances trade between Africa and other countries
  • Communication enhances political stability for economic growth.
(a) (i) What is communication?  (ii) Name four types of mass communication.  (b) Explain the role of communication in the economic development of Africa.  (c) State five problems facing communication in Africa.  (d) Explain three efforts being made to solve the problems facing communication in Africa.

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What is an industry?

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 Section B Question 9.

(a) What is an industry? 

  • Industry is an enterprise that enables the production of goods and  services for consumption

(b) (i) Name two car manufacturing zones in Japan. 

  • Tokyo — Yokohama
  • Osaka -Kobe
  • Nagoya

​(ii) Explain four human factors which have favoured the development of car manufacturing industry in Japan.

  •  The country has adequate capital to ¡invest in the car industry.
  • The advanced technology and research has led to  efficient methods of production of high quality cars at minimum costs
  • Japan produces fuel-saving vehicle leading to high demand for them in the world market
  • Japan has highly skilled and industrious work force which has promoted massive production  of quality vehicles
  • The government  policy/peace and stability has encouraged industrialization.
  • The presence of large population with a high purchasing power provides a large local market for the cars
  • The efficient  transport system which eases the transportation of raw materials
  • Large hydroelectric power production of cars/ nuclear power production for industrial energy
  • The rise of empire Meiji F who promised industrial development 
  • The education system which has given rise to skilled man power i.e.  advanced technology.

​(c) Explain each of the following problems of industrialisation in the developing countries:
(i) Raw materials 

  • Agricultural materials fluctuate with seasons/may be perishable hence the industries may have inadequate materials during low seasons due to spoilage
  • Some industries relying on natural resources suffer closure/low production when the natural resources get exhausted. 
  • Industries relying on imported materials face shortage when the allocation for importation is restricted
  • Political differences between countries may lead to limited supply of raw materials to the rival in the country leading to shortage
(a) What is an industry?  (b) (i) Name two car manufacturing zones in Japan.  (ii) Explain four human factors which have favoured the development of car manufacturing industry in Japan.  (c) Explain each of the following problems of industrialisation in the developing countries: (i) Raw materials  (ii) Inadequate skilled manpower  (d) Outline ways in which your class would prepare for a field study in one of the industries in your county.

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Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a).

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 Section B Question 8.

 Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a).​

 Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a). (a) (i) Name the game reserve marked X.  (ii) Name the marine reserve marked Y.  (iii) Name the national park marked Z.  (b) (i) Apart from establishing national parks, state four ways in which the government of Kenya conserves wildlife.  (ii) State five factors influencing the distribution of wildlife in East Africa.  (c) Outline ways in which the wild animals are significant to the economy of Kenya.  (d) Discuss each of the following factors that favour tourism in Switzerland: (i) Central location (ii) Climate  (iii) Political neutrality

​(a) (i) Name the game reserve marked X. 

  • Marsabit 

(ii) Name the marine reserve marked Y. 

  • MaIindi/Watamu Marine Reserve

​(iii) Name the national park marked Z. 

  • Amboseli National Park 

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Apart from Ghana, name two countries in Africa where cocoa is grown.

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 Section B Question 7.

(a) (i) Apart from Ghana, name two countries in Africa where cocoa is grown.

  • Nigeria 
  • Cote-de Ivoire /Ivory coast
  • Cameroon
  • Guinea
  • Togo
  • Liveria
  • Siera Lione
  • Beruin

(ii) State five physical conditions that favour cocoa farming in Ghana. 

  1. High rainfall 1000 -1500mm well distributed.
  2. High temperature 21-30c/warm/Hot conditions.
  3. Protection from strong winds that blow a way pods
  4. High relative humidity/ 70- 80%
  5. Deep well drained loamy/fertile soils/Volcanic
  6. A sunny period for ripening 
  7. Low altitude 0-750m above sea level
  8. Undulating landscape

​(b) (i) Describe the process of cocoa cultivation in Ghana. 

