​(a)(i) What is a rock?

​(ii) Describe three ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed
 Mechanically formed
 Organically formed
 Chemically formed

​(b) Describe two process through which sedimentary rocks change​ into metamorphic rocks

​(a) State two conditions that are necessary for the formation of fog.

​(b) The diagram below shows some types of clouds. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

​(i) Name the clouds marked R

(ii) Give two weather conditions associated with cumulonimbus clouds

​(a) (i) Give the two dates in a year during which the number of hours of darkness is equal in both the north and south poles.

​(ii) Why do the lengths of days and nights vary from one part of the earth to another?

(b) The diagram below shows the revolution of the earth around the sun. Use it to answer the questions that follow

​Use the map of Africa to answer question (a) (i)

​i) Name the minerals mined in the areas marked S, T and V.

​ii) State two formation in which mineral ores occur.

​ a) What is the solar system?

​b) Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.

​i) What type of eclipse is represented by the diagram?

ii) Name the features marked L and M

​(a) Differentiate between plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks

a) Name the type of rocks which results from the metamorphism of:
(i) Granite
(ii) Clay

​b) Give two reasons why sedimentary rocks are widespread in the coastal plain of Kenya.

​The diagram below show the occurrence of petroleum in the earth’s crust. Use it to answer questions (a)

a) Name the substances in the areas labeled L. M and N ​

b) Give two by-products obtained when crude oil is refined 

​(a) Name two elements of weather that can be recorded at a school weather station

​(b) Give three reasons why the recording of data at a school weather station may be inaccurate

 a) What is latitude? 

​b) What is the time at Hola on 40°E when the time at Tema on 0° longitude is 12.00 noon?

​ Use the map of East Africa below to answer question (a) (i)

​a) i) Identity the mineral mined in the areas marked W,Z ,X and Z 

​Name:
i) Three methods of mining 

(a) State two characteristics of sedimentary rocks 

(b) Give two examples of chemically formed sedimentary rocks 

(a) Name two theories of the origin of the earth 

(b) Name four layers of the earth’s atmosphere 

​The diagram below shows the composition of the solar system

​(a) Name the planets marked F and G 

​(b) State three effects of the rotation of the earth on its axis 

(a) How does a sea breeze occur? 

​(b) Use the map of Africa below to answer questions (b) (i)

​(i) Name the ocean currents marked H,J, and K 

​The table below shows petroleum production in thousand barrels per day for countries in the Middle East in April 2006. Use it to answer question (a)

​a) (i) What is the difference in production between the highest and the lowest producer

​(ii) What is the total amount of petroleum produced in April 2006 in the region? 

​iii)Calculate the average daily petroleum production for Kuwait for April 2006

(a) Describe the following characteristics of minerals

(b) (i) Give two types of igneous rocks 

​(ii) Explain three conditions necessary for the growth of coral polyps 

​The diagram below represents the structure of the earth. Use it to answer question

​(a) Name
(i) The parts marked P and Q 

(ii) The discontinuity marked R 

​(b) State three characteristics of the mantle 

​(a) State two effects of the rotation of the earth 

​(b) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

​(i) Which movement of the earth is represented by the diagram? 

​(ii) Give two effects of the movement represented by the diagram 

​a) The table below shows the quantity of minerals produced in Kenya in tones between years 2001 and 2005. Use it to answer questions (a) (i) and (ii).

​i) Calculate the average annual production of soda ash over the 5 year 5 years period.

ii) Calculate the total mineral production for the year 2003. 

iii) Give three uses of soda ash

a) The diagram below shows an eclipse. 

​Name the features marked V and W. 

b) State four proofs that the shape of the earth is spherical. 

a) Apart from water vapour, name two other substances that are suspended in the atmosphere.

​b) i) Give two factors that are considered when classifying clouds. 

​ii) Name two types of clouds that give rise to rainfall in the tropical regions.

​​(a) (i) In your answer booklet, name  the air current marked E

​(ii) Why does the air cools as it rises

​(b) Give the reason why air cools as it rises

​(a) State two conditions considered in choosing a suitable site for a weather station

​(b) Name two weather recording instruments that are placed in a stevenson’s screen

​Give four proofs that the earth is spherical

Photographs taken from the outer spaces/ satellite show the curvature of earth During the eclipse  of the moon, the earth casts a spherical – shaped shadow on the moon The earth’s horizon is curved as evidence  by approaching ships whose funnels and masts appear on the horizon before the rest of the ship is seen from the coast. Circumnavigation of the earth  along a straight path will spring one back to the same starting point from the opposite direction. All others planets including the moon are spherical, therefore the earth’s  being one in the solar system  must be a similar shape. The rising and setting of the sun earlier than those to the earths’ rotation  leads to places in the east seeing the sun earlier than those to the west. If the earth was flat all places would receive sunlight at the same  time. (Any 4x 1 = 4 mks)