​(a) (i) Apart from water and air pollution, name two other types of pollution.

​(ii) Identify three ways through which water is polluted

​(iii) Explain three effects of air pollution on the environment

Below a sketch of the map of the great lakes- St. Lawrence Seaway. Use it to answer question (a).

​(a) Name (i) The lake marked L

​(ii) The waterfall marked M

​Use the map of East Africa below to answer questions

​(a) Name the towns marked P,Q and R

​(b) (i) Explain three physical factors that influence the location of Mombasa

​Study the photograph below and use it to answer questions (a)

​(a) (i) Name the type of photograph shown

​(ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm to 10cm to represent the area of photograph.

Give three effects of liberalization of the oil industry in Kenya.

(a) Name two districts in the rift valley province of Kenya where Merino sheep are reared.

(b) Compare sheep farming between Kenya and Australia.

(a) State three physical problems experienced by farms at Mwea- Tembere irrigation.

(b) Outline methods that were used to rehabilitate land in the Tennessee valley in the United States of America (USA).

(a) Name two cash crops grown in plantations in the highlands east of the valley

(b) Give three physical conditions that are necessary for the growth of cloves

​The bar graphs show the value of trade between Kenya and other countries for the year 1995,1996 and 1997. Use it to answer question (a).

SOURCE OF DATA: STATISTICAL ABSTRACT ( K) 1998

a) (i) Name the type of bar shown above

​(ii) Calculate the cumulative differences in value between Kenya and other countries

​(b) Give two reasons why there is an imbalance of trade between Kenya and other countries

​(a) Name three components of soil.

​(b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil
(i) Climate
(ii) Topography

​(c)(i) State two economic uses of soil

​(a) Name two types of submerge coasts

​(b) Explain how the following factors determine the effectiveness of wave erosion along a coast
(i) Nature of the material transported by waves

​(c) With the aid of labeled diagrams, describe the process through which a stack is formed

​(a)(i) What is a rock?

​(ii) Describe three ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed
 Mechanically formed
 Organically formed
 Chemically formed

​(b) Describe two process through which sedimentary rocks change​ into metamorphic rocks

(i) What is the appropriate height of the top of Kijabe hill?

​(ii) Measure the length of Nairobi – Naivasha railway line from landhies (grid reference 257978) to the level crossing near Kijabe station ( grid reference 308984). Give your answer in kilometers.

​(iii) What relief feature on the map may have created problems in the construction of the railway line?

​(a) What are natural levees?

​(b) The diagrams below shows a section of a river. Use it to answer the questions that Follow.

​(i) At what stage development is this section of the river?

(a) State three climatic conditions experienced in the Sahara desert

​(b)State three ways in which plants adapt to hot desert conditions

(a) What is mechanical weathering?

(b) How is an exfoliation dome formed?

​(a) State two conditions that are necessary for the formation of fog.

​(b) The diagram below shows some types of clouds. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

​(i) Name the clouds marked R

(ii) Give two weather conditions associated with cumulonimbus clouds

The table below shows items exported from countries A and B. Use it to answer questions (a), (b, and (c)

​(a) (i) Name the main export item  of each country

(ii) Calculate the percentage of the export item with the least tonnage in each country

(a) (i) Apart from cotton, name two other fibre crops

Cotton

(a) Give four reasons why Kenya should become  an industrialized country

​(a) Describe the stages in the reclamation of land from the sea in the Netherlands