  • Land/vegetation is cleared and ploughed
  • Cocoa trees are grown from seedling sown in nurseries
  • Holes are dug in the farm
  • The seedlings are allowed to grow to a height of 28-30cm before they are transplanted to the field.
  • Seedlings are planted in rows, three metres apart in cleared forest zones
  • Nurse crops e.ge. Cassava/yams/bananas are planted
  • Some cocoa trees are grown from cutting, which are placed directly from cleared forest
  • The crop is weeded, pruned and manure to improve the  quality of  the bean and prolong life of the tree
  • The trees are protected from insects/pests and fungi by spraying with insecticides/fungicides
  • The tress begin to produce mature pods from five years ,up to 30-40 years
  • The cocoa pods grow on  the trunk and the main branches of a tree. 
  • They  become yellowish orange when ripe, there is no set time for ripening. Both flowering arid ripening can take place at the same period.
  • There are two main harvesting periods. That is between September and February and between May and August. 
  • The crop is harvested manually using long sharp knives.
(a) (i) Apart from Ghana, name two countries in Africa where cocoa is grown. (ii) State five physical conditions that favour cocoa farming in Ghana.  (b) (i) Describe the process of cocoa cultivation in Ghana.  (ii) Give three uses of cocoa.  (c) (i) Explain three human problems faced by cocoa farming in Ghana.  (ii) Give ways in which cocoa farming has benefited the government of Ghana.

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Use the table below to answer the following questions: Kenya's agricultural production in 1000 tonnes between 2008 and 2011.

27/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 Section B Question 6.

Use the table below to answer the following questions: Kenya's agricultural production in 1000 tonnes between 2008 and 2011.

Use the table below to answer the following questions: Kenya's agricultural production in 1000 tonnes between 2008 and 2011.

(a) (i) Apart from comparative Line graph, name four other methods that can be used to represent the above data. 

  • Pie chart/divided circles
  • Comparative bar graph/Compound bar graph/Cumulative bar graph
  • Divided rectangle
  • Proportional circles

(ii) Using a vertical scale of 1 cm to represent 20,000 tonnes, draw a comparative line graph to represent the above data.
​Kenya’s Agricultural production in ‘000 tonnes between 2008 and 2011.

(ii) Using a vertical scale of 1 cm to represent 20,000 tonnes, draw a comparative line graph to represent the above data. ​Kenya’s Agricultural production in ‘000 tonnes between 2008 and 2011.
(ii) Using a vertical scale of 1 cm to represent 20,000 tonnes, draw a comparative line graph to represent the above data. ​Kenya’s Agricultural production in ‘000 tonnes between 2008 and 2011.

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Outline three factors that influence development of linear settlement pattern.

21/1/2021

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(a) Outline three factors that influence development of linear settlement pattern.

  • People settle along rivers water provision
  • People settle along road/railway line/ ease of transport
  • People settle along lake/ or for fishing activities
  • People settle along ridges for easy house construction security.

(b) Give two differences between the ports of Mombasa and Rotterdam.

  • Rotterdam handles more cargo than Mombasa.
  • Rotterdam has up to date cargo handling technology while Mombasa is less mechanized 
  • Rotterdam has room for expansion while Mombasa has limited space.
  • Rotterdam is linked by road, railway, pipeline, air as well as waterways while Mombasa is linked by road, railway, pipeline and air.
  • Rotterdam exports mainly manufactured goods while Mombasa exports mainly raw materials
  • Rotterdam serves a hinterland of developed countries while Mombasa serves a hinterland of developing countries
(a) Outline three factors that influence development of linear settlement pattern. (b) Give two differences between the ports of Mombasa and Rotterdam.

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Define internal trade.

21/1/2021

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(a) Define internal trade. 

  • This is the exchange of goods and services within a country

(b) Give three ways in which Kenya has benefited from regional trade.

