Explain four problems, which Zambia experiences in the exportation of copper.

KCSE Geography Paper 2 2002 Section B Question 9.

​Use the map of Africa to answer question (a) (i)

​i) Name the minerals mined in the areas marked S, T and V.

• S - Oil Petroleum
• T -  Bauxite/Gold
• V -Diamond

​ii) State two formation in which mineral ores occur.

• Some minerals occur as evaporates
• Other occur as evaporates
• Some mineral occur as alluvial deposits/placer deposits
• Some minerals are found in seams /beds

​b) Explain four problems, which Zambia experiences in the exportation of copper.

• Zambia is landlocked/has no coastline hence copper has to pass through other countries
• The distance from Zambia to coast is long which makes transportation of copper expensive
• Political instability in the neighboring countries makes it insecure to transport the copper through them to the coast.
• Congestion at the seal ports cause delays in loading and off loading copper
• Loss of copper through theft while on transit deprives Zambia of part of expected revenue.
• Copper is bulky thus it can only be transported by train, which is slow.

​c) Explain three ways in which coal contributes to the economy of Zimbabwe.

• Coal provides energy that is used for industrial / domestic purposes
• Some coal is exported to earn foreign exchange
• Coal mining created employment, which provide a means of livelihood
• Coal mining has led to the extension of railway line to serve the mining areas
• Col is used as fuel of heating /Locomotives that save foreign exchange that would have been used to import other fuels
• Coal mining has led to the extension of railway line to serve the mining areas.
• Cols used as fuel for heating/ Locomotives that  save foreign  exchange that would have been used to import other fuels
• Coal mining has led to growth of urban centers creating growth poles in the country.
• Coal led to the diversification of economy reducing reliance on agriculture.

​d) Describe three negative effects of open cast mining on the environment.

• The land is left with gaping quarries, which are ugly, interfere with the natural beauty of the landscape.
• The heap of rock waste hinder any of land use/creates a landscape that is expensive to rehabilitate/barren landscape.
• The dust produced during the mining pollutes the atmosphere/is a health hazard 
• Open cast mining causes shortage of land it hinders settlement/leads to displacement/hinders agriculture
• Large scale blasting of rocks leads to instability of the basement rocks
• Water collects in the hallows left by open cast mines creating ponds which becomes habitants for disease causing organisms
• It interferes with the natural vegetation, which is cleared before extraction of the mineral begins to take time to generate.

​Related Geography Searches on minerals and rocks Form 1 Level.

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