  • It earns foreign exchange from experts
  • Increased employment opportunities 
  • Opens up large market  for goods
  • It reduces tariff making goods cheaper
  • It promote industrial growth development
  • Let enhances international cooperation /political understanding
  • It improves transport/ communication
  • It promotes exchange of research ideas
  • It readily avails goods/services needed by the people
  • It's a source of government revenue in the form of tariffs
(a) Define internal trade.  (b) Give three ways in which Kenya has benefited from regional trade.

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What is a renewable source of energy?

21/1/2021

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(a) What is a renewable source of energy? 

  • A  renewable  energy source is that source that can be regenerated /replaced/inexhaustible 

​(b) Name three main Hydro Electric Power stations along the river Tana. 

  • Masinga.
  • Kamburu
  • Gitaru 
  • Kindaruma 
  • Kiambere
  • Tana
(a) What is a renewable source of energy?  (b) Name three main Hydro Electric Power stations along the river Tana.

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Define the term Fisheries.

21/1/2021

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(a) Define the term Fisheries. 

  • Fisheries are water bodies where exploitation of acquatic Organisms/life is carried out.

(b) Name three countries in Southern Africa that are important for marine fish harvesting.

  • South Africa
  • Namibia
  • Angola
(a) Define the term  Fisheries. Fisheries are water bodies where exploitation of acquatic Organisms/life is carried out.  (b) Name three countries in Southern Africa that are important for marine harvesting South Africa Namibia Angola

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Name two rivers that supply water to Mwea-Tebere irrigation scheme.

20/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Past Paper 2019 Paper 2 Qn1.

(a) Name two rivers that supply water to Mwea-Tebere irrigation scheme.

  • River Thìba
  • River Nyamindi
  •  River Murubara

​(b) State how the government policy influenced the establishment of Mwea-Tebere irrigation scheme. 

  1. Tebere irrigation scheme.
  2.  There was need to keep detainees busy. ,
  3.  For people to  provide free labour.
  4.  There w need to settle landless people
  5. The need to control flood of rivers that pass through the area.
  6. To increase food production
  7. For maximum utilization of land
  8. To fully utilize the black cotton sand
(a) Name two rivers that supply water to Mwea-Tebere irrigation scheme.

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List three components of soil.

20/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Past Paper 2019 Paper 1 Qn 10.

 (a) List three components of soil. 

  •  Mineral particles/inorganic matter
  •  Humus /organic matter
  •  Water
  • Air
  •  Soil organisms

​(b) Explain each of the following in relation to the classification of soil:
(i) Zonal 
(ii) Intrazonal 
(iii) Azonal 

(i)Zonal
  •  These are mature soils that have undergone long time formation/have a well developed soil profile
ii) Intrazonal
  •  These are soils that are formed under poor
(iii) drainage conditions/waterlogged areas.
(iii) Azonal
  •  These are young soils that have not been affected by soil forming processes/they do not have a well developed soil profile/they are immature and skeletal.

​(c) Explain three causes of soil degeneration. 

  •  Poor agricultural practices such as burning of land/over cultivation/monoculture/over cropping cause soil to be deficient ¡n some mineral nutrients leading to loss of soil fertility.
  •  Excessive/wrong application of fertilizer may affect the soil pH making it too acidic interfering with soil micro-organisms.
  •  Leaching due heavy rainfall can lead to percolation of soil nutrients to the lower horizons leading to deficiency of the  top soil.
  • Excessive drought leads to accumulation of salts in the top soil making it saline.
  • Soil erosion interferes with soil structure leading to loss of top fertile soil.
  •  Other human activities such as of roads interfere with soil Structure leading soil degeneration

​(d) Students from Mwema School visited a nearby ranch to study types of soil.
(i) Explain why they carried the following tools:
I. Hoes 
II. Polythene bags 
(ii) Give three reasons why they would need to seek permission from relevant authorities. 
(iii) List three types of soil erosion they are likely to observe. 

(i) Explain why they carried the following tools.
 Hoes
  •  To enable them dig up the soil samples;
 Polythene bags
  •  To help them carry soil samples
(ii) Give three reasons why they would need to  seek permission from relevant authorities
  •  To be permitted to enter the ranch.
  •  To enable the ranch administration to organize for a guide to take them around
  •  To be allowed by the Principal to be away from the school
  •  To alert other teachers  that their learners will be away that day.
(iii) List three types of erosion they are likely to observe.
  • Splash erosion
  • Gulley erosion
  •  Sheet erosion
  •  Rill erosion.
List three components of soil

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Define an ocean.

20/1/2021

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KCSE Geography Past Paper 2019 Paper 1 Qn 9.

(a) (i) Define an ocean. 
(ii) Explain the three causes of variation in the amount of salt in ocean water.

  • (i)An ocean is an extensive body of saline water occupying a large basin continents
  •  (ii)High temperature in ocean water results to  high evaporation which leaves behind higher salt concentration.
  •  Fresh water added to the oceans through rainfall and melt ice reduces concentration of salts in the ocean.
  •  Upwelling of water and ocean currents leads to mixing of ocean water causing variation in concentration of salts.

​(b) (i) Identify three processes involved in wave erosion. 
(ii) With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe the processes through which a wave cut platform is formed. 

(i)Identify three processes involved ¡n wave erosion,
  •  Corrasion/abrasion
  •  Hydraulic action/quarrying action
  • Attrition
  •  Solution/corrosion
(ii) With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe the processes through which a wave cut platform is formed.
  •  During high tides, there is undercutting at the base of the cliff by wave erosion, forming a notch.
  • Continued wave erosion enlarges the notch to form a cave
  • Hanging rocks above the cave will weather and collapse.
  • When this process is repeated overtime the cliff will retreat to from a fairly flat surface on the sharp called a wave cut platform.

​(c) You intend to carry out a field study on types of features resulting from wave deposition along the coast.
(i) Identify three methods you would use to record data. 
(ii) Give three wave depositional features you are likely to observe during the field study. 

(i)Photographing/videos.
  •  Field sketching/drawing diagrams.
  •  Note taking
  •  Filling in questionnaires
  •  Tape recording.
(ii)Give three wave depositional features you are likely to observe during the field study.
  •  Mud flats/salt marshes
  •  Tombolo/Bay bar/offshore bar
  •  Beaches/beach cusps/beach ridges /beach berms
  •  Cuspate forelands 
  •  Dune belts
  •  Spit.
(a) (i) Define an ocean.  (ii) Explain the three causes of variation in the amount of salt in ocean water. (b) (i) Identify three processes involved in wave erosion.  (ii) With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe the processes through which a wave cut platform is formed.  (c) You intend to carry out a field study on types of features resulting from wave deposition along the coast. (i) Identify three methods you would use to record data.  (ii) Give three wave depositional features you are likely to observe during the field study.

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Apart from inter tropical convergence  (ITCZ), list four physical factors that influence climatic.

18/1/2021

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(a) (i) Apart from inter tropical convergence  (ITCZ), list four physical factors that influence climatic.

  • Latitude
  • Relief/Altitude ,Aspect
  • Distance from the sea / continentality
  •  Ocean currents
  •  Winds/air masses
  •  Configuration of the coastline/alignment of the coastline

(ii) Give four characteristics of inter tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). 

  • It is found within 23 1/2 ° North and 23 1/2 ° south of the Equator. 
  •  It experiences high temperature. 
  •  It has low pressure. 
  •  It is a zone where South East and North East trade windconverge.
  •  The zone migrates North and South of the equator with the apparent movement of the overhead sun. 
  •  It is associated with convectional rainfall , high rainfall
  • It is associated with high humidity

​(b) (i) Name the three equatorial climatic regions of Kenya.

  • Name the three equatorial climatic regions of Kenya.
  •  Modified equatorial climate of the Coast.
  •  Modified equatorial climate of North Western margin/border
  •  Modified equatorial of Lake  region.

(ii) Describe the tundra climate. 

  •  It is found above 66 1/2 ° north/arctic circle and above 66 1/2 ° south of the equator./Antarctic circle
  •  It has cold winters with temperatures varying between -29°C to - 40°C.
  •  It has very long winters/ lasting 8 months.
  • It has cool summers/with temperatures of about 10°C- 15°C.
  •  It has short summers/lasting 3 months.
  •  It has a very Iarge annual range of temperature going up to 73°C.
  •  There ¡s permanent cover of snow and ice/permafrost.
  •  The area is generally dry/with low annual rainfall 100- 25Omm.
  •  During the long cold winters, polar winds are dominant.
  • Snow storms/blizzards are common in this region.
  • It is a high pressure zone 
  • Area of low humility
Apart from inter tropical convergence  (ITCZ), list four physical factors that influence climatic.

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Using examples from East Africa, describe each of the following types of volcanoes:

18/1/2021

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​(a) Using examples from East Africa, describe each of the following types of volcanoes:
  • (i) Active Volcano 
  • (ii) Dormant Volcano 
  • (b) Using a well labelled diagram, explain how each of the following features were formed:
  • (i) Composite Volcano 
  • (ii) Volcanic plug 
  • (c) Explain four negative effects of vulcanicity 
Picture
EXPECTED RESPONSES
(a) (i) Active volcano
  •  They erupted in the recent past
  •  They show current volcanic activities.
  •  They are likely to erupt, any time.
  • For examples, Ol donyo Lengai in Tanzania, Shetani, Chaimu in Kenya 
  • Dormant volcano
  • Is a volcano that is not active.
  • Has not shown any signs of activity in the recent past. 
  • Erupted in the last 500 years.
  • Is likely to erupt again, example is mount Longonot  -Kenya, mount Kilimanjaro- Tanzania, Suswa, Menengai
(b)  Using a well labelled diagram, explain how the following features are formed.
(i) Composite volcano
  • It is formed as a result of central volcanic eruptions.
  • Violent eruption forms a layer of ash.
  • The violence ceases and lava pours out forming a layer of lava on top of the ash:
  • Lava also escapes from the sides of the cone to form coneIet/parasitic cone.
  • A volcanic cone made up of ash and lava layers is built up over a long period of time as a result of many eruptions.
Picture

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Study the map of Yimbo 1:50,000 (sheet 115/1) provided and answer the following questions.

17/1/2021

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(a) (i) What is the magnetic variation of the map? 

  •  2°28'

​(ii) Identify two natural features found at the grid square 3597. 

  • Scrub
  • River
  • papyrus Swamp
  • Meanders
  • Scattered trees
  • Thicket
  • River valley

​(iii) Identify the two countries represented in the area covered by the map.

  • Kenya
  • Uganda

​(b) (i) Give the direction of the trigonometrical station at the grid square 2789 from the air photo principal point at Nyagoma Mission School. ​

  • (i)  North West./NNW/324
Study the map of Yimbo 1:50,000 (sheet 115/1) provided and answer the following questions. (a) (I) What is the magnetic variation of the map?  (ii) Identify two natural features found at the grid square 3597.  (iii) Identify the two countries represented in the area covered by the map. (b) (i) Give the direction of the trigonometrical station at the grid square 2789 from the air photo principal point at Nyagoma Mission School. (ii) Measure the length of the provincial boundary to the North West of the area covered by the map. Give your answer in kilometres.  (c) (i) Give evidence that show the area covered by the map receives low rainfall. (ii) Explain how each of the following factors have influenced the distribution of settlements in the area covered by the map: I. Transport  II. Vegetation  III. Relief  (d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.

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